Tetraneuris acaulis | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Asterales |
Family: | Asteraceae |
Genus: | Tetraneuris |
Species: | T. acaulis |
Binomial name | |
Tetraneuris acaulis | |
Varieties [2] | |
| |
Synonyms | |
See table |
Tetraneuris acaulis is a North American species of flowering plants in the sunflower family. It is known by many common names in English including stemless four-nerve daisy, stemless hymenoxys, butte marigold, and stemless rubberweed.
Tetraneuris acaulis is a highly variable perennial plant that grows from a large, coarse taproot. [3] [4] It may be moderate in size or an extremely short herbaceous plant, 2 centimeters to over 30 centimeters in height when flowering. [5] The plants lack stems with all the clustered leaves growing directly from the base of the plant at ground level (basal leaves). The leaves are tightly packed and may be spoon shaped ( spatulate ) or like a spear head with the widest part in the end third ( oblanceolate ), sometimes narrowly so ( linear -oblanceolate). [6] The leaf edges lack teeth or divisions and may either be hairy or smooth. [5]
Each flowering stem has a single flower head at the end, [7] though very rarely a stem may have two flower heads on a single stem. [6] The flowering stem does not have any leaves (a scape ) and each plant may grow between one to thirty-five flowering stems, but occasionally a plant may produce as many as sixty. They are also are quite variable in the length, ranging from 0.5 to 30 centimetres (0.2 to 10 inches). [5]
The flowering head will have a large number of small disc flowers, ranging from twenty-five to over two-hundred. The ray flowers at the edge of the flowering head usually number from eight to fifteen, but may occasionally number as many as twenty-one. The petals (ligules) are showy, 5–20 mm (1⁄4–3⁄4 in) long and fairly wide, 3–8 mm (1⁄8–5⁄16 in). [6] Both the ray and the disc flowers are predominantly bright yellow in color. [7] Some plants may have no ray florets. [8] It may flower anytime from April to October in its native range, though different varieties have slightly different flowering seasons. [9]
As of 2024 [update] Plants of the World Online (POWO) and World Flora Online list Tetraneuris acaulis as the correct name with only Edward Lee Greene listed as the authority due to the narrowness of the original description by Frederick Traugott Pursh. [2] [10]
There are four accepted varieties of Tetraneuris acaulis. [2]
The autonymic variety described by Frederick Traugott Pursh in 1813 as Tetraneuris acaulis, but it was described narrowly as a subset of became described as the variety (a heterotypic synonym). This was also the case for all the many other species that are now synonyms of this variety according to POWO. [9] It differs from the other varieties by being covered in very fine, woolly hairs that lay down on the surface of leaves ( strigoso - canescent ) and being found almost entirely east of the continental divide in North America. [5] In its native habitat it may bloom as early as April or as late as October, but more often in May to July. [11]
The first scientific description of this variety was by Edward Lee Greene in 1898 as a species named Tetraneuris arizonica. It was given its current description as a variety in 1980 by Kittie Fenley Parker. [12] Like varity epunctata it usually has smooth or only sparsely/moderately hairy leaves, but unlike var. epunctata it is densely covered in glands. [5] It may bloom as early as April or as late as September in its native habitat, but more often May to July. [13] Though it is also found east of the Great Divide, the majority of its range is to the west in the great basin and desert southwest stretching to the deserts of California. [14] It grows in a range of habitats including alongside roads, on hillsides, in grasslands, edges of woods, aspen meadows at elevations of 1300–2900 meters. [13]
This variety was described by Greene as two different species, Tetraneuris brevifolia and Tetraneuris lanata, in 1898. It was additionally described as a third species in 1911 by Francis Potter Daniels. But it had already been correctly described and named as a variety in 1899 by Aven Nelson as Tetraneuris acaulis var. caespitosa. [15] This variety is distinguished by being sparsely to densely hairy, and its hairs usually being long and interwoven ( lanuginose ), but occasionally they will be silky and lay down on the surface of the leaves ( sericeous ). Also, its flower stems (a peduncle ) will be short in comparison to what is normal for other varieties, usually just 0.5–8 centimeters where other varieties will most often be 5–20 centimeters. [5] Plants may bloom as early as May or as late as September in its high mountain habitat, but more frequently between June and August. [16]
Aven Nelson gave a scientific description to this variety in 1904 as a species named Tetraneuris epunctata. It was described as a variety by Arthur Cronquist in 1994 and reclassified along with the rest of the species by John T. Kartesz and Kanchi Gandhi in 1995. [17] Like variety arizonica these plants have smooth or only sparsely/moderately hairy leaves, but var. epunctata lacks visible glands on its leaves or at most is dotted with just a few glands. [5] This variety blooms as early as May or as late as September, but rarely after the month of July in its native range. It is only found in the US states of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. [18]
The first scientific description of part of what was later classified as Tetraneuris acaulis was by the botanist Frederick Pursh in 1813. He described a species he named Gaillardia acaulis, which as of 2024 is regarded as a synonym of the botanical variety Tetraneuris acaulis var. acaulis. The accepted description as Tetraneuris acaulis was published by Edward Lee Greene in 1898. [9] Due to the variability of the species 32 species that are now regarded as synonyms of one of the four accepted varieties have been described. [9] [12] [15] [17]
Name | Year | Rank | Synonym of: | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Actinea acaulisSpreng. | 1826 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea acaulis f. arizonicaJ.F.Macbr. | 1918 | form | var. arizonica | = |
Actinea acaulis var. arizonicaGreene) S.F.Blake ex Munz | 1935 | variety | var. arizonica | ≡ |
Actinea acaulis f. caespitosaJ.F.Macbr. | 1918 | form | var. caespitosa | = |
Actinea acaulis var. lanata J.F.Macbr. | 1918 | variety | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea acaulis var. lanigera S.F.Blake | 1925 | variety | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea acaulis var. septentrionalis A.Nelson | 1924 | variety | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea acaulis var. simplex J.F.Macbr. | 1918 | variety | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea arizonicaA.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. arizonica | = |
Actinea depressa var. pygmaea J.F.Macbr. | 1918 | variety | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea epunctata(A.Nelson) A.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. epunctata | ≡ |
Actinea eradiataA.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea formosaA.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea incanaA.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea osterhoutiiA.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea simplexA.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella acaulis(Pursh) Nutt. | 1818 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella depressa var. pygmaeaA.Gray | 1849 | variety | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella epunctata(A.Nelson) A.Nelson | 1909 | species | var. epunctata | ≡ |
Actinella eradiataA.Nelson | 1909 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella incanaA.Nelson | 1909 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella lanataNutt. | 1841 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella leptocladaA.Gray | 1857 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella simplexA.Nelson | 1909 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Cephalophora acaulisDC. | 1836 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Gaillardia acaulisPursh | 1813 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Hymenoxys acaulis(Pursh) K.F.Parker | 1950 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Hymenoxys acaulis var. arizonica(Greene) K.F.Parker | 1950 | variety | var. arizonica | ≡ |
Hymenoxys acaulis var. epunctata(A.Nelson) Cronquist | 1994 | variety | var. epunctata | ≡ |
Hymenoxys acaulis var. nanaS.L.Welsh | 1993 | variety | var. arizonica | = |
Hymenoxys acaulis var. caespitosa(A.Nelson) K.F.Parker | 1950 | variety | var. caespitosa | ≡ |
Leptopoda acaulisDC. | 1836 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Picradenia acaulisBritton | 1898 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Ptilepida acaulis(Pursh) Britton | 1894 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Tetraneuris acaulis var. nana(S.L.Welsh | 1995 | variety | var. arizonica | = |
Tetraneuris arizonicaGreene | 1898 | species | var. arizonica | ≡ |
Tetraneuris brevifoliaGreene | 1898 | species | var. caespitosa | = |
Tetraneuris crandalliiRydb. | 1905 | species | var. epunctata | = |
Tetraneuris epunctataA.Nelson | 1904 | species | var. epunctata | ≡ |
Tetraneuris eradiataA.Nelson | 1904 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Tetraneuris incanaA.Nelson | 1899 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Tetraneuris lanataGreene | 1898 | species | var. caespitosa | = |
Tetraneuris lanigeraDaniels | 1911 | species | var. caespitosa | = |
Tetraneuris pygmaeaWooton & Standl. | 1913 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Tetraneuris septentrionalisRydb. | 1910 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Tetraneuris simplexA.Nelson | 1899 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym |
The meaning of the genus name Tetraneuris is "four nerves", a compound of "tetra" and "neuron". This refers to the four veins on the ray flower petal. [7] The botanical species name is also a compound meaning "without a stem", the prefix "a-" being added to "caulis" for stem. Though its flowers are on stalks, these are not botanically stems. [19] One of the frequently used common names of this species is "stemless four-nerve daisy" related to the genus name and the low growing stemless habit. Three other English names relate to it leaves not growing on stems, "stemless woollybase", [7] "stemless hymenoxys", [20] and "stemless rubberweed". [21] It is also sometimes known as the "butte marigold" or the "sundancer daisy". [21] [22] Somewhat specific to the variety Arizonica is the common name "angelita daisy". [19]
This species is very widespread in the United States from Texas and California in the south to Idaho and North Dakota. [2] It is found east of the Rocky Mountains on in the western part of the Great Plains in the northern panhandle of Texas and the westernmost counties of Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota. It is found throughout the Rocky Mountain states of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado as well as almost all of New Mexico, but is only found in the southeast corner of Idaho. It also grows in the northern half of Arizona, the eastern half of Nevada, and the desert county of San Bernardino in California. [23] In Canada it is found in the prairie provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. [2] [23] In Saskatchewan a single colony of the plant, apparently not reproducing, is found on the Missouri Coteau 11–12 kilometers south of Mortlach. In Alberta it is found in the Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park. [24]
It grows in a variety of habitat types in foothills and subalpine regions, [25] and high prairie, badlands, [26] and plains. [3]
In an experiment marking individual native bees at nuseries carrying native plants in California, it was found that the bees made the choice to revisit the blooms of Tetraneuris acaulis at a higher than expected rates. [27]
The conservation non-profit NatureServe evaluated this species in 2016 and found it to be "globally secure" (G5), a conservation status meaning it is common and widespread without any longterm threats or significant population declines. At the state and proviencial level they evaluated it as "secure" (S5) in Utah and Wyoming and "apparently secure" (S4) in Montana. The species is vulnerable (S3) in Alberta and Nevada and "imperiled" (S2) in Saskatchewan. It has not been evaluated at the state or provincial level in the rest of its range. [1]
Tetraneuris acaulis has been used as a traditional medicinal plant. The Hopi used a poultice of the plant to relieve hip and back pain in pregnant women, and to make a stimulating drink. [28]
Stemless four-nerve daisies are grown by gardeners in rock gardens, [29] including areas beyond its native distribution. [30] It is also grown in areas where water use is a concern due to its very low water requirements. [22] To keep plants compact growers plant them in lean soils without much organic material, [29] though the species is not sensative about soil requirements. [22] They require full sun, with a dry slope being ideal. [29] The salt tollerance of a cultivated selection of Tetraneuris acaulis var. arizonica was tested at Utah State University and found to be very high in comparison with many other cultivated plants. [31] In cultivation stemless four-nerve daisy may bloom in late spring or early summer. The foliage is aromatic. [32] It is winter hardy in USDA zones 4–8, temperatures as cold as −35 °C (−31 °F). [33] The seeds have very little to no requirement for cold stratification to germinate. An experiment found 100% germination in 3-5 days at a temperature of 21 °C (70 °F). [34] However, it does not reproduce from seed very readily in a garden setting, limiting its spread in formal plantings. [22]
Gentiana acaulis, the stemless gentian, or trumpet gentian, is a species of flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae, native to central and southern Europe, from Spain east to the Balkans, growing especially in mountainous regions, such as the Alps and Pyrenees, at heights of 800–3,000 m (2,625–9,843 ft).
Trillium erectum, the red trillium, also known as wake robin, purple trillium, bethroot, or stinking benjamin, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. The plant takes its common name "wake robin" by analogy with the European robin, which has a red breast heralding spring. Likewise Trillium erectum is a spring ephemeral plant whose life-cycle is synchronized with that of the forests in which it lives. It is native to the eastern United States and eastern Canada from northern Georgia to Quebec and New Brunswick.
Gaillardia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to North and South America. It was named after Maître Gaillard de Charentonneau, an 18th-century French magistrate who was an enthusiastic botanist. The common name may refer to the resemblance of the inflorescence to the brightly patterned blankets made by Native Americans, or to the ability of wild taxa to blanket the ground with colonies. Many cultivars have been bred for ornamental use.
Rudbeckia hirta, commonly called black-eyed Susan, is a North American flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Eastern and Central North America and naturalized in the Western part of the continent as well as in China. It has now been found in all 10 Canadian Provinces and all 48 of the states in the contiguous United States.
Hesperocyparis arizonica, the Arizona cypress, is a North American species of tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. Populations may be scattered rather than in large, dense stands.
Trillium ovatum, the Pacific trillium, also known as the western wakerobin, western white trillium, or western trillium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is found in western North America, from southern British Columbia and the tip of southwestern Alberta to central California, east to Idaho and western Montana. There is an isolated population in northern Colorado and southern Wyoming.
Anemone hepatica, the common hepatica, liverwort, liverleaf, kidneywort, or pennywort, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This herbaceous perennial grows from a rhizome.
Geum triflorum, commonly known as prairie smoke, old man's whiskers, torchflower, three-sisters, long-plumed purple avens, lion's beard, or three-flowered avens, is a spring-blooming perennial herbaceous plant of the Rosaceae family. It is a hemiboreal continental climate species that is widespread in colder and drier environments of western North America, although it does occur in isolated populations as far east as New York and Ontario. It is particularly known for the long feathery plumes on the seed heads that have inspired many of the regional common names and aid in wind dispersal of its seeds.
Helenium amarum is a species of annual herb in the daisy family known by the common names yellowdicks, yellow sneezeweed, fiveleaf sneezeweed, and bitter sneezeweed. It is native to much of the south-central United States and northern Mexico, and it is present elsewhere in North America, Australia, and the West Indies as an introduced species.
Hymenoxys lemmonii is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names Lemmon's rubberweed, Lemmon's bitterweed, and alkali hymenoxys. It is native to the western United States in and around the Great Basin in Utah, Nevada, northern California, and southeastern Oregon.
Symphyotrichum pilosum is a perennial, herbaceous, flowering plant in the Asteraceae family native to central and eastern North America. It is commonly called hairy white oldfield aster, frost aster, white heath aster, heath aster, hairy aster, common old field aster, old field aster, awl aster, nailrod, and steelweed. There are two varieties: Symphyotrichumpilosum var.pilosum, known by the common names previously listed, and Symphyotrichumpilosum var.pringlei, known as Pringle's aster. Both varieties are conservationally secure globally and in most provinces and states where they are native.
Lepidium barnebyanum is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae known by the common names Barneby's pepperweed, Barneby's pepper-grass, and Barneby's ridge-cress. It is endemic to Utah, where there is a single population in Duchesne County. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.
Physaria fremontii is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae known by the common name Fremont's bladderpod. It is endemic to Wyoming in the United States, where it occurs only in and around the Wind River Range in Fremont County.
Tetraneuris scaposa is a North American species of flowering plant in the sunflower family. It is native to the southwestern and south-central United States and northern Mexico.
Cymopterus glomeratus , now including Cymopterus acaulis, is a flowering plant. This plant is an aromatic plant of the family Apiaceae, a family of commonly known as the “celery, carrot, or parsley” family. The genus name comes from the Greek word, “Cyma” which means “wave” and “Pteron” which means “wing”, and combines to form the genus “Cymopterus”.
Hymenoxys brandegeei is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names Brandegee's four-nerve daisy, Brandegee's rubberweed or western bitterweed. It is native to the states of Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico in the southwestern United States.
Hymenoxys grandiflora is a North American species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names graylocks four-nerve daisy, graylocks rubberweed, or old man of the mountain. It is native to high elevations in the Rocky Mountains of the western United States.
Viola sagittata, commonly called the arrowleaf violet, is a species of flowering plant in the violet family (Violaceae). It is native to the eastern North America in Canada and the United States, where it is widespread. It is found in a variety of natural habitats, but is most common in dry, open communities such as prairies, glades, or woodlands, often in sandy or rocky soil.
Mertensia lanceolata, known as prairie bluebells, lance-leaved bluebells, lance-leaved lungwort, and narrow-leaved languid ladies is a species of flowering plant native to the Rocky Mountains and areas of the northern Great Plains in western North America. A herbaceous perennial it has blue-green leaves alternately arranged on its smooth flowering stalk. Its flower buds are pink-purple and become blue as they open.
Platanthera dilatata, known as tall white bog orchid, bog candle, or boreal bog orchid is a species of orchid, a flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to North America. It was first formally described in 1813 by Frederick Traugott Pursh as Orchis dilatata.