The Grayzone

Last updated

The Grayzone
The Grayzone July 2022 Logo.png
The Grayzone as of 11 September 2021.png
The homepage of The Grayzone on September 11, 2021
Type of site
 News website, Blog
Founder(s) Max Blumenthal
EditorWyatt Reed (managing) [1]
Key peopleBen Norton (until January 2022)
Aaron Maté
Anya Parampil
Alex Rubenstein
Kit Klarenberg
URL thegrayzone.com
LaunchedDecember 2015

The Grayzone is an American news website and blog [6] described as fringe [12] and far-left by numerous sources. [23] It was founded and edited by American journalist Max Blumenthal. [3] The website was initially founded as The Grayzone Project [24] and was affiliated with AlterNet until early 2018. [9]

Contents

Coverage of The Grayzone has focused on its misleading [25] [26] [27] reporting, its criticism of American foreign policy, [1] [9] and its sympathetic coverage of the Russian, Chinese and former Syrian governments. [32] The Grayzone has been accused of downplaying and defending the persecution of Uyghurs in China, [33] [37] of publishing conspiracy theories about Xinjiang, Syria and other regions, [38] [39] [40] [1] and of publishing pro-Russian propaganda and disinformation, especially during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [36] [40] [31] [1] [41]

History

The Grayzone was founded as a blog called The Grayzone Project in December 2015 by Max Blumenthal. [9] [3] [24] The blog was hosted on AlterNet until early 2018, when The Grayzone became independent of the website. [9] [42] Managing editor Wyatt Reed, contributor Mohamed Elmaazi and regular freelancer Jeremy Loffredo worked for Russian state media before contributing to website. [43]

The English Wikipedia formally deprecated the use of The Grayzone as a source for facts in its articles in March 2020, citing issues with the website's factual reliability. [9] [5]

Grayzone staff Blumenthal and Aaron Maté acted as briefers on behalf of the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations at UN meetings organized by Russia. [44] [45] [46] [47] [48]

Reporting and reception

The Grayzone's news content is generally considered to be fringe, [8] [9] [10] [11] and the website maintains a pro-Kremlin editorial line, [26] [49] centered around an opposition to the foreign policy of the United States and a desire for a multipolar world. [9] The site has been criticized for defending Russia and other authoritarian regimes. [9] [3] [39] [42] [50] In Reorienting Hong Kong's Resistance: Leftism, Decoloniality, and Internationalism, The Grayzone was described as "known for misleading reporting in the service of authoritarian states". [25] Nerma Jelacic, writing in the Index on Censorship , described The Grayzone as "a Kremlin-connected online outlet that pushes pro-Russian conspiracy theories and genocide denial." [51] In 2019, The Grayzone had claimed the Commission for International Justice and Accountability, of which Jelacic is a director, collaborated with ISIS and Jabhat al-Nusra affiliates. [51]

In February 2021, tweets concerning a Grayzone article by Blumenthal were the first to receive a Twitter warning label stating "These materials may have been obtained through hacking". The story was titled "Reuters, BBC, and Bellingcat participated in covert UK Foreign Office–funded programs to 'weaken Russia', leaked docs reveal". The story referred to hacked and leaked documents and alleged that a British Army unit has used "social media to help fight wars". [52] [53]

In early October 2023, former Grayzone contributor Ben Norton feuded with Blumenthal on Twitter over Norton's accusation that The Grayzone had taken a right-wing turn to appeal to supporters of Donald Trump. During the dispute, Blumenthal revealed that Norton had been fired for criticizing other contributors' anti-lockdown and anti-vaccine stances with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic. Norton said that Blumenthal had wrested control of Norton's Grayzone-affiliated but independently produced podcast from him through legal maneuvering. [54]

Latin America

When a humanitarian aid convoy on the border of Venezuela caught fire in February 2019, The Grayzone published an article by Blumenthal in which he stated that the U.S. government and mainstream media had falsely reported forces supporting President Nicolás Maduro were responsible for sparking the flames, writing that "the claim was absurd on its face." Glenn Greenwald, writing in The Intercept, commented that Blumenthal "compiled substantial evidence strongly suggesting that the trucks were set ablaze by anti-Maduro protesters" and that The New York Times took credit for reporting evidence compiled by The Grayzone weeks earlier when the Times later reversed its position. [55]

The Grayzone promoted the Nicaraguan government's narrative on the 2018–2022 Nicaraguan protests and the November 2021 Nicaraguan general election. [11] [56] [24] The platform also conducted an "unquestioning interview", according to The Guardian, with Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega. [57] [58] Blumenthal and Norton expressed their support to the regime dancing to "El Comandante se queda" (English: The Comandante Stays) a cumbia song composed in support of Ortega during the 2018 protests. [58] The Grayzone published an open letter, promoted by RT, criticizing The Guardian 's coverage of Nicaragua and one of its contributors, Carl David Goette-Luciak. Goette-Luciak was later arrested and deported by the Nicaraguan government. John Perry, writing under the pseudonym Charles Redvers, published a "confession" on The Grayzone of student protester Valeska Sandoval. [24] The confession was false and Sandoval made it under duress while in prison. [11] [24] [56]

Syria

Amid the Syrian civil war, the website supported the government of Bashar al-Assad. [26] Articles by Grayzone reporter Aaron Maté echoed claims by the Russian and Syrian governments that documents leaked to Wikileaks showed that the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) had "doctored" its report on the Douma chemical attack "to frame the Syrian government and justify the missile strikes launched by the US, UK and France against forces loyal to the government," [59] denying that the Syrian government had used chemical weapons against civilians, [30] [60] [59] [61] and accusing the OPCW of a "cover-up". [62]

Research from the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), which studied 28 social media accounts, individuals, outlets and organisations, stated that Maté was the "most prolific spreader of disinformation" on matters concerning Syria amongst its study group, having surpassed Vanessa Beeley in 2020. [63] [64] Research published in 2020 in the Harvard Kennedy School's Misinformation Review found Blumenthal in the top 20 amplified accounts and Grayzone in the top 20 linked domains in a Twitter information ecosystem promoting pro-government narratives about Syria's White Helmets. [65]

China

The government of China, officials within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chinese state media have viewed The Grayzone's coverage of China positively. [8] [9] [3] [4] In order to dispute accusations of ongoing atrocities in Xinjiang, Chinese media and officials have increasingly cited posts from The Grayzone in their public communications. [70] According to a report from the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Chinese media and affiliated entities began to amplify articles from The Grayzone in December 2019 after the site posted an article critical of Xinjiang researcher Adrian Zenz. [8] Chinese media cited The Grayzone at least 313 times between December 2019 and February 2021, 252 of which were in English-language publications, the report said. [8] [34] [71]

The site has promoted pro-Beijing narratives on Xinjiang, Hong Kong and Taiwan. [72] In particular, it downplayed the widely reported scope of China's Xinjiang internment camps and other abuses by the Chinese government against Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim minorities. [8] [9] [3] [4] [30] Blumenthal has said that reports of the persecution of Uyghurs in China use "the hostile language of a Cold War, weaponizing a minority group". He stated in July 2020 that, "I don't have reason to doubt that there's something going in Xinjiang, that there could even be repression. But we haven't seen the evidence for these massive claims." [9] The Grayzone has published articles intended to discredit researchers and organizations investigating the persecution of Uyghurs, saying that the figure of 1 million Uyghurs in re-education camps is based on "highly dubious" studies published by Chinese Human Rights Defenders and Adrian Zenz, and that those studies cannot be trusted because CHRD receives funding from the US government and Zenz is employed by the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Contributor Ajit Singh and Blumenthal called Zenz an “evangelical religious fanatic” who “believes he is ‘led by God’ on a ‘mission’ against China.”

Writing in World magazine, June Cheng has defended CHRD and Zenz's research, saying that they used publicly available data released by the Chinese government to estimate the number of Uyghurs in detention, and that The Grayzone exaggerated the extent to which their research was based on a small number of interviews. Cheng has also criticized Singh and Blumenthal's attempts to discredit reports by Radio Free Asia, saying that despite it being funded and supervised by the US government, it is "the only Uighur-language news outlet in the world independent of the Chinese government." [21] Azeezah Kanji and David Palumbo-Liu wrote that The Grayzone focuses on "discrediting some prominent messengers calling attention to the Uighur’s persecution while leaving the vast body of evidence behind the message largely untouched"; they argue that much of the evidence for persectution comes directly from Chinese state sources and that The Grayzone systematically ignore this evidence even in sources it cites. [35]

Russia–Ukraine

Amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the website has published disinformation, including the debunked claim that Ukrainian fighters were using civilians as human shields, and that the 2022 Mariupol theatre bombing was staged by the Azov Regiment to warrant NATO intervention. [36] [73] The Grayzone's invitation to the 2022 Web Summit, the largest technology conference in Europe, was withdrawn over backlash against the website's anti-Ukrainian narratives amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [16] [74] [75]

According to the Brookings Institution in 2023, Grayzone contributors such as Aaron Mate are among the most-promoted social media accounts boosted by Russian information networks in Latin America to promote Russia's narrative on its war with Ukraine. [76]

After the documentary Navalny won an Academy Award in February 2023, The Grayzone published an article by Lucy Komisar criticizing the film; the article was written by the neural network Writesonic and referenced sources that did not exist. [77] [78] [79] [80] The Grayzone amended the article following a controversy about the use of AI in the writing of the article, and then removed it at the request of Komisar. [81]

The Russian fake news website Peace Data has republished articles by The Grayzone in order to build a reputation as a progressive and anti-Western media source and to attract contributors. [82] False claims published by The Grayzone are referenced by many Twitter users who back Assad and the Russian government. [26]

Israel–Palestine

An August 2018 Grayzone report revealed the identity of the owner of Canary Mission, a website reportedly dedicated to demonising pro-Palestinian students. Hamzah Raza, co-author of the report and a victim of Canary Mission himself, told Middle East Eye he hoped his research can stop the "defamation and harassment" of students "by taking away the anonymity that Canary Mission hides behind". [83] [84]

According to a November 2023 opinion article by biology researcher Michal Perach in Haaretz , Max Blumenthal wrote a Grayzone article that denied evidence of Hamas' war crimes in its 7 October attacks and manipulated quotes from Israeli sources to paint Israel (instead of Hamas) as being responsible for most of the victims. [85] Asa Winstanley, writing in The Electronic Intifada , said that The Electronic Intifada , The Grayzone, Mondoweiss and The Cradle have “all found that many – if not most – of the 1,154 Israelis the government claims were killed by Palestinians were actually killed by Israel itself.” [86] The Intercept said Blumenthal in The Grayzone and Electronic Intifada were among the outlets to flag inconsistencies in a New York Times report about sexual abuse during the 7 October attacks. [87] [88] An analysis in The Grayzone of a UN report corroborating Hamas rape allegations during the Israel–Hamas war, claimed the report had put forward "no evidence of systematic rape". The Grayzone also published a transcribed discussion between Max Blumenthal and Chris Hedges in which they agreed that Israel launched a "shock-and-awe campaign of misinformation" to create "political space for its brutal assault on Gaza". [89]

The Al Jazeera Journalism Review wrote a review of Blumenthal's 2024 documentary, Atrocity, Inc. They said that the film both questions the mainstream narratives advanced in the wake of the 7 October attacks, and criticizes the "failure of mainstream Western media to report on Israeli intentions to carry out genocidal massacres in Gaza." AJJR concludes that the film "is a call for media professionals to uphold their duty to the public and humanity by rigorously fact-checking official statements and resisting the seductive ease of propagandistic official narratives." [90]

On October 7, 2024, Grayzone journalist Jeremy Loffredo and three other international and Israeli journalists were detained at a checkpoint in the West Bank on suspicion of "assisting an enemy in war" for their reporting on the October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel. Loffredo's article showed the locations where Iranian missiles struck an Israeli air base near Nevatim and the Mossad headquarters in Tel Aviv. The same information was also revealed by other media outlets. The journalists' cameras and phones were confiscated. [29] [91] [92] [41] The other journalists were released after six hours with Loffredo but the Jerusalem Magistrate's Court extended Loffredo's remand. His release was ordered by a judge after a Ynet reporter said the military censor had approved publishing Loffredo's video. The Police appealed this order because Loffredo refused to give investigators access to his phone but the Jerusalem District Court denied the appeal. [29] Jonah Valdez in The Intercept and Rivkah Brown in Novara said Loffredo's arrest drew little interest from Western media outlets. [92] [93]

Funding

In 2022, Blumenthal stated that The Grayzone receives funding through Patreon and from "private friends of mine who are basically progressive Americans who support progressive media." He said The Grayzone receives no state funding from Russia or China. [60]

In August 2023, GoFundMe froze more than $90,000 from 1,100 contributors to The Grayzone, citing unspecified "external concerns". Blumenthal said he believed the concerns were political and related to the platform's coverage of the war in Ukraine. The Grayzone's managing editor Wyatt Reed had also had issues with PayPal and Venmo since reporting on Ukraine. [1]

In June 2024, The Washington Post reported that hacked documents revealed that Reed received payments of around $5,500 from Iranian state-controlled broadcaster Press TV for "occasional contributions to its programming in 2020 and 2021". [94] [95]

Staff

Several staff, former staff, and freelance writers have previously been employed by Russian state media outlets RT and Sputnik, among them Anya Parampil, Alex Rubinstein, Kit Klarenberg, Wyatt Reed, Mohamed Elmaazi and Jeremy Loffredo. [43] [78] [96] [7] Parampil had previously worked as an anchor and correspondent for RT America. [40] Reed, who was credited as a managing editor as of 2023, made occasional contributions to Iranian state-run Press TV in 2020 and 2021. [97]

See also

Related Research Articles

Disinformation is misleading content deliberately spread to deceive people, or to secure economic or political gain and which may cause public harm. Disinformation is an orchestrated adversarial activity in which actors employ strategic deceptions and media manipulation tactics to advance political, military, or commercial goals. Disinformation is implemented through attacks that "weaponize multiple rhetorical strategies and forms of knowing—including not only falsehoods but also truths, half-truths, and value judgements—to exploit and amplify culture wars and other identity-driven controversies."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xinhua News Agency</span> Official press agency of the Peoples Republic of China

Xinhua News Agency, or New China News Agency, is the official state news agency of the People's Republic of China. It is a State Council's ministry-level institution, and was founded in 1931. It is the largest media organ in China.

<i>China Daily</i> English-language daily newspaper in China

China Daily is an English-language daily newspaper owned by the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Propaganda in China</span>

Propaganda in China is used by the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and historically by the Kuomintang (KMT), to sway domestic and international opinion in favor of its policies. Domestically, this includes censorship of proscribed views and an active promotion of views that favor the government. Propaganda is considered central to the operation of the CCP and the Chinese government, with propaganda operations in the country being directed by the CCP's Central Propaganda Department.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RT (TV network)</span> Russian state-controlled international television network

RT, formerly Russia Today, is a Russian state-controlled international news television network funded by the Russian government. It operates pay television and free-to-air channels directed to audiences outside of Russia, as well as providing Internet content in Russian, English, Spanish, French, German, Arabic, Portuguese and Serbian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Blumenthal</span> American journalist (born 1977)

Max Blumenthal is an American journalist, author, blogger, and filmmaker. He was a writer for The Nation, AlterNet, The Daily Beast, Al Akhbar, Mondoweiss, and Media Matters for America, and has contributed to Al Jazeera English, The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times. He has been a writing fellow of the Nation Institute. He is a regular contributor to Sputnik and RT.

The Global Times is a daily tabloid newspaper under the auspices of the Chinese Communist Party's flagship newspaper, the People's Daily, commenting on international issues from a Chinese nationalistic perspective. The publication is sometimes called "China's Fox News" for its propaganda and the monetization of nationalism.

MintPress News (MPN) is an American far-left news website. It was founded and edited by Mnar Adley and was launched in January 2012, and also publishes the MintCast podcast. The site covers political, economic, foreign affairs and environmental issues.

State-sponsored Internet propaganda is Internet manipulation and propaganda that is sponsored by a state. States have used the Internet, particularly social media to influence elections, sow distrust in institutions, spread rumors, spread disinformation, typically using bots to create and spread contact. Propaganda is used internally to control populations, and externally to influence other societies.

Sputnik is a Russian state-owned news agency and radio broadcast service. It was established by the Russian government-owned news agency Rossiya Segodnya on 10 November 2014. With headquarters in Moscow, Sputnik maintains regional editorial offices in Washington, D.C., Cairo, Beijing, Paris, Berlin, Madrid, Montevideo and Rio de Janeiro. Sputnik describes itself as being focused on global politics and economics and aims for an international audience.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">State propaganda in the Russian Federation</span> Propaganda promoting views, perceptions or agendas of the Russian federations government

The propaganda of the Russian Federation promotes views, perceptions or agendas of the government. The media include state-run outlets and online technologies, and may involve using "Soviet-style 'active measures' as an element of modern Russian 'political warfare'". Notably, contemporary Russian propaganda promotes the cult of personality of Vladimir Putin and positive views of Soviet history. Russia has established a number of organizations, such as the Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests, the Russian web brigades, and others that engage in political propaganda to promote the views of the Russian government.

China Global Television Network (CGTN) is one of three branches of state-run China Media Group and the international division of China Central Television (CCTV). Headquartered in Beijing, CGTN broadcasts news in multiple languages. CGTN is under the control of the Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eva Bartlett</span> Canadian activist and blogger

Eva Karene Bartlett is an American Canadian activist, commentator, and blogger who has propagated conspiracy theories in connection to the Syrian civil war, most notably the disproven allegation that the White Helmets stage rescues and "recycle" children in its videos.

The firehose of falsehood, also known as firehosing, is a propaganda technique in which a large number of messages are broadcast rapidly, repetitively, and continuously over multiple channels without regard for truth or consistency. An outgrowth of Soviet propaganda techniques, the firehose of falsehood is a contemporary model for Russian propaganda under Russian President Vladimir Putin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</span> Series of human rights abuses against an ethnic group in Western China

Since 2014, the Chinese government has committed a series of ongoing human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim minorities in Xinjiang which has often been characterized as persecution or as genocide. There have been reports of mass arbitrary arrests and detention, torture, mass surveillance, cultural and religious persecution, family separation, forced labor, sexual violence, and violations of reproductive rights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aaron Maté</span> Canadian journalist

Aaron Maté is a Canadian writer and journalist. He hosts the show Pushback with Aaron Maté on The Grayzone and, as of January 2022, he fills in as a host on the Useful Idiots podcast. Maté has worked as a reporter and producer for Democracy Now!, Vice, The Real News Network, and Al Jazeera, and has contributed to The Nation.

Logically is a British multinational technology startup company that specializes in analyzing and fighting disinformation. Logically was founded in 2017 by Lyric Jain and is based in Brighouse, England, with offices in London, Mysore, Bangalore, and Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</span>

As part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian state and state-controlled media have spread disinformation in their information war against Ukraine. Ukrainian media and politicians have also been accused of using propaganda and deception, although such efforts have been described as more limited than the Russian disinformation campaign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global Engagement Center</span> U.S. federal government agency

The Global Engagement Center (GEC) was an agency within the Bureau of Global Public Affairs at the United States Department of State. Established in 2016, its mission was to lead U.S. government efforts to "recognize, understand, expose, and counter foreign state and non-state propaganda and disinformation efforts aimed at undermining or influencing the policies, security, or stability of the United States, its allies, and partner nations" around the world. GEC closed on December 23, 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jackson Hinkle</span> American political commentator (born 1999)

Jackson Hinkle is an American political commentator and influencer who hosts the web television show Legitimate Targets with Jackson Hinkle on X. He is known for his support of Vladimir Putin in the Russo-Ukrainian War, and for his opposition to Israel in the Gaza–Israel conflict. Hinkle has dubbed himself an "American Conservative Marxist–Leninist", while journalists have described him as conservative, right-wing, and far-right. Promoting a syncretic mix of conservative and communist ideas, he is a self-described proponent of "MAGA communism", calling on those who support the working class to ally with the MAGA movement against an alleged globalist threat. Initially an environmentalist during his high school years, Hinkle has turned to promoting pro-fossil fuels stances in recent years.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hale, Erin (September 1, 2023). "GoFundMe freezes donations for The Grayzone, sparking free speech debate". Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2023. The Grayzone is known for its critical coverage of US foreign policy and anti-war views, but has been accused of spreading misinformation and Chinese and Russian government propaganda, including debunked claims about the conflict in Ukraine and whitewashed accounts of Beijing's repression of ethnic minority Muslims in far-western Xinjiang.
  2. 1 2 Van der Made, Jan (April 8, 2021). "China's state television risks losing broadcast licence in France". Radio France Internationale . Archived from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (August 11, 2020). "The American blog pushing Xinjiang denialism". Axios . Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Ross, Alexander Reid (July 27, 2021). "Meet 'Leftist' Grayzone's New Neo-fascist Allies in Denying China's Genocide of Uyghurs". Haaretz . Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
  5. 1 2 Ross, Alexander Reid (June 19, 2020). "Russia's Disinformation War on America Takes Racist Aim at Black Lives Matter". Haaretz . Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  6. ↑ "and blog": [2] [3] [4] [5]
  7. 1 2 Casalicchio, Emilio (August 28, 2022). "How a retired MI6 boss, his Brexiteer friends and a celebrity Marxist became targets in Russia's war on Ukraine". POLITICO . Archived from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Zhang, Albert; Wallis, Jacob; and Meers, Zoe. (March 2021) Strange bedfellows on Xinjiang: The CCP, fringe media and US social media platforms. Archived September 12, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Australian Strategic Policy Institute.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Thompson, Caitlin (July 30, 2020). "Enter the Grayzone: fringe leftists deny the scale of China's Uyghur oppression". Coda Story . Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021. The Grayzone has followed a similar path on Syria, challenging reports of atrocities by the regime of President Bashar al-Assad. ...Based on a desire for a multipolar world, in which global military, cultural and economic power is distributed among multiple nation states and Western influence greatly diminished, they have been quick to argue on behalf of authoritarian regimes such as China and Syria.
  10. 1 2 Chan, John (March 5, 2021). "Campaign to Discredit BBC Revealed as Media Conditions Inside China Continue to Deteriorate". China Digital Times . Archived from the original on September 20, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Davis, Charles (November 1, 2021). "Facebook says it just uncovered one of the largest troll farms ever - run by the government of Nicaragua". Business Insider . Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  12. ↑ "fringe website": [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]
  13. ↑ Lang, Marissa J. (August 1, 2019). "Activists who occupied Venezuela's embassy in Washington honored at ceremony in Caracas". The Washington Post . ISSN   0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  14. ↑ Sebok, Filip (April 30, 2021). "Czechia: A Case Study of China's Changing Overseas Propaganda Efforts". The Diplomat . Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  15. ↑ Bloodworth, James (December 11, 2020). "China's useful idiots". UnHerd . Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  16. 1 2 Foy, Simon (October 27, 2022). "Web Summit maverick accused of pandering to Putin". The Telegraph . ISSN   0307-1235. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  17. ↑ McGreevy, Ronan. "Web Summit cancels invitations to two speakers following 'pro-Russian' backlash". The Irish Times . Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  18. ↑ Cuffe, Danil; Simon, Chloe (November 4, 2021). "Fringe right-wing media and conspiracy theorists spread antisemitic disinformation about the Pandora Papers". Media Matters for America . Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  19. ↑ Antelava, Natalia (March 10, 2022). "No off ramp for Putin as Ukraine burns". Coda Story . Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  20. ↑ Dávid, Sajó (April 1, 2022). "I watched Russian propaganda for a whole day – even Hungary's public media is easier to stomach". Telex.hu . Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  21. 1 2 3 Cheng, June (October 13, 2020). "Xinjiang deniers". World . Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  22. ↑ Bloc, Ben (August 15, 2022). "Russell Brand slammed by antisemitism campaigners for platforming Corbyn apologist". The Jewish Chronicle . Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  23. ↑ Considered far-left by numerous sources, [1] [9] [13] [14] [15] [16] [2] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Davis, Charles (October 4, 2018). "In Nicaragua, Torture Is Used to Feed 'Fake News'". The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  25. 1 2 Wong, Vincent; Wong, Edward Hon-Sing (2022), Liu, Wen; Chien, Jn; Chung, Christina; Tse, Ellie (eds.), "How to Abolish the Hong Kong Police", Reorienting Hong Kong's Resistance, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 37–38, doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4659-1_3, ISBN   978-981-16-4659-1, S2CID   221671633, archived from the original on September 2, 2023, retrieved April 26, 2022, The Grayzone, a publication known for misleading reporting in the service of authoritarian states...
  26. 1 2 3 4 Fiorella, Giancarlo; Godart, Charlotte; Waters, Nick (July 14, 2021). "Digital Integrity: Exploring Digital Evidence Vulnerabilities and Mitigation Strategies for Open Source Researchers" . Journal of International Criminal Justice . 19 (1). Oxford University Press: 147–161. doi:10.1093/jicj/mqab022. ISSN   1478-1387. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2022. These grassroots communities are particularly evident on Twitter, where they coalesce around individual personalities like right-wing activist Andy Ngo, and around platforms with uncritical pro-Kremlin and pro-Assad editorial lines, like The Grayzone and MintPress News. These personalities and associated outlets act as both producers of counterfactual theories, as well as hubs around which individuals with similar beliefs rally. The damage that these ecosystems and the theories that they spawn can inflict on digital evidence is not based on the quality of the dis/misinformation that they produce but rather on the quantity.
  27. ↑ Freedman, Lawrence (May 4, 2023). "False flag attacks are usually just that – false". New Statesman. Archived from the original on May 19, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  28. ↑ Chik, Holly; Baptista, Eduardo (March 30, 2021). "The China-based foreigners defending Beijing from Xinjiang genocide claims". South China Morning Post . Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  29. 1 2 3 Shezaf, Hagar (October 13, 2024). "Israel Releases American Journalist Arrested for Disclosing Intel on Iranian Missile Attack". Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on October 14, 2024. Retrieved November 1, 2024. Journalist Jeremy Loffredo works for the U.S.-based news site Grayzone, which is aligned with the far left, engages in conspiracy theories and has ties with Iran and Russia.
  30. 1 2 3 4 DiMaggio, Anthony R.; Buscarnera, Brandon; Bucci, Rachael; Foley, Claire; Carlson, James (August 30, 2023). "The Phenomenon of Fake News, Part 2: The News Media Respond to Trump" . Fake News in America: Contested Meanings in the Post-Truth Era . Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–70. doi:10.1017/9781009067362.004. ISBN   978-1-316-51245-6. Archived from the original on October 5, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023. Finally, the Grayzone and MintPress News pursue another form of leftist engagement with the fake news phenomenon – condemning the mainstream media for fake news, while amplifying the propaganda of autocratic foreign governments.
  31. 1 2 Alieva, Iuliia; Kloo, Ian; Carley, Kathleen M. (June 12, 2024). "Analyzing Russia's propaganda tactics on Twitter using mixed methods network analysis and natural language processing: a case study of the 2022 invasion of Ukraine". EPJ Data Science . 13 (1): 1–13. doi: 10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00479-w . ISSN   2193-1127. We also observed the presence of low-credibility news accounts disseminating narratives that are anti-Ukraine, antisemitic, anti-West, anti-NATO, and promoting pro-Russia and pro-China propaganda narratives in English language (for instance, the Grayzone News and its bloggers).
  32. ↑ [9] [4] [28] [29] [30] [31]
  33. ↑ Chi, Zhang (June 23, 2022). "Fighting Tigers or Flies? Towards Effective Counter-radicalization Narratives in China". China's International Communication and Relationship Building. p. 186. doi:10.4324/9781003254157-14. ISBN   9781003254157. Digging into Zenz's anti-LGBT and anti-abortion history and labelling him a far-right researcher, the Grayzone itself did not go unchecked. Coda, a New York-based news platform, dismisses Blumenthal as a far-left supporter of the Syrian regime (Thompson, 2020). However, while Blumenthal's political view on Syria might say something about his potential bias on the Uyghur issue, Thompson does not respond to the evidence the Grayzone presented that challenges Zenz's research.
  34. 1 2 Xiao, Eva (March 30, 2021). "China Used Twitter, Facebook More Than Ever Last Year for Xinjiang Propaganda". The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  35. 1 2 Kanji, Azeezah; Palumbo-Liu, David (May 14, 2021). "The faux anti-imperialism of denying anti-Uighur atrocities". Aljazeera . Archived from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  36. 1 2 3 Ellery, Ben. "University of Edinburgh academic Tim Hayward accused of spreading propaganda". The Times . ISSN   0140-0460. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  37. ↑ "Denied human rights abuses against Uyghurs": [9] [21] [3] [30] [34] [8] [35] [36]
  38. ↑ Ross, Alexander Reid (November 8, 2019). "Fooling the Nation: Extremism and the Pro-Russia Disinformation Ecosystem". Boundary 2 . Duke University Press. Archived from the original on July 19, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  39. 1 2 "Las mentiras de Daniel Ortega ante la prensa internacional". Confidencial (in Spanish). August 20, 2019. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  40. 1 2 3 Skliarevska, Gala (September 16, 2022). "Dossier. In the grey zone. How did an American journalist turn into a pro-Russian propagandist?". MediaSapiens  [ uk ]. Archived from the original on December 18, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
  41. 1 2 Stern, Seth (October 11, 2024). "Why has Israel detained American journalist Jeremy Loffredo?". the Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2024. It complicates matters that Loffredo reports for the Grayzone, an outlet that has been accused of carrying Russian and Chinese propaganda. The [US] administration is embroiled in a separate (and constitutionally dubious) fight against alleged propagandists.
  42. 1 2 Bawer, Bruce (September 2019). "Useful Idiot: The Curious Case of Max Blumenthal". Commentary. Archived from the original on March 9, 2022.
  43. 1 2 Menn, Joseph (June 2, 2024). "News site editor's ties to Iran, Russia show misinformation's complexity". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024. Reed is not the only Grayzone author to have worked for Russian outlets. Grayzone contributor and London journalist Mohamed Elmaazi wrote full-time for Sputnik between 2019 and 2021, he says on his LinkedIn profile. Regular Grayzone freelancer Jeremy Loffredo was full-time at RT in the same years, according to his LinkedIn. Neither responded to requests for comment.
  44. ↑ "Briefing by Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova, Moscow, July 6, 2023". mid.ru. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  45. ↑ "Arria-formula Meeting on "Risks Stemming from the Politicization of the Activities of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons" : What's In Blue : Security Council Report". March 2023 Monthly Forecast. March 23, 2023. Archived from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  46. ↑ "Remarks by Permanent Representative Vassily Nebenzia at meeting of UNSC members". Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations. March 24, 2023. Archived from the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
  47. ↑ Camut, Nicolas (July 20, 2023). "Scoop! Why Ben from Ben & Jerry's blames America for war in Ukraine". POLITICO . Archived from the original on July 21, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  48. ↑ Foresta, Mathew (January 1, 2024). "How the Grayzone went from left-wing darling to right-wing influencer". The Daily Dot . Archived from the original on January 13, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2024. And its turn to the far-right, with its founder embracing and appearing with politicians and influencers in the movement, is exemplary of a burgeoning movement of leftists turning to the right.
  49. ↑ Carroll, Oliver (February 24, 2021). "Anger after Amnesty strips Navalny of 'prisoner of conscience' status" . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  50. ↑ Achcar, Gilbert (October 10, 2019). "On Gutter Journalism and Purported "Anti-Imperialism"". New Politics . ISSN   0028-6494. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  51. 1 2 Jelacic, Nerma (July 1, 2021). "Spinning bomb". Index on Censorship . 50 (2). SAGE Publishing: 16–23. doi:10.1177/03064220211033782. ISSN   0306-4220. S2CID   236179842. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  52. ↑ Binder, Matt (February 24, 2021). "Twitter is now adding a controversial 'hacked materials' warning label to tweets". Mashable. Archived from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2021. UPDATE: Feb. 24, 2021, 9:34 a.m. EST According to Twitter, this instance is indeed the first time the "hacked materials" warning label has been used.
  53. ↑ Judson, Jen (September 10, 2019). "Virtual boots on the ground: British Army grapples with operating in the gray zone". DefenseNews; DSEI. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  54. ↑ Foresta, Mathew (January 1, 2024). "How the Grayzone went from left-wing darling to right-wing influencer". The Daily Dot. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
  55. ↑ Greenwald, Glenn (March 10, 2019). "NYT's Exposé on the Lies About Burning Humanitarian Trucks in Venezuela Shows How US Govt and Media Spread Fake News". The Intercept . Archived from the original on March 10, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
  56. 1 2 Deibert, Michael (January 12, 2022). "In Latin America, Backers of Leftist Dictatorships Look the Other Way". New Lines Magazine. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022. During the elections themselves...a carnival sideshow of figures descended on the country to be feted by [the] regime... ubiquitous was the U.S. journalist Ben Norton, affiliated with the website The Grayzone, which has made something of a cottage industry of defending dictators and their crimes. A reliable government booster nonetheless forced to admit on state television that there were no lines at polling booths, Norton was lampooned by the Nicaraguan blog Bacanalnica as a "cartoon … who hangs out with the most nefarious governments on the planet."
  57. ↑ "Nicaragua deports reporter who covered anti-Ortega protests". The Guardian . October 2, 2018. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
  58. 1 2 "Periodistas que entrevistaron a Ortega rinden culto al dictador al son de "El Comandante se queda"". La Prensa (in Spanish). August 19, 2019. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  59. 1 2 "Unpublished OPCW Douma Correspondence Casts Further Doubt on Claims of 'Doctored' Report". Bellingcat . October 26, 2020. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2021. journalists have seized upon the documents released by 'Alex' as evidence that the OPCW falsified its report on Douma in order to frame the Syrian government for the attack and justify missile strikes launched by the US, UK and France against the government of Bashar al-Assad. Peter Hitchens at the Mail on Sunday, and Aaron Mate at The Grayzone have both written extensively on the matter.
  60. 1 2 Foresta, Mathew (April 29, 2022). "Meet the Sneakiest Defenders of Putin's Invasion of Ukraine". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2023. During a recent interview, Blumenthal denied The Grayzone receives any state funding through Russia or China saying, "Well, you can see we get a lot of support on Patreon, and anyone who supports us outside Patreon are like private friends of mine who are basically progressive Americans who support progressive media."
  61. ↑ Davis, Charles (April 3, 2018). "An Inside Look at How Pro-Russia Trolls Got the SPLC to Censor a Commie". New Politics. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2022. In a July 7, 2017 article for his self-funded Grayzone Project, Blumenthal and his associate Benjamin Norton likewise cast doubt on the guilt of the only party known to have possessed and used sarin in the Syrian conflict.
  62. ↑ Whitaker, Brian (November 4, 2021). "The 'Echo Chamber' of Syrian Chemical Weapons Conspiracy Theorists". New Lines Magazine . Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  63. ↑ Townsend, Mark (June 19, 2022). "Network of Syria conspiracy theorists identified". The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  64. ↑ "Deadly Disinformation". Deadly Disinformation. The Syria Campaign. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  65. ↑ Appendix Archived May 24, 2022, at the Wayback Machine to Starbird, K., & Wilson, T. (2020). Cross-platform disinformation campaigns: Lessons learned and next steps. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-002 Archived September 2, 2024, at the Wayback Machine
  66. ↑ "China pushes back against critics of its policies in Xinjiang". The Economist . May 8, 2021. Archived from the original on September 12, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  67. ↑ Dudley, Renee; Kao, Jeff (July 30, 2020). "The Disinfomercial: How Larry King Got Duped Into Starring in Chinese Propaganda". ProPublica . Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
  68. ↑ "Hamilton Weekly Report: April 25-May 1, 2020". Alliance For Securing Democracy. May 4, 2020. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
  69. ↑ Wong, Vincent (2023). "Nationalist Backlash to Anti-Racist Education: A Transnational Blueprint for Academic Unfreedom". In Mégret, Frédéric; Ramanujam, Nandini (eds.). Academic Freedom in a Plural World: Global Critical Perspectives. Central European University Press. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4647581. ISBN   978-963-386-653-5. ISSN   1556-5068. Xinhua's interview of de Zayas prominently features references to reporting by The Grayzone, an influential news website well known for misleading reporting, sympathetic coverage of authoritarian regimes, and conspiracy theories regarding Venezuela, Syria, Ukraine, and Xinjiang.71 Specifically, The Grayzone published articles that characterize US policies to address unfree labour within camp-to-factory pipelines72 in the XUAR as fundamentally 'anti-China' and that actually hurt communities targeted by Chinese counterinsurgency since they 'cost Uyghur workers their jobs'.
  70. ↑ "China cites:" [9] [3] [66] [8] [67] [68] [69]
  71. ↑ "Masterclass in Manipulation: Exposing Max Blumenthal's Lies About Israel and October 7". Haaretz. Haatez. Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  72. ↑ Brandt, Jessica (July 3, 2021). "How Autocrats Manipulate Online Information: Putin's and Xi's Playbooks". The Washington Quarterly . 44 (3). Taylor & Francis: 137. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2021.1970902. ISSN   0163-660X. S2CID   237597142. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  73. ↑ "Messing with the Truth: Disinformation in the West Spread by Max Blumenthal". VoxUkraine. November 28, 2023. Archived from the original on September 2, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
  74. ↑ Zuidijk, Daniel (October 26, 2022). "Europe's Web Summit Withdraws Invitation to the Grayzone Website". Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  75. ↑ "Web Summit rescinds invitation to far-left website to attend 2022 conference". Irish Examiner . October 26, 2022. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  76. ↑ Brandt, Jessican, and Valerie Wirtschafter (2022) Working the Western hemisphere: how Russia spreads propaganda about Ukraine in Latin America and the impact of platform responses. Brookings Institution.
  77. ↑ "Связанное с российской пропагандой издание опубликовало статью с критикой фильма "Навальный". Текст написали с помощью нейросети, которая выдумала источники информации" [A publication associated with Russian propaganda published an article criticizing the film "Navalny". The text was written using a neural network that invented sources of information]. Meduza (in Russian). March 14, 2023. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  78. 1 2 "US media outlet with ties to RT uses AI-generated sources in article on Navalny's "fake poisoning"". The Insider . March 14, 2023. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024. Blumenthal, who has authored multiple pieces for Russia Today, a state-owned news agency, and who is a frequent contributor to the outlet, established The Grayzone website just a month following his visit to Moscow. Anya Parampil and Alex Rubinstein, two other executives and journalists associated with The Grayzone, are also regular contributors to Russia Today, led by Margarita Simonyan.
  79. ↑ VanBrugen, Isabel (March 15, 2023). "Navalny Film 'Debunk' Partly Written Using AI, Investigators Claim". Newsweek . Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  80. ↑ Gault, Matthew (March 16, 2023). "AI Injected Misinformation Into Article Claiming Misinformation in 'Navalny' Doc". VICE. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  81. ↑ Brugen, Isabel van (March 15, 2023). "Navalny film "debunk" author rejects accusation of writing with AI". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  82. ↑ Quessard, Maud (2020). "Quels dangers pour la démocratie américaine ?". Diplomatie (in French) (106): 81. ISSN   1761-0559. JSTOR   26983667. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
  83. ↑ Ali Harb (August 29, 2018). "Canary Mission: Mystery website demonising pro-Palestine students exposed". Middle East Eye . Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
  84. ↑ "In Case You Missed It: A Summer Full of Censorship for Palestine Supporters". Palestine Legal . September 7, 2018. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024. In August, the Grayzone Project identified the owner of Canary Mission's domain name as Howard Davis Sterling...An article published by the Grayzone Project revealed how right-wing groups sent employees to an on-campus protest to compensate for a lack of grassroots support for Israel on campus.
  85. ↑ Michal Perach (November 27, 2023). "Masterclass in Manipulation: Exposing Max Blumenthal's Lies About Israel and October 7". Haaretz . Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  86. ↑ Winstanley, Asa (March 11, 2024). "Israel killed Israelis, confirms new 7 October documentary". The Electronic Intifada. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  87. ↑ Boguslaw, Daniel; Ryan, Grim; Jeremy, Scahill (February 29, 2024). "The Story Behind the New York Times October 7 Exposé". The Intercept. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  88. ↑ Grim, Ryan; Scahill, Jeremy (March 4, 2024). "Kibbutz Be'eri Rejects Story in New York Times October 7 Exposé: "They Were Not Sexually Abused"". The Intercept. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  89. ↑ Prince-Gibson, Eetta (May 1, 2024). "Why Won't More Feminists Speak Up For Israeli Victims of Sexual Violence?". Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on May 1, 2024. It also corroborates other reports, most recently by the Association for Rape Crisis Centers in Israel as well as by the New York Times, Washington Post, Human Rights Watch, BBC, and others, regarding allegations of rape and ongoing sexual abuse of the hostages held in Gaza...More recently, articles in both the Grayzone and Mondoweiss analyze Patten's report and claim, in the words of the latter, that she actually provided "no evidence of systematic rape." The Grayzone also published a transcript of a discussion between Max Blumenthal and Chris Hedges in which they agree that Israel created a "shock-and-awe campaign of misinformation" in order to create "political space for its brutal assault on Gaza."
  90. ↑ "Atrocity Inc.: What Max Blumenthal's New Documentary Reveals About Western Media's Complicity in Israeli Propaganda | Al Jazeera Media Institute". institute.aljazeera.net. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  91. ↑ "US journalist arrested in Israel over reporting on Iranian missiles". Committee to Protect Journalists. October 11, 2024. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
  92. 1 2 Valdez, Jonah (October 11, 2024). "U.S. Journalist Jeremy Loffredo Released After Being Detained by Israel for Four Days". The Intercept. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  93. ↑ Brown, Rivkah (October 11, 2024). "Israel Detained a US Journalist for 4 Days. Why Was the World Silent?". Novara Media. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
  94. ↑ Menn, Joseph (June 2, 2024). "News site editor's ties to Iran, Russia show misinformation's complexity". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 2, 2024. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
  95. ↑ Rachel Fink (June 4, 2024). "Report: Fringe anti-Israel News Site Editor Paid by Iran, Leaked Documents Show". Haaretz . Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024. Grayzone has been accused of disinformation and strongly pro-Iran, pro-Russia and anti-Israel views
  96. ↑ "RT America reporter arrested at Trump inauguration protest". U.S. Press Freedom Tracker. January 20, 2017. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024. Alexander Rubinstein, a reporter with the Russian state-funded broadcaster RT America, was arrested while covering protests on the day of the inauguration of U.S. President Donald Trump.
  97. ↑ Menn, Joseph (June 4, 2024). "News site editor's ties to Iran, Russia show misinformation's complexity". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 2, 2024. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.