The Portopia Serial Murder Case

Last updated

The Portopia Serial Murder Case
Portopia cover art.jpg
Cover art of the PC-6001 version
Developer(s) Chunsoft (Family Computer)
Publisher(s) Enix
Designer(s) Yuji Horii
Writer(s) Yuji Horii
Platform(s) PC-6001, PC-8801, FM-7, FM-8, MSX, Sharp X1, Family Computer, Mobile, Windows
Release
June 1983
  • PC-6001
    • JP: June 1983
    MSX
    • JP: June 1985
    Family Computer
    • JP: 29 November 1985
    First mobile version
    • JP: 26 November 2001 (i-mode)
    • JP: 3 April 2003 (EZweb)
    • JP: 1 May 2003 (Keitai)
    Second mobile version
    • JP: 13 January 2005 (EZweb)
    • JP: 19 July 2005 (i-mode)
    • JP: 18 January 2006 (Keitai)
    Square Enix AI Tech Preview
    • WW: 24 April 2023
Genre(s) Adventure, visual novel
Mode(s) Single-player

The Portopia Serial Murder Case [lower-alpha 1] is a 1983 adventure game designed by Yuji Horii and published by Enix. It was first released on the NEC PC-6001 and has since been ported to other personal computers, the Family Computer (Famicom), mobile phone services and most recently, Windows as Square Enix showing off their natural language processing technology.

Contents

In the game, the player must resolve a murder mystery by searching for clues, exploring different areas, interacting with characters, and solving item-based puzzles. The game features first-person graphics, nonlinear gameplay, an open world, conversations with non-player characters, branching dialogue choices, suspect interrogations, nonlinear storytelling, and plot twists. The Famicom version also features a command menu system, point-and-click interface, and 3D dungeon maze. Upon its release, The Portopia Serial Murder Case was well received in Japan. It became an influential title, helping to define the visual novel genre as well as inspiring Japanese game designers such as Hideo Kojima and Eiji Aonuma.

Gameplay

A crime scene in the PC-6001 version of the game Portopia PC-6001.gif
A crime scene in the PC-6001 version of the game

The Portopia Serial Murder Case follows a first-person perspective and narrative. The various events are described with still pictures and text messages. The player interacts with the game using a verb-noun parser which requires typing precise commands with the keyboard. Finding the exact words to type is considered part of the riddles that must be solved. While sound effects are present, the game lacks music and a save function. [1] It features a conversation system with branching dialogue choices, where the story develops through entering commands and receiving answers to them from the player's sidekick or non-player characters. [2] [3] [4]

The game features nonlinear gameplay, [5] [3] [4] allowing multiple different ways to achieve objectives. [6] This includes travelling between different areas in an open world and making choices that determine the dialogues and order of events as well as alternative endings depending on who the player identifies as the culprit. [7] [4] [5] However, only one of the characters is the true culprit, while the others are red herrings; if the player closes the case with the wrong culprit, then the player will face criticism from the police chief and need to re-open the case. The game includes a phone that could be used to manually dial any number, which is needed to contact several non-player characters. [2] The game also features an inventory system requiring the examination and collection of items, which could be used as evidence later in the game. [7]

With no keyboard, the Famicom version replaces the verb-noun parser with a menu list of fourteen set commands selectable with the gamepad. [1] This is similar to the command selection menu system introduced in Yuji Horii's murder mystery adventure game The Hokkaido Serial Murder Case: The Okhotsk Disappearance[ ja ], which was released in 1984, [8] in between the PC and Famicom releases of Portopia. One of the commands on the menu allowed the player to use a point-and-click interface, using the D-pad to move a cursor on the screen in order to look for clues and hotspots. [1] [4] The Famicom version of Portopia also features branching menu selections, which includes using the pointer as a magnifying glass to investigate objects, which is needed to find hidden clues, and as a fist or hammer to hit anything or anyone, which could be used to carry out beatings during suspect interrogations. [2] [4] Additional sequences were also added, notably an underground dungeon maze, [1] with a style similar to role-playing video games. [9]

Setting and characters

Although the story of the game is fictional, it is set in real Japanese cities; mainly Kobe, in addition to a few sequences in Kyoto and Sumoto. [1] The president of a successful bank company, Kouzou Yamakawa (山川耕造), is found dead by his secretary Fumie Sawaki (さわき ふみえ) inside a locked room in his mansion. Signs seem to indicate that Kouzou stabbed himself; however, the police sends a detective to investigate further. [10]

The detective in charge of the case is an unnamed, unseen and silent protagonist who essentially embodies the player, and is simply referred to as Boss (ボス). [10] [5] [4] He works with an assistant named Yasuhiko Mano (間野康彦), nicknamed Yasu (ヤス), who is the one who actually speaks and executes most of the player's commands. [1] Other characters include, among others, Yukiko (ゆきこ), daughter of a man named Hirata (ひらた); Toshiyuki (としゆき), Kouzou's nephew and heir; [10] and Okoi (おこい), a dancer. [10] [2]

Development and release

The game was conceived by Yuji Horii around 1981, when he was 27 years old, shortly after he bought his first computer and learned to program with it by modifying other games. [9] During this time, he read a PC magazine article about the rise of the text adventure computer game genre in the United States. Horii noticed the lack of such games in the Japanese market, and decided to create an adventure game of his own. [9] [3] Horii also cited the manga authors Tetsuya Chiba, Mitsuru Adachi and Katsuhiro Otomo as influences. [11] The game was developed using the BASIC programming language. [12]

Horii wanted to expand on the adventure game genre with his own ideas. [3] One such concept was to create "a program in which the story would develop through entering a command and by receiving an answer to it." [9] His idea was for "a game that progresses through conversations between a human and a computer." He "started to get more ambitious," and thought he "could make the computer converse" if enough data is entered, attempting to create an artificial intelligence language algorithm. However, he realized this was not possible on computers at the time, so he created "dialogue for the computer beforehand" where the player "could type in some words, and the computer would reply back with some reaction." Another concept was that, in contrast to other "very linear" stories in adventure games at the time, his idea was for branching, non-linear storytelling, where "the main scenario should only take up about 20% of the game's content, and the remaining 80% should be in response to the various actions of the player." However, due to PC memory limitations, he was only able to create several short branching scenarios, which he still found more interesting than one long linear scenario. He also conceived of a graphical format, with a picture on-screen representing what's happening and a command menu system to select an action, which later became the standard format for Japanese adventure games. [3]

Following its 1983 release, [2] the game was ported to various Japanese personal computers. [13] A Famicom port was then released in 1985 and was the first adventure game to be released on that platform. The Famicom version was also the first collaboration between Yuji Horii and Koichi Nakamura of Chunsoft, before Dragon Quest . [14] The Famicom version was programmed by Nakamura, who was 19 years old at the time. [2] This version of Portopia changed the interface, adopting the command menu system that Horii created for the 1984 adventure game The Hokkaido Serial Murder Case: The Okhotsk Disappearance[ ja ]. Due to frustration with text-based entry, admitting he was never able to get very far in adventure games because of it, Horii created a command menu system for Hokkaido, which was later used in the Famicom version of Portopia. Horii also noted that, for the Famicom versions of both Portopia and Hokkaido, he wanted to make them appealing to a more mature audience, beyond the Famicom's typical younger audience. [2] [3] He was also playing Wizardry at the time, inspiring him to include a 3D dungeon maze in the Famicom version of Portopia. [1] [9] The game was never released in the Western world, largely due to its mature content, involving themes such as murder, suicide, fraud, bankruptcy, interrogation beatings, drug dealings, and a strip club. [2] The lack of a Western release prompted ROM hacking group DvD Translations to develop an unofficial translation of the Famicom version. [9]

The first mobile phone version of the game was branded as a part of a Horii Yūji Gekijō (堀井雄二劇場, "Yūji Horii Theater") trilogy along with mobile versions of The Hokkaido Serial Murder Case: The Okhotsk Disappearance and Karuizawa Yūkai Annai. It was released in 2003 on EZweb and Yahoo! Keitai services. It features a list of set commands similar to the Famicom version but also improved graphics, no free-moving cursor, and a save function. [13] The games of the trilogy, which was retitled Yuji Horii Mysteries (堀井雄二ミステリーズ), were re-released in 2005 and 2006 on the same services. The second Portopia version possesses the same content as the first mobile one, in addition to updated graphics, background music, a bonus function obtained after completing the game, and a hint option which nullifies the ending bonus if it is used too frequently. [1] [10]

The game is also featured as Square Enix's AI technology preview for GDC 2023 featuring natural language processing functionalities such as natural language understanding and natural language generation. A public version was released worldwide on 24 April 2023 without the natural language generation features out of fear for the software being used to generate inappropriate content. [15] It was poorly received by fans and critics. [16]

Reception and legacy

The Famicom version of the game sold 700,000 copies. [1] The game was well received in Japan for allowing multiple ways to achieve objectives, its well-told storyline, and its surprising twist ending. [6] The Japanese press described it as "a game without game over" because "there was technically no way to lose." [9] According to Square Enix, it was "the first real detective adventure" game. [17] The game, along with Super Mario Bros. , inspired Hideo Kojima, creator of the Metal Gear series, to enter the video game industry. He praised Portopia for its mystery, drama, humor, 3D dungeons, for providing a proper background and explanation behind the murderer's motives, and expanding the potential of video games. [18] Kojima considers it one of the three most influential games he has played, with its influence evident in his games, including the Metal Gear series and Snatcher . [2] [5] [19] The PC-6001 version of Portopia Serial Murder Case is included as a hidden secret in Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes and Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain . [20] [4] Portopia was also one of the first video games ever played by Nintendo's Eiji Aonuma, who went on to become the director of The Legend of Zelda series starting with Ocarina of Time . [21] Portopia's influence is also evident in Horii's own later work, including the seminal role-playing game Dragon Quest , which used storytelling techniques and the menu interface from Portopia. [22] John Szczepaniak of Retro Gamer considers it "one of the most influential games" as it was responsible for defining the visual novel genre, comparing it to the role of Super Mario Bros., Tetris and Street Fighter in defining their own respective genres (platform game, puzzle game, and fighting game, respectively). [2]

In 2003, The Portopia Serial Murder Case ranked 19th in a poll to determine the thirty best Famicom games; the poll was conducted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography as part of its "Level X" exhibition. [23] The English-language webzine Retrogaming Times Monthly compared the game to the later-released Shadowgate where the player must examine and collect objects and find their true purpose later on, and recommended Portopia to fans of "slower paced games that require [players] to think through puzzles". [7] John Szczepaniak praised its pacing and quality of writing, [9] and considers the gameplay and plot to be sophisticated for its time. [2] He noted that it contains elements found in a number of later titles, including Déjà Vu , Snatcher, 428: Shibuya Scramble , and Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors . [2] 1UP also noted that Portopia is similar to ICOM Simulations' Déjà Vu released several years later. [22] Nintendo's successful Famicom Detective Club series of adventure games were also inspired by Portopia. [24] [25] USgamer compared it to the later Police Quest adventure games and CSI television series, as well as classic Sherlock Holmes novels. [26] According to Official Xbox Magazine , Portopia's features, such as point-and-click, murder mystery plot, open world, suspect interrogations, nonlinear gameplay, dialogue choices, and alternate endings, are "standard for 2015, but way ahead of its time in 1983", comparing it to L.A. Noire . [4] Peter Tieryas gave Portopia a positive retrospective review, stating that, while its "influence is undeniable, it's the tragic back story, the strange vicissitudes the characters face, the uncanny freedom to investigate, and the haunting uncovering of the killer that makes it so special." [5]

Notes

  1. ↑ Japanese: ポートピア連続殺人事件, Hepburn: Portopia Renzoku Satsujin Jiken

Related Research Articles

Dragon Quest, previously published as Dragon Warrior in North America until 2005, is a series of role-playing games created by Japanese game designer Yuji Horii, character designer Akira Toriyama, and composer Koichi Sugiyama and published by Square Enix. Since its inception, development of games in the series have been outsourced to a plethora of external companies until the tenth installment, with localized remakes and ports of later installments for the Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, and Nintendo Switch being published by Nintendo outside of Japan. With its first game published in 1986, there are eleven main-series games, along with numerous spin-off games. In addition, there have been numerous manga, anime and novels published under the franchise, with nearly every game in the main series having a related adaptation.

Enix Corporation was a Japanese multimedia publisher who handled and oversaw video games, manga, guidebooks, and merchandise. It was founded in 1975 by Yasuhiro Fukushima as Eidansha Boshu Service Center, initially as a tabloid publisher and later attempting to branch into real estate management. Beginning in 1982, Enix began publishing video games. Three notable early collaborators were designers Yuji Horii and Koichi Nakamura, and composer Koichi Sugiyama. Horii, Nakamura and Sugiyama would all work on the 1986 role playing video game (RPG) Dragon Quest for the Family Computer; one of the earliest successful RPGs for consoles, it spawned a franchise of the same name which remains Enix's best-known product.

1983 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Mario Bros. and Pole Position II, along with new titles such as Astron Belt, Champion Baseball, Dragon's Lair, Elevator Action, Spy Hunter and Track & Field. Major events include the video game crash of 1983 in North America, and the third generation of video game consoles beginning with the launch of Nintendo's Family Computer (Famicom) and Sega's SG-1000 in Japan. The year's highest-grossing video game was Namco's arcade game Pole Position, while the year's best-selling home system was Nintendo's Game & Watch for the third time since 1980.

An eroge is a Japanese genre of erotic video game. The term encompasses a wide variety of Japanese games containing erotic content across multiple genres. The first eroge were created in the 1980s, and many well-known companies in the Japanese gaming industry originally produced and distributed them. Some eroge are primarily focused on erotic content, while others, such as Key's Kanon, only contain occasional scenes in an otherwise non-erotic work. Games in the latter category are often re-released with sexual content removed for general audiences. Throughout its history, the genre has faced controversy for its use of explicit sexual content, and as a result has been banned from several console platforms.

A visual novel (VN) is a form of digital interactive fiction. Visual novels are often associated with the medium of video games, but are not always labeled as such themselves. They combine a textual narrative with static or animated illustrations and a varying degree of interactivity. The format is more rarely referred to as novel game, a retranscription of the wasei-eigo term noberu gēmu (ノベルゲーム), which is more often used in Japanese.

<i>Dragon Quest II</i> 1987 video game

Dragon Quest II: Luminaries of the Legendary Line, titled Dragon Warrior II when initially localized to North America, is a role-playing video game developed by Chunsoft and published by Enix in 1987 for the Nintendo Entertainment System as a part of the Dragon Quest series. Enix's U.S. subsidiary published the American release, Dragon Warrior II, for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990. Dragon Quest II is set one hundred years after the events of the first game.

<i>Dragon Quest</i> (video game) 1986 video game

Dragon Quest, titled Dragon Warrior when initially localized to North America, is a role-playing video game developed by Chunsoft and published by Enix for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was originally released in Japan in 1986 and by Nintendo in North America in 1989. It is the first game in the Dragon Quest video game series. Dragon Quest has been ported and remade for several video game platforms, including the MSX, MSX2, PC-9801, Super Famicom, Game Boy Color, mobile phones, and Nintendo Switch as of 2019. The player controls the hero character who is charged with saving the Kingdom of Alefgard and rescuing its princess from the evil Dragonlord. Dragon Warrior's story became the second part in a trilogy, with several spinoff anime and manga series.

<i>Dragon Quest III</i> 1988 video game

Dragon Quest III: The Seeds of Salvation, titled Dragon Warrior III when initially localized to North America, is a 1988 role-playing video game developed by Chunsoft and published by Enix. It is the third installment in the Dragon Quest series and was first released for the Family Computer (Famicom) in Japan and later for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in North America. The game saw an enhanced remake for the Super Famicom in 1996 and the Game Boy Color in 2001, and a port to mobile phones and the Wii in 2009 and 2011. A version of the game for Android and iOS was released in Japan on September 25, 2014, and worldwide as Dragon Quest III: The Seeds of Salvation on December 4, 2014. It was the first time the game was given an official English subtitle. Later in 2021, another remake of the game titled Dragon Quest III HD-2D Remake, based on Octopath Traveler's style, was announced during the franchise's 35th anniversary livestream, and later confirmed in the June 2024 Nintendo Direct to release in November that same year.

Koichi Nakamura is a Japanese video game designer. A programming prodigy, Nakamura gained fame while still in high school; in 1982, he entered Enix's first national programming contest and claimed runner-up prize with his entry, Door Door. In 1984, he founded the video game company Chunsoft, where he remains its president.

<i>Door Door</i> 1983 video game

Door Door is a single-screen puzzle-platform game developed by Enix and published in Japan in 1983. Originally released for the NEC PC-8801, it was ported to other platforms, including the Family Computer. Controlling a small character named Chun, the player is tasked with completing each stage by trapping different kinds of aliens behind sliding doors. Chun can jump over the aliens and climb ladders, and must also avoid obstacles such as large nails and bombs.

<i>Shin Onigashima</i> 1987 video game

Shin Onigashima is a 1987 adventure game developed by Nintendo R&D4 and Pax Softnica. It was released by Nintendo on two disk cards for the Famicom Disk System. Shin Onigashima was produced by Shigeru Miyamoto with music by Koji Kondo. The game is the first in the Famicom Mukashibanashi series and was followed by Yūyūki (1989).

<i>Wing-Man</i> Japanese manga series by Masakazu Katsura

Wing-Man is a Japanese science fiction manga series written and illustrated by Masakazu Katsura. It was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1983 to 1985, with the chapters collected into 13 tankōbon volumes by Shueisha.

<i>Suishō no Dragon</i> 1986 video game

Suishō no Dragon is a text-based adventure video game developed and published by Square for the Family Computer Disk System in Japan in 1986.

<i>Murder on the Mississippi</i> 1986 video game

Murder on the Mississippi, fully titled as Murder on the Mississippi: The Adventures of Sir Charles Foxworth, is a 1986 detective adventure game developed and published by Activision for the Commodore 64, Commodore 128 and the Apple II computers, and licensed by Jaleco exclusively in Japan for the Famicom and MSX2 as Mississippi Satsujin Jiken. It is an adventure game in which the player must solve a murder mystery on the luxury ship "Delta Princess". The story is based loosely on the Agatha Christie novel Death on the Nile.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yuji Horii</span> Japanese video game designer and writer (born 1954)

Yuji Horii is a Japanese author, video game designer, writer and director best known as the creator of the Dragon Quest franchise, supervising and writing the scenario for Chrono Trigger, and The Portopia Serial Murder Case, released in 1983 as one of the first visual novel adventure games.

Dragon Quest is a series of role-playing video games that originated in 1986 with the release of the first game in the series. Although the games are not related in terms of story, many aspects of the gameplay are consistent throughout the series. Each game in the series add new elements to the gameplay, such as longer quests, character classes, or different ways of story-telling.

An adventure game is a video game genre in which the player assumes the role of a protagonist in an interactive story, driven by exploration and/or puzzle-solving. The genre's focus on story allows it to draw heavily from other narrative-based media, such as literature and film, encompassing a wide variety of genres. Most adventure games are designed for a single player, since the emphasis on story and character makes multiplayer design difficult. Colossal Cave Adventure is identified by Rick Adams as the first such adventure game, first released in 1976, while other notable adventure game series include Zork, King's Quest, Monkey Island, Syberia, and Myst.

<i>Famicom Detective Club</i> Adventure game duology

Famicom Detective Club is an adventure game duology developed and published by Nintendo for the Family Computer Disk System. The first entry, The Missing Heir, was released in 1988, followed by a prequel released the next year titled The Girl Who Stands Behind. In both games, the player takes on the role of a young man solving murder mysteries in the Japanese countryside.

<i>Brain Breaker</i> Sharp X1 action-adventure game

Brain Breaker (ブレインブレイカー) is an action-adventure/platform game released for the Sharp X1 exclusively in Japan by Enix in November 1985. The game follows protagonist Sayaka, who crash lands and becomes trapped on an alien planet by a rogue, computer defense system. The game is a side-scroller taking place in a large, interconnected world and requires the player to acquire ability-expanding items to progress.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gameman (6 September 2005). 「ポートピア連続殺人事件」の舞台を巡る. ITmedia +D Games (in Japanese). ITmedia. p. 1. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2007. (Translation)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Szczepaniak, John (February 2011). "Portopia Renzoku Satsujin Jiken". Retro Gamer . Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011. (Reprinted at John Szczepaniak. "Retro Gamer 85". Hardcore Gaming 101. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Possibilities of Adventure Games with Yuji Horii of Enix and Rika Suzuki of Riverhillsoft". Beep . 1987. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Megal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain". Official Xbox Magazine . Christmas 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Peter Tieryas (5 April 2015), "The Murder Mystery from the Creator of Dragon Quest", Entropy, archived from the original on 22 February 2017, retrieved 22 February 2017
  6. 1 2 Szczepaniak, John. "Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier". Hardcore Gaming 101. p. 3. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2011. Reprinted from "Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier", Retro Gamer , no. 67, p. 2009
  7. 1 2 3 Jacobi, Scott (October 2006). "Nintendo Realm - November to December 1985". Retrogaming Times Monthly. No. 29. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
  8. ↑ "北海道連鎖殺人 オホーツクに消ゆ". Enterbrain. Archived from the original on 1 August 2003. Retrieved 20 September 2011. (Translation Archived 12 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine )
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Szczepaniak, John. "Before They Were Famous". Retro Gamer (35). Imagine Publishing: 76.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 ポートピア連続殺人事件 (in Japanese). Square Enix. Archived from the original on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
  11. ↑ "59 Developers, 20 Questions: 1985 Interview Special". Beep . October 1985. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  12. ↑ Szczepaniak, John (28 April 2014). "BASIC's 50th anniversary draws near". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  13. 1 2 "事件だヤス! iモード「ポートピア」配信開始". ITmedia +D Games (in Japanese). ITmedia. 26 November 2001. Archived from the original on 26 January 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
  14. ↑ Ryozo, Ota (13 January 2005). "「ポートピア連続殺人事件」にグラフィックなどを一新したBREW版". ケータイ (in Japanese). Impress Group. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
  15. ↑ Colantonio, Giovanni (21 April 2023). "Square Enix's free AI game isn't selling me on the tech's power". digitaltrends.com . Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  16. ↑ "Square Enix's free 'AI tech preview' has a Steam user rating of Very Negative and deserves it". PCGamer.com . 24 April 2023.
  17. ↑ "ポートピア連続殺人事件". Square Enix. Archived from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  18. ↑ Kasavin, Greg (21 March 2005). "'Everything is Possible': Inside the Minds of Gaming's Master Storytellers". GameSpot . CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  19. ↑ Michael McWhertor (5 October 2011). "The Four Video Games That Shaped Metal Gear Creator Hideo Kojima". Kotaku . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  20. ↑ MGS 5 fans are starting to unravel the secret game Kojima hid in its code Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine , GamesRadar
  21. ↑ Latest Zelda's making process & "Ocarina of Time" proposal disclosed (Nintendo Eiji Aonuma x SQEX Jin Fujisawa) (interview) Archived 25 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine , DenfaminicoGamer, 9 June 2017
  22. 1 2 "East and West, Warrior and Quest: A Dragon Quest Retrospective - An anniversary look back at the most influential console RPG ever made". 1UP.com. May 2011. p. 2. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  23. ↑ "Japanese Famicom Top 30". 1UP.com . Ziff Davis. 1 January 2000. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  24. ↑ Parish, Jeremy (21 March 2013). "Review: Bending Genres in Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  25. ↑ Iwata, Satoru (26 August 2010). "Iwata Asks: Metroid: Other M". Iwata Asks . Nintendo. p. 2. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  26. ↑ Kat Bailey (17 March 2015). "You're a Loose Cannon: The Challenge of Making a Good Police Game". USgamer . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.