Enix

Last updated

Enix Corporation
Native name
株式会社エニックス
Romanized name
Kabushiki gaisha Enikkusu
FormerlyEidansha Boshu Service Center
Company type Kabushiki gaisha
Industry
FoundedSeptember 22, 1975;49 years ago (1975-09-22)
Founder Yasuhiro Fukushima
DefunctApril 1, 2003;21 years ago (2003-04-01)
FateMerged with Square
Successor Square Enix
Headquarters
Shibuya, Tokyo
,
Japan
Key people
Products
¥7,459 million (March 2002)
¥ 4,276 million (March 2002)
Number of employees
134 (March 2002)
Subsidiaries See Company structure and affiliates
Website www.enix.co.jp
Footnotes /references
[1] [2]

Enix Corporation [lower-alpha 1] was a Japanese multimedia publisher who handled and oversaw video games, manga, guidebooks, and merchandise. It was founded in 1975 by Yasuhiro Fukushima as Eidansha Boshu Service Center, initially as a tabloid publisher and later attempting to branch into real estate management. Beginning in 1982, Enix began publishing video games. Three notable early collaborators were designers Yuji Horii and Koichi Nakamura, and composer Koichi Sugiyama. Horii, Nakamura and Sugiyama would all work on the 1986 role playing video game (RPG) Dragon Quest for the Family Computer; one of the earliest successful RPGs for consoles, it spawned a franchise of the same name which remains Enix's best-known product.

Contents

They would gain notoriety as a publisher for several studios and their properties including tri-Ace, Tose, Chunsoft and Quintet. It also founded the Gangan Comics imprint family, and created international subsidiaries or partnerships related to technology development, publishing and education. In the early 2000s, due to rising game development costs, Enix entered discussions about merging with Square, a rival company known for the Final Fantasy franchise. The merger eventually went ahead in 2003 forming Square Enix, with Enix as the surviving corporate entity.

History

1975-1989: Origins, Dragon Quest

Enix was founded under the name Eidansha Boshu Service Center on September 22, 1975 by Yasuhiro Fukushima. [1] An architect-turned-business entrepreneur, Fukushima initially founded Eidansha as a publishing company focused on advertising tabloids for real estate. [3] : 77–81  On February 5, 1980, Eidansha Boshu created a wholly owned subsidiary Eidansya Fudousan for the purpose of specializing in real estate trading and brokerage, being renamed Eidansha Systems the following year. [4] It was based in Shinjuku, Tokyo. [1] During 1982 Eidansha Boshu made an unsuccessful attempt to become a nationwide chain. Fukushima decided to invest his capital into the emerging video game market; during this period on August 30, Eidansya Fudousan was renamed Enix Corporation. [5] [3] : 77–81  The name Enix was a play on both the mythological Phoenix, and the early computer ENIAC. [3] : 77–81  [6]

Seeking game proposals, Fukushima organized a competition dubbed the "Enix Game Hobby Program Contest" in both computer and manga magazines, offering a prize of ¥1 million (US$10,000) for a game prototype which could be published by Enix. [3] : 77–81  [7] Among the winners were Yuji Horii, then a writer for Weekly Shōnen Jump , with the sports game Love Match Tennis; [8] designer Koichi Nakamura with the puzzle game Door Door ; [7] and self-trained programmer Kazuro Morita with the simulation video game Morita's Battlefield. [9] During the next few years, Enix would publish titles for both the PC market and the fledgling Japanese console market. [10] [3] : 77–81  Using his royalties, Morita established the developer Random House and developed several PC and console titles including the Morita's Shogi series. [9] [11] In collaboration with Nakamura's new company Chunsoft, Horii notably created the adventure game The Portopia Serial Murder Case (1983), then during discussions around a port of the game to the Famicom (Nintendo Entertainment System) Horii and Nakamura decided to develop a role-playing video game (RPG) for the platform. [3] : 84–89 

The RPG, titled Dragon Quest , began development in 1985. [3] : 84–89  [12] Horii and Nakamura acted as designers, composer Koichi Sugiyama created the score for the game, and Dragon Ball artist Akira Toriyama was brought on board for art design. [3] : 84–89  [13] While meeting with initially slow sales, Dragon Quest became a critical and commercial success, selling over one million copies in Japan. [3] : 84–89  [12] The success of Dragon Quest spawned a franchise of the same name, which would become Enix's highest-grossing property. [10] [1] Horii, Sugiyama and Toriyama remained mainstays with the series. [14] Chunsoft developed the next five Dragon Quest titles. [7] While the Dragon Quest series proved successful, Enix continued publishing PC titles to maintain financial stability. [3] : 77–81  The company also began selling merchandise themed after Dragon Quest in 1988 with character statues and toys, expanding to board and card games the following year. [15]

In October 1983, Enix co-founded Konishiroku Enix with Konishiroku Photo Company, later purchasing all shares in January 1989. A second subsidiary, Enix Products, was established in March 1988 for the sale of publications and character merchandise. Both subsidiaries along with the original Enix were merged into their parent company Eidansha Boshu in April 1989, which renamed itself Enix Corporation. [4] [16]

1990-1999: Publishing and collaborations

In 1990, Enix published their first third-party console title ActRaiser for the Super Famicom. The game was developed by Quintet, a Japanese independent developer made up of former Nihon Falcom staff. [17] Enix acted as publisher for all of Quintet's subsequent Super Famicom games in Japan. [18] Enix had begun publishing guidebooks for the Dragon Quest series, [19] between 1988 and 1991 the company decided to make print publication their second major business section alongside video game publishing. This was to ensure their income did not entirely depend on Dragon Quest. [20] [21] This eventually led to Enix launching the Gangan Comics imprint family, beginning with Monthly Shonen Gangan March 1991. [19] [22] Following its first publication with Monthly Shonen Gangan in March 1991, several other manga imprints with magazine and tankōbon editions were created for different genres including Monthly G-Fantasy and Monthly Shonen Gag-OU. [22] The company also expanded their merchandise range to include other notable series including Mario and Pokémon . [15] In February 1991, Enix registered with the Japan Securities Dealers Association to offer shares for public purchase. [4]

Following Dragon Quest V (1992), Chunsoft left as main series developer, wanting to create their own titles. [7] In the years following, Chunsoft continued collaborating with Enix on spin-off Dragon Quest titles including early entries in their Mystery Dungeon franchise. [7] [23] The next two entries were developed by Heartbeat, a company founded by former Chunsoft staff dedicated to developing Dragon Quest titles. [24] [25] Heartbeat would handle main series production until going on sabbatical in 2002. [25] [26] From 1994, Enix acted as publisher for Horii's Itadaki Street series, taking over the series from ASCII. [27] They also frequently acted as publisher for titles from Tamtam, [28] and created the Dragon Quest Monsters spin-off series with developer Tose. [29]

Enix were initially pitched unsuccessfully by Wolf Team with Tales of Phantasia , which was ultimately published by Namco in 1995. [30] Enix later acted as publisher for Star Ocean (1996), developed by former Tales of Phantasia staff members who split from Wolf Team to form tri-Ace. [31] [32] In partnership with Enix, tri-Ace developed three further Star Ocean titles, [33] [34] [35] and the Norse mythology-inspired RPG Valkyrie Profile (1999). [36] Enix also notably helped publish two Western console titles; Riven (1998) and Tomb Raider III (1999). [37] [38] In August 1996, Enix moved from Shinjuku to offices in Shibuya. [4] In contrast to other companies at the time, which were leaving behind cartridge-based Nintendo 64 for the disc-based PlayStation, Enix announced in 1997 that they would publish titles for both platforms. [39] They later stated their intention to develop for the GameCube. [40] In August 1999, Enix was listed on Tokyo Stock Exchange's first section, which includes the largest companies on the exchange. [4]

2000-2003: Internal troubles, merger

Beginning in the early 2000s, Enix's manga publishing division went through a period of turbulence as several editors expressed dissatisfaction with Enix's focus on Dragon Quest media and the shōnen demographic, a growing lack of creative freedom, and rising tensions between authors and editors. [41] [42] Editor Yoshihiro Hosaka and a number of other Gangan associates founded Mag Garden in 2001, which became a market rival through the Monthly Comic Blade magazine. [43] Mag Garden's foundation triggered a mass departure of creatives and legal battles with Enix over manga copyright ownership. The issues were resolved in 2003 when Enix agreed to partially invest in Mag Garden. [43] [44] The manga division's troubles were lessened with the beginning of Fullmetal Alchemist , which proved highly popular. [42] Enix also suffered from financial losses due to the delayed releases of Dragon Quest VII (2000) and Dragon Quest Monsters 2 (2001). [5] [45] [46] Some notable titles begun or announced during the 2000s were PlayStation 2 titles in the Grandia series, [26] [47] the MMORPG Fantasy Earth: The Ring of Dominion from Puraguru, [48] and the action role-playing game Drakengard from Cavia. [49]

In 2001, citing the rising cost of game development, Enix expressed interest in merging with either Square or Namco. [50] They ultimately began talks with Square, a market rival and developer of the Final Fantasy franchise. Talks were temporarily halted when Square suffered financially due to the failure of the 2001 feature film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within . [51] Following the commercial success of Final Fantasy X (2001) and Kingdom Hearts (2002), talks went ahead on the merger with Enix as Square's finances stabilized; Square's then-CEO Yoichi Wada described it as a merger of two companies "at their height". [52] Despite this, some shareholders had doubts about the merger, notably Square's founder Masafumi Miyamoto, who would find himself holding significantly less shares and having a smaller controlling stake if the deal went ahead as initially planned. [53] Miyamoto's issue was resolved by altering the exchange ratio to one Square share for 0.85 Enix shares, and the merger was greenlit. [54] The merger resulted in Square Enix being formed on April 1, 2003, with Enix as the surviving corporate entity and Square dissolving its departments and subsidiaries into the new company. [54] [55] Enix's last two published titles were Star Ocean: Till the End of Time and Dragon Quest Monsters: Caravan Heart , both in 2003. [56] [57] Fantasy Earth and Drakengard were published after the merger. [48] [58]

Company structure and affiliates

During reports on the merger with Square, Takashi Oya of Deutsche Securities described Enix as "[outsourcing] game development and [having] few in-house creators" compared to Square's focus on internal development. [59] At the time of the merger, Enix had two development divisions; one managing the Dragon Quest series led by Yuu Miyake, and a supervisory division made up of producers. [60] Speaking in 1997, Quintet staff described their company as a "subcontractor" for Enix, being involved in its projects even when not acting as a publisher. [18] Horii notably created Armor Project as a company to oversee Dragon Quest for Enix, with him comparing the relationship to that between an editor and an artist. Armor Project survived as an associate of Square Enix, growing into a larger entity over the years. [61]

Enix Webstar Network Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. was a company formed between Enix and Mauritius Webstar Inc. in 2001 to develop online and mobile phone games in China and, later, other parts of Asia. The subsidiary was carried over after the merger between Square and Enix, but was dissolved in 2005 after the establishment of Square Enix China. [62] [63] Digital Entertainment Academy Co., Ltd. was established as a partially owned subsidiary in 1991. [16] Originally called Toshima Ku Hokkaido University, the school was founded to teach game development. [64]

Enix America Corporation was the corporation's first American localization subsidiary based in Redmond, Washington. [65] It was organized after the release of Dragon Warrior by Nintendo of America in 1989. The subsidiary came into existence in 1990, but closed in November 1995 when the parent company decided to no longer release products in North America [66] due to poor sales. [67] One of the games they published, King Arthur & the Knights of Justice , was Enix's first and only North America exclusive game. [68] Enix America, Inc., Enix's last American localization subsidiary, was organized in 1999, [69] and was based in Seattle, Washington. [70] Paul Handelman, who was part of Enix America Corporation's staff, returned to lead Enix America, Inc. as president. The corporation was in existence until 2003, ceasing to exist after the merger with Square Co., Ltd. [71] Several of Enix's localized games were published by other companies including Nintendo and Sony Computer Entertainment; [72] the last was Dragon Warrior Monsters , which was through a publishing deal with Eidos.

Legacy

The Dragon Quest series became one of the most popular video game series in Japan, spinning off into a multimedia franchise, and entering mainstream popular culture in the country. [73] [74] Several publications have cited the original game as a pioneer for the genre on home consoles, influencing the development of other popular series. [75] [76] [77] Enix's Gangan Comics imprint, in addition to publishing a number of successful series, was credited by critic Tsuyoshi Ito with helping manga appeal to a wider cross-demographic audience that blending the shōnen and shōjo manga styles. [78] Hosaka also credited Enix with introducing fantasy into the wider mainstream market, and as a pioneer of publishers directly investing in and having creative input into anime adaptations of their work. [79]

Related Research Articles

Square Co., Ltd., also known under its international brand name SquareSoft, was a Japanese video game developer and publisher. It was founded in 1986 by Masafumi Miyamoto, who spun off part of his father's electronics company Den-Yu-Sha(電友社). Among its early employees were designers Hironobu Sakaguchi, Hiromichi Tanaka, Akitoshi Kawazu and Koichi Ishii, artist Kazuko Shibuya, programmer Nasir Gebelli, and composer Nobuo Uematsu. Initially focusing on action games, the team saw popular success with the role-playing video game Final Fantasy in 1987, which would lead to the franchise of the same name being one of its tentpole franchises. Later notable staff included directors Yoshinori Kitase and Takashi Tokita, designer and writer Yasumi Matsuno, artists Tetsuya Nomura and Yusuke Naora, and composers Yoko Shimomura and Masashi Hamauzu.

Dragon Quest, previously published as Dragon Warrior in North America until 2005, is a series of role-playing games created by Japanese game designer Yuji Horii, character designer Akira Toriyama, and composer Koichi Sugiyama and published by Square Enix. Since its inception, development of games in the series have been outsourced to a plethora of external companies until the tenth installment, with localized remakes and ports of later installments for the Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, and Nintendo Switch being published by Nintendo outside of Japan. With its first game published in 1986, there are eleven main-series games, along with numerous spin-off games. In addition, there have been numerous manga, anime and novels published under the franchise, with nearly every game in the main series having a related adaptation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Square Enix</span> Japanese entertainment company

Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd. is a Japanese multinational holding company, video game publisher and entertainment conglomerate. It releases role-playing game franchises, such as Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest, among numerous others. Outside of video game publishing and development, it is also in the business of merchandise, arcade facilities, and manga publication under its Gangan Comics brand.

<i>Dragon Quest II</i> 1987 video game

Dragon Quest II: Luminaries of the Legendary Line, titled Dragon Warrior II when initially localized to North America, is a role-playing video game developed by Chunsoft and published by Enix in 1987 for the Nintendo Entertainment System as a part of the Dragon Quest series. Enix's U.S. subsidiary published the American release, Dragon Warrior II, for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990. Dragon Quest II is set one hundred years after the events of the first game.

<i>Dragon Quest</i> (video game) 1986 video game

Dragon Quest, titled Dragon Warrior when initially localized to North America, is a role-playing video game developed by Chunsoft and published by Enix for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was originally released in Japan in 1986 and by Nintendo in North America in 1989. It is the first game in the Dragon Quest video game series. Dragon Quest has been ported and remade for several video game platforms, including the MSX, MSX2, PC-9801, Super Famicom, Game Boy Color, mobile phones, and Nintendo Switch as of 2019. The player controls the hero character who is charged with saving the Kingdom of Alefgard and rescuing its princess from the evil Dragonlord. Dragon Warrior's story became the second part in a trilogy, with several spinoff anime and manga series.

<i>Dragon Quest III</i> 1988 video game

Dragon Quest III: The Seeds of Salvation, titled Dragon Warrior III when initially localized to North America, is a 1988 role-playing video game developed by Chunsoft and published by Enix. It is the third installment in the Dragon Quest series and was first released for the Family Computer (Famicom) in Japan and later for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in North America. The game saw an enhanced remake for the Super Famicom in 1996 and the Game Boy Color in 2001, and a port to mobile phones and the Wii in 2009 and 2011. A version of the game for Android and iOS was released in Japan on September 25, 2014, and worldwide as Dragon Quest III: The Seeds of Salvation on December 4, 2014. It was the first time the game was given an official English subtitle. Later in 2024, another remake of the game titled Dragon Quest III HD-2D Remake, based on Octopath Traveler's style, was announced during the franchise's 35th anniversary livestream, and later confirmed in the June 2024 Nintendo Direct to release in November that same year.

<i>Dragon Quest V</i> 1992 video game

Dragon Quest V: Hand of the Heavenly Bride is a role-playing video game and the fifth installment in the Dragon Quest video game series, second of the Zenithian Trilogy. Originally developed by Chunsoft and published by Enix Corporation, Dragon Quest V was the first title in the series to be released for the Super Famicom video game console in Japan in September 1992. Dragon Quest V was the first game in the series to not be released in America due to programming issues at the time.

<i>Torneko: The Last Hope</i> 1999 video game

Torneko: The Last Hope is a 1999 role-playing video game for the PlayStation. The game was co-developed by Chunsoft and Matrix Software and published by Enix. In Japan, the game was ported to the Game Boy Advance in 2001.

<i>Dragon Quest Monsters: Caravan Heart</i> 2003 video game

Dragon Quest Monsters: Caravan Heart is the third game in the Dragon Quest Monsters series, released only in Japan by Enix for the Game Boy Advance. The game was simultaneously announced with Dragon Quest VIII in Famitsu in 2002. Like the other Dragon Quest titles, development of Caravan Heart was led by Yuji Horii.

<i>Code Age</i> Video game series

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Mystery Dungeon, known in Japan as Fushigi no Dungeon, is a series of roguelike role-playing video games. Most were developed by Chunsoft, now Spike Chunsoft since the merging in 2012, and select games were developed by other companies with Chunsoft's permission. The series began when co–creator of Dragon Quest, Koichi Nakamura, was inspired by Seiichiro Nagahata's experience with Rogue, who is also a fellow developer from the company, and a desire to create an original series. It began on the Super Famicom, progressing to almost all of Nintendo's and Sony's home and handheld consoles, WonderSwan, Dreamcast, Windows, and mobile devices.

<i>Dragon Quest IX</i> 2009 video game

Dragon Quest IX: Sentinels of the Starry Skies is a role-playing video game co-developed by Level-5 and Square Enix for the Nintendo DS. Published by Square Enix in Japan in 2009, and by Nintendo overseas in 2010, it is the ninth mainline entry in the Dragon Quest series. The storyline follows the protagonist, a member of the angelic Celestrian race, after a disaster in their home scatters magical fruits across the mortal realm. While carrying over traditional gameplay from the rest of the series with turn-based battles, the game is the first Dragon Quest entry to feature a customizable player character, and the first to include a multiplayer mode, with the option of trading treasure maps and loaning player characters through Nintendo Wi-Fi. Online functions ended in 2014 when it ceased operations.

Koichi Nakamura is a Japanese video game designer. A programming prodigy, Nakamura gained fame while still in high school; in 1982, he entered Enix's first national programming contest and claimed runner-up prize with his entry, Door Door. In 1984, he founded the video game company Chunsoft, where he remains its president.

<i>Dragon Quest X</i> 2012 video game

Dragon Quest X: Rise of the Five Tribes Online, also known as Dragon Quest X Online, is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed and published by Square Enix. It is the tenth mainline entry in the Dragon Quest series. It was originally released for the Wii in 2012, and was later ported to the Wii U, Windows, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Android, iOS, and Nintendo 3DS, all of which support cross-platform play. Other than a discontinued Windows version in China, the game was not released outside of Japan. A single-player remake, titled Dragon Quest X Offline, was released in 2022 in Japan, followed by South-East Asia region on May 28, 2024 with additional South Korea, Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese languages support.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yuji Horii</span> Japanese video game designer and writer (born 1954)

Yuji Horii is a Japanese author, video game designer, writer and director best known as the creator of the Dragon Quest franchise, supervising and writing the scenario for Chrono Trigger, and The Portopia Serial Murder Case, released in 1983 as one of the first visual novel adventure games.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spike Chunsoft</span> Japanese video game development company

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Notes

  1. ↑ Japanese: 株式会社エニックス, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Enikkusu
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