Thymophylla tephroleuca

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Thymophylla tephroleuca
Status TNC G2.svg
Imperiled  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
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T. tephroleuca
Binomial name
Thymophylla tephroleuca
(S.F.Blake) Strother
Synonyms

Dyssodia tephroleuca

Thymophylla tephroleuca (formerly Dyssodia tephroleuca) is a rare species of flowering plant known by the common names ashy pricklyleaf [1] and ashy dogweed. It is endemic to Texas in the United States, where it occurs in two counties near the Mexican border. It became rare due to the destruction and degradation of its habitat. [2] [3] It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

Endemism ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location or habitat

Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation, country or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. The extreme opposite of endemism is cosmopolitan distribution. An alternative term for a species that is endemic is precinctive, which applies to species that are restricted to a defined geographical area.

Texas State of the United States of America

Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Geographically located in the South Central region of the country, Texas shares borders with the U.S. states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the southwest, while the Gulf of Mexico is to the southeast.

Endangered species Species of organisms facing a very high risk of extinction

An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct. Endangered (EN), as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN's schema after Critically Endangered (CR).

Contents

Description

This plant, a shrub or subshrub, produces a clump of stems up to 30 centimeters tall. The herbage is ashy gray-green, gray, or whitish due to a layer of white woolly hairs. The leaves are linear to threadlike and are arranged alternately along the stems. They measure 1 to 1.5 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a flower head with a bell-shaped involucre of woolly-haired phyllaries. There are 12 or 13 yellow ray florets and about 30 disc florets at the center. The fruit is an achene with a pappus of scales. [4] Blooming occurs mostly in March through May but it may bloom at other times depending on rainfall. [2]

Shrub type of plant

A shrub or bush is a small- to medium-sized woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple stems and shorter height, and are usually under 6 m (20 ft) tall. Plants of many species may grow either into shrubs or trees, depending on their growing conditions. Small, low shrubs, generally less than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, such as lavender, periwinkle and most small garden varieties of rose, are often termed "subshrubs".

Inflorescence term used in botany

An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed. The modifications can involve the length and the nature of the internodes and the phyllotaxis, as well as variations in the proportions, compressions, swellings, adnations, connations and reduction of main and secondary axes. Inflorescence can also be defined as the reproductive portion of a plant that bears a cluster of flowers in a specific pattern.

Bract

In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are often different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of a different color, shape, or texture. Typically, they also look different from the parts of the flower, such as the petals or sepals. The state of having bracts is referred to as bracteate or bracteolate, and conversely the state of lacking them is referred to as ebracteate and ebracteolate, without bracts.

Habitat

T. tephroleuca prefers fine sand or sandy-loam soils. [5] Its current habitat is predominately shrub-invaded grasslands. [5]

This plant is likely a relict, a rare species remaining in a grassland habitat type that was once more common. [6] Most of the local territory has converted to brushland dominated by cenizo (Leucophyllum frutescens) blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), and creosote bush (Larrea tridentata). Other dominant plant species include mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), goatbush (Castela texana), anacahuita (Cordia boissieri), and javelina brush (Microrhamnus ericoides). The introduced buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) is common. [7]

A relict is a surviving remnant of a natural phenomenon.

Grassland areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae)

Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae); however, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) families can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs. Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except Antarctica. Grasslands are found in most ecoregions of the Earth. For example, there are five terrestrial ecoregion classifications (subdivisions) of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome (ecosystem), which is one of eight terrestrial ecozones of the Earth's surface.

<i>Leucophyllum frutescens</i> species of plant

Leucophyllum frutescens is an evergreen shrub in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae, native to the state of Texas in the southwestern United States and the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas in northern Mexico. Although commonly known as Texas sage, it is not a true sage and is distinct from the genus Salvia. The species is also called Texas Ranger, Texas rain sage, cenizo, Texas silverleaf, Texas barometerbush, ash-bush, wild lilac, purple sage, senisa, cenicilla, palo cenizo, or hierba del cenizo.

Conservation

By 1979 this plant was known from a 1-acre (0.0040 km2) in Zapata County, Texas. By the time the plant was placed on the Endangered Species List in 1984, there was a single population containing about 1300 plants bisected by a highway. [6] [7] More populations have been found in the years since, and currently there are six in Zapata and Webb Counties. [3]

Zapata County, Texas County in the United States

Zapata County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 14,018. Its county seat is Zapata. The county is named for Colonel Jose Antonio de Zapata, a rancher in the area who rebelled against Mexico.

Webb County, Texas County in the United States

Webb County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 250,304. Its county seat is Laredo. The county was named after James Webb, who served as Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of State, and Attorney General of the Republic of Texas, and later judge of the United States District Court following the admission of Texas to statehood. By area, Webb County is the largest county in South Texas and the sixth largest in the state.

Highway maintenance is an ongoing threat to the species, as the plant grows directly next to a highway. Dying plants have been observed at the highway's edge, a possible sign of herbicide application. The installation of a gas pipeline likely destroyed some plants and its maintenance is a threat to others in the area. Grazing is not a direct threat because cattle do not eat the foul-smelling plant, but their trampling may compact the soil. The introduction of buffelgrass for better grazing has led to drastic changes in the plant community, because it spreads and competes easily with other species. [7]

Herbicide Chemical used to kill unwanted plants

Herbicides, British English: ), also commonly known as weedkillers, are chemical substances used to control unwanted plants. Selective herbicides control specific weed species, while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides can be used to clear waste ground, industrial and construction sites, railways and railway embankments as they kill all plant material with which they come into contact. Apart from selective/non-selective, other important distinctions include persistence, means of uptake, and mechanism of action. Historically, products such as common salt and other metal salts were used as herbicides, however these have gradually fallen out of favor and in some countries a number of these are banned due to their persistence in soil, and toxicity and groundwater contamination concerns. Herbicides have also been used in warfare and conflict.

Grazing method of feeding in which a herbivore eats parts of low-growing grasses, forbs or algae

Grazing is a method of feeding in which a herbivore feeds on plants such as grasses, or other multicellular organisms such as algae. In agriculture, grazing is one method used whereby domestic livestock are used to convert grass and other forage into meat, milk and other products.

<i>Cenchrus ciliaris</i> species of plant

Cenchrus ciliaris is a species of grass native to most of Africa, southern Asia, southern Iran, and the extreme south of Europe (Sicily). Other names by which this grass is known include dhaman grass, anjan grass and koluk katai.

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<i>Thymophylla</i> genus of plants

Thymophylla is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the marigold tribe within the sunflower family. Pricklyleaf is a common name for plants in this genus.

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Dyssodia Cav. is a small genus of flowering plants in the daisy family. Most dyssodias are now treated as members of other related genera, including Thymophylla or Adenophyllum, with Dyssodia as genus synonym. Dyssodia papposa is usually retained in this genus. The name is derived from the Greek δυσοδια (dusodia), meaning "ill-smelling".

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<i>Astragalus holmgreniorum</i> species of plant

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<i>Hymenoxys texana</i> species of plant

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<i>Phacelia argillacea</i> species of plant

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References

  1. "Thymophylla tephroleuca". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA . Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  2. 1 2 Thymophylla tephroleuca. The Nature Conservancy.
  3. 1 2 Thymophylla tephroleuca. Center for Plant Conservation.
  4. Thymophylla tephroleuca. Flora of North America.
  5. 1 2 "Comprehensive Report Species - Thymophylla tephroleuca". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
  6. 1 2 USFWS. Final rule to determine Dyssodia tephroleuca (Ashy dogweed) to be an endangered species. Federal Register July 19, 1984.
  7. 1 2 3 USFWS. Thymophylla tephroleuca Recovery Plan. July 29, 1988.