Timeline of Edmonton history

The timeline of Edmonton history is a chronology of significant events in the history of Edmonton, Alberta.

Pre-European period

• Indigenous peoples roamed Alberta for thousands of years, or even tens of thousands of years. The rim of the river valley and its ravines and hilltops in Edmonton are known to have been well-used as campgrounds and look-out points during this time. Rabbit Hill, today's Mary Lobay Park, Mount Pleasant Cemetery and Huntington Heights (near Whitemud Drive west of Calgary Trail) are known to be sites of human activity for millennia.^{[ citation needed ]} As well, the "Old North Trail" of the Blackfoot goes through present-day Edmonton, as it goes from Mexico to the Barren Lands up north. (Part of it survives is preserved as the Great Western Trail through the U.S.) At about Edmonton the Trail branched, with one branch going through present-day site of Ft. Assiniboine and toward western Arctic lands; the other branch going NE then breaking north to descend the Athabasca River. Some conjecture that the Trail's crossing of the North Saskatchewan River at the site is the reason for the siting of fur-trade posts in Rossdale. ^{[1] [2] [3]}

18th century

• 1754 – Anthony Henday, an explorer working for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), may have been the first European to enter the Edmonton area. ^[4]
• 1795 – Fort Edmonton was established on the north bank of the river near today's Fort Saskatchewan, as a major trading post for the Hudson's Bay Company. ^[5]

19th century

• 1802 - Fort Edmonton (Hudson's Bay Company) moves to Rossdale.
• 1810 - Fort Edmonton (Hudson's Bay Company) moves to near Smoky Lake.
• 1812 – Fort Edmonton (Hudson's Bay Company) moves to Rossdale, never again to move out of today's Edmonton. This is start of Edmonton's recorded permanent occupancy. ^[6]
• 1821 the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company merge, and fur-trade activities at Edmonton are concentrated in Fort Edmonton.
• 1824 - Horse packtrail established to connect Fort Edmonton to HBC's Fort Assiniboine, which serves as trans-shipment point on the Athabasca River, part of the Mackenzie River watershed flowing to the Arctic. ^[7]
• 1830 – Fort Edmonton moves up the hill, to near today's legislative building. From 1830 to 1860, the fur trade in western Canada uses Edmonton as a prominent transshipment point connecting the prairies with New Caledonia (interior BC) and with the fur trading posts up north. By 1860s ships are sailing from the Atlantic Ocean "around the Horn" to the west coast, and that more and more causes a decline in the importance of Edmonton as a transportation link. ^[8]
• 1859-1860 - Gold rush in the Cariboo region of BC leads to gold-panners coming to Edmonton. Among them Thomas Clover, who founds settlement at Clover Bar. (Later dredges are used to mine gold from river bed.) ^{[9] [10]}
• 1870 – Fort Edmonton and environs becomes part of Canada and of the North-West Territories.
• 1871 – The first prominent buildings outside the walls of Fort Edmonton, a Methodist church mission building and manse, built by George McDougall and his family, formerly of Victoria Settlement. They add mix to the existing campsites and log cabins of gold prospectors, frontier farmers and hunters, Indigenous, European and Métis, who live in the bush where City of Edmonton sits today.
• 1874 - North-West Mounted Police arrive. Second Patrol, a spin-off of the main March West, arrives in exhausted dribs and drabs Oct. 29-Nov. 2
• 1875 - Arrival of first sternwheeler/steamboat Northcote.
• 1876
  • Donald Ross opens Edmonton's first hotel
  • Treaty 6 is signed by representatives of the Queen and local Native leaders. Title to the Edmonton region is ceded to the Crown, excepting promised Indian reserves of Enoch and Papaschase, in return for treaty obligations on the part of the Crown (and the Canadian government). (The Papaschase reserve, on the site of Mill Woods and Southgate mall, was never established.) ^[11]
• 1878 - first post office opens
• 1879
  • Edmonton's first local exhibition, Agricultural Show and Fair.
  • Telegraph line is built to Edmonton.
• 1880 – Edmonton Bulletin begins publication. Frank Oliver, publisher
• 1882
  • As new arrivals try to take up residence in Edmonton area where people are already living, a violent struggle arises between "old timers" and the new "squatters". Matthew McCauley is named to head a settlers rights protective association (in local parlance "a vigilance committee"). He and others throw a squatter's shack over the edge of the river valley. ^[12]
  • Dominion Land Survey is conducted in Edmonton area. Fixes in place a mixture of riverlots along river and square sections elsewhere. It helps firm up local land ownership.
• 1883 - Edmonton, at the time an unincorporated hamlet, elects Frank Oliver as its first representative to the NWT Territorial Council.
• 1885 - Telephone service begins with just two telephones
• 1886 – Edmonton's coldest temperature is recorded, as −49.4 °C (−56.9 °F) January 19. ^[13]
• 1891
  • Calgary and Edmonton Railway is completed from Calgary to the south bank of North Saskatchewan River, across from the Edmonton settlement.
  • Community of South Edmonton (Strathcona) is established south of the river at the end of steel of the Calgary and Edmonton Railway. (Became a town in 1899.) ^[14]
• 1892
  • Edmonton incorporated as a town with a population of 700. Covered what is now downtown, north of the river. ^{[15] [16]}
  • Edmonton's first town election. Matt McCauley elected mayor.
  • Rat Creek Rebellion - Mayor McCauley and an armed mob prevent transfer of Dominion land office to "South Edmonton" (Strathcona). The mob stands off a NWMP force that arrives to establish law and order. When tempers cool, a separate land office is established in South Edmonton. Edmonton hires its first constable. ^[17]
  • Second McDougall Church is built at site of first church. (Now at Fort Edmonton Park)
• 1894 - Edmonton Police force founded.
• 1896 - Edmonton pioneer, newspaperman and NWT Council member Frank Oliver is elected as MP for Alberta. ^[18]
• 1897 – Edmonton is a starting point for people making the trek overland to the Klondike Gold Rush. Nearby South Edmonton (Strathcona) was the northernmost railway point on the western Prairies. (But Edmonton was still about 3000 kilometres from the goldfields.)
• 1899 - South Edmonton, south of the river, becomes Town of Strathcona. ^[19]

Early 20th century

Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) arrived in Edmonton in 1905.

• 1900 – Low Level Bridge is completed. At first carries road traffic and foot traffic only.
• 1903
  • Edmonton Journal founded.
  • Methodist Church Board founds Alberta College
  • Edmonton, Yukon and Pacific Railway is built on the Low Level Bridge to connect Rossdale Station in Edmonton on the north side of the river by rail to Strathcona and thence to the outside world. In 1906 railway line is extended from Rossdale west to 124 Street and up out of the river valley, then back east along 104 Avenue to downtown Edmonton.
  • First car in Edmonton is unloaded off the train that brought it. Owner, Joe Morris.
• 1904
  • Incorporated as a city with a population of 8,350. ^[15] First mayor, Kenneth MacKenzie.
  • Elected Liberal MP Frank Oliver in federal election. (Strathcona on the southside elected Liberal MP Peter Talbot.)
• 1905
  • Edmonton became the capital of Alberta, as Alberta became a province in Confederation. Alberta's first provincial election saw Edmonton elect Liberal Charles W. Cross as its MLA. Strathcona elected Liberal Alexander Cameron Rutherford, who served as Alberta's first premier.
  • Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth. The first railway line in Edmonton to directly connect to Winnipeg, it is completed as a transcontinental line in 1915.
• 1907-13 – Real estate and construction boom. With amalgamation of the cities of Strathcona and Edmonton, the population of Edmonton grew to 72,500. ^[15]
• 1907
  • Six miners die in a fire at the Strathcona Coal Company, near south end of today's High Level Bridge, the worst industrial accident Edmonton has suffered
  • First paving blocks laid on McDougall Avenue, now 101 Street.
• 1908
  • Edmonton Hockey Club makes the city's first appearance at the Stanley Cup finals.
  • Edmonton Street Railway (streetcars) begins operations, crosses Low Level Bridge.
  • Strathcona Canadian Pacific Railway Station completed, along the Calgary & Edmonton Railway line.
  • University of Alberta established in Strathcona and began instruction. First convocation
• 1909
  • Grand Trunk Pacific Railway enters Edmonton. ^{[20] [ circular reference ]} Built its roundhouse and railyard northwest of Edmonton. Village of West Edmonton established in 1910. Later took the name Calder. ^[21]
  • Arlington Apartments completed. (destroyed by fire in 2005) ^{[22] [ circular reference ]}
• 1910 – Third McDougall Church, the brick one standing today, completed, dedicated in honour of George McDougall.
• 1911 – Connaught Armoury built in Strathcona.
• 1912
  • Edmonton amalgamated with the city of Strathcona, a city since 1907, south of the North Saskatchewan River; as a result, the city extended south of the river.
  • First Presbyterian Church completed.
  • Industrial Workers of the World were active in Edmonton. led a strike by municipal ditchdiggers. ^[23]
  • Elm Park (near Calder AKA Village of West Edmonton) annexed. ^[24]
• 1913
  • Alberta Legislature Building completed.
  • High Level Bridge opened. It carried a CPR rail-line and streetcar lines as well as a two-lane road for private vehicles (both horse-drawn and gas-fueled) and sidewalks for pedestrians.
  • Robertson-Wesley United Church completed.
  • Edmonton economy collapses. With completion of Legislative Building and High Level Bridge, unemployment became problem. Land in the Hudson's Bay Co reserve was put on the market and sold, with the money raised by the sales going to HBC headquarters out of the province. British investment dried up as Europe invested in military preparation for the coming war. This all caused real estate prices to drop. With the start of World War I, the city's population declined, going from 72,000 in 1914 to under 54,000 in only two years, people leaving to eke out existence on farms, or off to war, or to other centres. ^[15]

The Hotel Macdonald in downtown Edmonton

• 1914 - Vote held on street naming system (following amalgamation of Strathcona and Edmonton, each with their own systems) Numerical numbering (centred on Jasper Avenue and 101 Street) got 2099 votes; "Edmonscona" scheme (a mixed number-name system) got 1471 votes. ^[25]
• 1914-1915 - Prince of Wales Armouries built. ^[26]
• 1915
  • Fort Edmonton (#5) is dismantled. (it was recreated in 1974 at Fort Edmonton Park.)
  • Hotel Macdonald opens. It is built by the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, soon to be bankrupt and rolled into the Canadian National line.
  • North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915 leaves 2000 homeless.
• 1917 – Edmonton annexes village of West Edmonton (Calder).
• 1918–1919 – Spanish Flu pandemic kills 614 Edmontonians.
• 1920 – Edmonton Symphony Orchestra holds its first performance.
• 1921 - first woman elected to the Alberta Legislature in Edmonton - Liberal Nellie McClung
• 1922
  • CJCA begins broadcasting as city's first radio station.
  • Edmonton Grads win the Canadian Basketball Championship. The team wins this competition each year from 1922 to 1940.
  • Edmonton Eskimos football team, owned by local Elks society, took the name Edmonton Elks in October 1922. At first known as the Edmonton Rugby Foot-ball Club, the team had taken the name Eskimos. By 1922 that name was thought to be inappropriate to the team as it "did not connote any qualities desired in football players" and "it begot a false notion of the geographical position of Edmonton." The team disbanded during WWII. (see 1954) (Today's Edmonton Elks have taken the team's old name). ^{[27] [28] [29]}
• 1923
  • Edmonton Grads win the World Basketball Championships.
  • 1923 Edmonton used single transferable voting for the first time in its municipal elections. The city switched back to block voting in 1928. ^[30]
• 1924 – The Edmonton Art Gallery opened for the first time.
• 1926 – Edmonton elected its first "third-party" MLAs - UFA's John Lymburn and Labour's Lionel Gibbs. Use of proportional representation likely helped make this possible.
• 1929 – Blatchford Field (now Edmonton City Centre (Blatchford Field) Airport) commenced operation. ^[31]
• 1930
  • Canadian Derby established.
  • The Great Depression hit Edmonton hard. Unemployment soared.
• 1932 – Edmonton Hunger March in December. A demonstration by struggling workers and farmers is repressed by billyclub-wielding police, some on horseback. Subsequently, police raid the Hunger March headquarters. 27 arrested. ^{[32] [33]}
• 1933 - First traffic light begins flashing, at the 101st Street and Jasper Avenue intersection. ^[34]
• 1935 – Edmonton elected its first Social Credit MLAs.
• 1937 – Edmonton's hottest temperature (until 1998) is recorded as 37.2 °C on June 29.
• 1938
  • Al-Rashid Mosque completed.
  • Clarke Stadium completed.

Later 20th century, after discovery of oil at Leduc

• 1942 – A record-breaking snowfall of 39.9 centimetres hits Edmonton on November 15.
• 1947
  • St. Josaphat Cathedral completed.
  • The first major oil discovery in Alberta was made near the town of Leduc, south of Edmonton. ^[35]
• 1947–1965 – Suburban boom began.
• 1948 – Edmonton Flyers wins the Allan Cup.
• late 1940s and 1950s – The subsequent oil boom gave Edmonton new status as the "Oil Capital of Canada", and during the 1950s, the city increased in population from 149,000 to 269,000. ^[15] After a relatively calm but still prosperous period in the 1960s, the city's growth took on renewed vigour concomitant with high world oil prices, triggered by the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The oil boom of the 1970s and 1980s ended abruptly with the sharp decline in oil prices on the international market and the introduction of the National Energy Program in 1981; that same year, the population had reached 521,000. ^[15]
• 1950 – Edmonton Mercurys win the Ice Hockey World Championships
• 1951 – Edmonton Bulletin ceases production.
• 1952
  • Clover Bar Bridge completed.
  • Edmonton Mercurys win the Olympic Gold medal.
• 1953 – Nationwide polio epidemic. 16 Edmontonians died from poliomyelitis.
• 1954 – Edmonton Eskimos win their first Grey Cup.
• 1955
  • Groat Bridge completed.
  • Westmount Centre opened as the city's first shopping mall.
• 1957 – Jubilee Auditorium opened.
• 1959
  • Valley Zoo opened.
  • With the end of proportional representation (STV) in 1956, First-past-the-post voting is used to elect Edmonton MLAs. Social Credit scores clean sweep of city seats.
• 1960 – Edmonton International Airport opened
• 1961 – Town of Beverly, Alberta amalgamated with the City of Edmonton.
• 1962
  • Edmonton's local exhibition had been renamed to Klondike Days.
  • Northern Alberta Institute of Technology established.
• 1963
  • Edmonton Oil Kings win their first Memorial Cup.
  • Edmonton Opera established.
• 1964 – Town of Jasper Place amalgamated with Edmonton. Number of city councillors increased from ten to twelve.
• 1965
  • Citadel Theatre opened.
  • Edmonton aircraft bombing.
• 1966 – CN Tower was completed, the tallest building in Edmonton at the time, and city's first skyscraper.
• 1967 – Provincial Museum and Archives of Alberta opened.
• 1968
  • Fluoridation of city water is approved in referendum. Twice before (1961 and 1964), citizens voted against it.
  • Change to ward election of councillors approved by referendum. Edmonton divided into four wards, each electing three councillors using block voting.
• 1969 – Edmonton becomes the first Canadian city to join the North American Emergency Telephone 911 plan.
• 1970s – Major construction boom occurred.
• 1971
  • Grant MacEwan Community College established.
  • James MacDonald Bridge opened.
  • AGT Tower was completed and the tallest building in Edmonton at the time.
  • The Mill Woods Development Concept was approved. The area was planned to house approximately 120,000 people, its population in 2023.
• 1972
  • Alberta Oilers founded.
  • Ukrainian Canadian Archives & Museum Of Alberta opened.
• 1974
  • Fort Edmonton Park established.
  • Northlands Coliseum opened.
• 1976
  • Heritage Days Festival begins at Mayfair Park.
  • Muttart Conservatory opened.

    

    Commonwealth Stadium

• 1978
  • 1978 Commonwealth Games.
  • Edmonton LRT started.
  • Edmonton Sun founded.
  • Commonwealth Stadium opened.
  • Kinsmen Centre opened.
• 1979 – Edmonton Oilers join the National Hockey League.
• 1980s – Although the National Energy Program was later scrapped by the federal government, the collapse of world oil prices in 1986 and massive government cutbacks kept the city from making a full economic recovery until the late 1990s. ^[36]
• 1980
  • Edmonton Folk Music Festival launched.
  • The Great Divide waterfall flows from the High Level Bridge for the first time.
• 1981
  • Heritage Mall opened
  • West Edmonton Mall opened.
• 1982
  • Edmonton Fringe Theatre Festival is held for the first time.
  • A large explosion at the CIL plant in Edmonton could be felt up to 30 kilometres (19 mi) away. ^[37]
  • 1982 Alberta election. An Edmonton provincial seat taken by NDP candidate Ray Martin. First time since the end of proportional representation in 1956 that a CCF or NDP MLA was elected in Edmonton.
  • General annexation of rural land outside Edmonton. City limits pushed to 41st Avenue South.
• 1983
  • 1983 Summer Universiade.
  • Hotel Macdonald closes after falling into despair.
  • Manulife Place was completed and was the tallest building in Edmonton until it was surpassed in 2017 by the Stantec tower.
  • Edmonton Convention Centre opened.
  • Phase II of West Edmonton Mall opened.
    • Fantasyland opened
• 1984
  • Edmonton hosts the Grey Cup for the first time.
  • Edmonton Oilers win their first Stanley Cup
  • Edmonton Trappers win their first Pacific Coast League championship.
  • Edmonton Space Science Centre opened.
  • Edmonton Expo Centre opened.
• 1985
  • Edmonton International Street Performer's Festival is held for the first time.
  • Phase III of West Edmonton Mall opened.
• 1986
  • Edmonton International Film Festival is held for the first time.
  • North Saskatchewan River rises 11.5 metres higher than normal, the worst flood since 1915. ^[38]
  • Three people killed and one injured when the Mindbender roller coaster at West Edmonton Mall's Fantasyland derailed.
  • The Works Art & Design Festival launched.
  • World Waterpark opened.

The path taken by the F4 Edmonton tornado in 1987. The F numbers are for the Fujita values, the O is for Imperial Oil Strathcona and Petro-Canada refineries, P is the Edmonton Power Clover power station and C is for the Celanese Canada chemical plant.

• 1987 – Edmonton tornado kills 27 and causes more than $300M damage.
• 1987 - Celebration of Stanley Cup win on Jasper Avenue turned into riot. Dozens arrested. ^[39]
• 1991 – Hotel Macdonald reopened after significant restoration and a change in ownership.
• 1992 – The current Edmonton City Hall completed.
• 1995
  • After 91 years of service, Telus acquired Edmonton Telephones Corporation (ED TEL), the city's publicly owned telephone company.
  • Edmonton Queen christened.
  • Fantasyland changed its name to "Galaxyland", after a lawsuit filed by the Walt Disney Company.
• 1996 – 1996 World Figure Skating Championships.
• 1997 – Winspear Centre opened.
• 1998 – Edmonton's hottest temperature is recorded at 38.3 °C (100.9 °F), on August 5. ^[40]
• 1999 – Phase IV of West Edmonton Mall opened.

21st century

• 2000 - Heritage Mall closed.
• 2001
  • 2001 World Championships in Athletics.
  • Canada Day riot on Whyte Avenue. ^[41]
• 2003 – 2003 Heritage Classic.
• 2004 – Large hailstorm causing widespread damage throughout the city most notably causing the evacuation of West Edmonton Mall. ^[37]
• 2005
  • Edmonton hosts its first Grand Prix
  • Edmonton celebrates 100 years of being the capital of Alberta.
• 2006
  • 2006 Women's Rugby World Cup.
  • May 12 Edmonton Oiler win instigates riot. ^[42]
• 2007
  • 2007 Ford World Men's Curling Championship.
  • Largest residential fire in Edmonton's history burns down a 149 unit condominium complex, which was under construction, along with 18 duplexes. Causing $20 million in damages. ^[43]
• 2008 – Edmonton region population surpasses one million becoming the most northern city in North America with a population over one million.
• 2009
  • Edmonton submits a bid for Expo 2017.
  • Electric trolley buses make their last runs on city streets. ^[44]
• 2010
  • The Art Gallery of Alberta is reopened in its new building.
  • Edmonton for first time uses single-seat wards and first-past-the-post voting to elect its city councillors. ^[45]
• 2011
  • The Epcor Tower is completed, becoming Edmonton's tallest skyscraper.^{[ contradictory ]}
  • The Edmonton Clinic opens.
  • The city's homicide rate swells; 47 murders by the year. ^{[46] [47]}
• 2013 – The inaugural Tour of Alberta launches from Edmonton. ^[48]
• 2014 – 53-year-old Phu Lam murders his ex-wife and six relatives on December 29, the worst mass murder in Edmonton's history. ^[49]
• 2016
  • Construction is completed on August 16, 2016 for the Royal Alberta Museum's new location in Downtown Edmonton. ^[50]
  • Rogers Place arena in Downtown opens in September. ^[51]
  • Anthony Henday Drive is officially completed with the opening of its northeast section, including two new bridges over the river, on October 1. ^[52] It is the furthest north ring road in North America.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 2017
  • 2017 Edmonton attack (stabbing and vehicle-ramming attack)
  • Completion of the new Walterdale Bridge as a replacement for the old bridge ^[53]
• 2018
  • Completion of the Stantec Tower ^[54] becoming the tallest in building in Canada outside of Toronto. ^{[54] [55] [56]}
  • Construction on the JW Marriott Hotel completed, becoming the second tallest building in Edmonton ^[57]
  • Opening of a new building for the Royal Alberta Museum to the public ^[50]
• 2020 - Edmonton co-hosts the 2020 Stanley Cup playoffs behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 pandemic. ^[58]
• 2023 - 2023 Heritage Classic

See also

• History of Edmonton
• List of tallest buildings in Edmonton
• Timeline of Alberta history
• Timeline of labour issues and events in Canada

References

1. Cushman, The Great North Trail, p. 11, endpaper map
2. Peter Stark, "The Old North Trail" https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-old-north-trail-49911446/ accessed April 7, 2025
3. Coutu, From Castles to Forts (2004), p. 71
4. MacGregor, James (1975). Edmonton: A History. Hurtig, 1975 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized 5 Jan 2007. p.  17. ISBN   0-88830-100-6.
5. Real Estate Marketing services. "Historical". Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
6. Edmonton House Journal 1806-1821, Nov. 6, 1812
7. McCarty, Richard Frances (1976). Fort Assiniboine, Alberta, 1823-1914 : fur trade post to settled district. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta. p. 13
8. Frank Oliver, Founding of Edmonton (1921), p. 4 http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/2879/7.html?qid=peelbib%7Cindian%7C%28peelnum%3A002879%29%7Cscore. accessed April 13, 2025
9. "Early communities place names" online https://www.strathcona.ca/council-county/history-and-heritage/places/rural-districts/early-communities-place-names/#cloverbar accessed April 13, 2025
10. "Edmonton's river valley the glitter of the gold rush" https://albertashistoricplaces.com/2016/07/28/edmontons-river-valley-the-glitter-of-the-gold-rush/ accessed April 13, 2025
11. "Wayback Machine". www.millwoodshistory.org.
12. "Local" Edmonton Bulletin, Feb. 18, 1882, May 13, 1882
13. "Climate Data Almanac for January 19". Environment Canada. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
14. Gilpin, John Frederick (1978). The City of Strathcona, 1891–1912. pp. 1 2. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
15. "City of Edmonton Population, Historical" (PDF). City of Edmonton. August 2008. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
16. "Telegraphic", Edmonton Bulletin, Jan 2, 1892
17. "Robbers Attempt to steal the Land Office...", Edmonton Bulletin, June 20, 1892
18. Mardon and Mardon, Alberta Election Results
19. Herzog, Lawrence (October 24, 2002). "Another Look at Strathconas Pioneer Merchants." It's Our Heritage Vol. 20 No. 43. Published online by Real Estate Weekly.
20. Morrow 2010, pp. 107–108
21. Naming Edmonton https://namingedmonton.ca/naming-edmonton-a-digital-gazetteer/calder/
22. "Crews tear down historic Arlington Apartments". Edmonton Journal . Canwest Global. November 24, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
23. Caragata, Alberta Labour
24. Naming Edmonton
25. Edmonton Bulletin, April 8, 1914, p. 5
26. Forgotten Edmonton "The Prince of Wales Armouries Origins" https://www.forgottenedmonton.com/blog/the-prince-of-wales-armouries. Accessed July 8, 2025
27. Edmonton Bulletin, June 21, 1921
28. Edmonton Bulletin, October 17, 1922, p. 7
29. Gateway, Nov. 21, 1922
30. Rek, Municipal Elections in Edmonton
31. Edmonton Airports. "Historical". Archived from the original on 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
32. "The Edmonton Hunger March of 1932". Forgotten Edmonton. 4 December 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
33. "The Alberta Hunger March and the trial of the victims of Brownlee's police terror" http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/5604.html.
34. Naming Edmonton, p. XXXI
35. Government of Canada. "Historical". Archived from the original on 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
36. Edmonton Public Library. "Chapter 7. Riding the Roller Coaster, 1973–2004". Archived from the original on 2007-06-25. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
37. "Edmonton Disaster Timetable" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
38. "July 19, 1986 12-metre river swell..." https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-throwback-thursday-1986-flood-1.4212343#:~:text=In%20July%201986%2C%20heavy%20rainfall,12%20metres%20higher%20than%20normal.
39. "June 1, 1987 Stanley Cup celebrations turn into riot", https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/throwback-thursday-edmonton-oilers-stanley-cup-celebrations-violent-1.4140362 accessed August 19, 2025
40. Martha, Walls (2007). Edmonton Book of Everything. Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc. pp. 62, 64. ISBN   978-0-9738063-4-2.
41. Edmonton Sun, "Edmonton police remember Whyte Avenue riot..." https://edmontonsun.com/2013/06/30/edmonton-police-remember-whyte-avenue-riots-as-canada-day-approaches
42. CBC News, "Oilers, police aiming to avoid repeat..." https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/oilers-hockey-edmonton-rogers-riot-playoffs-business-1.4046048
43. Mertz, Emily (20 July 2012). "Community marks five years since MacEwan fire". Global Edmonton. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
44. https://www.flickr.com/photos/flyer_901/2331906395 accessed April 3, 2025
45. Edmonton Election Results and History | City of Edmonton
46. "The Edmonton Journal's coverage of local homicides in 2011". Edmonton Journal. Postmedia Network Inc. 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
47. "Edmonton homicide rate may swell police numbers". CBC News. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
48. "Rohan Dennis, 23, wins Tour of Alberta". CBC. 8 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
49. Nine dead in Edmonton shooting, Irish Times, 2014.
50. "Milestones". Royal Alberta Museum. Government of Alberta. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
51. "Final Piece of Funding for Downtown Arena Approved". City of Edmonton. May 15, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
52. Kent, Fletcher (10 August 2016). "Edmonton drivers relieved as northeast Anthony Henday construction nears completion". Corus Entertainment Inc. Global News Edmonton. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
53. Edmonton pedestrians can now use new Walterdale Bridge. Global News Retrieved August 9, 2023
54. Kent, Gordon (September 15, 2015). "Stantec Tower in Edmonton set to be Canada's tallest outside Toronto". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
55. Tucker, Erika (September 19, 2015). "Canada's tallest building outside Toronto under construction in Edmonton". Global News. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
56. "62-storey tower to be built in downtown Edmonton". CBC News. August 26, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
57. Mah, Bill (January 14, 2016). "Edmonton Ice District hotel upgraded to JW Marriott" (Video/Text). Edmonton Journal. Post Media. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
58. Edmonton, Toronto chosen as hub cities for NHL Return to Play Plan. NHL.com. NHL Enterprises, L. P. Retrieved August 10, 2023