Transporter bridge

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Transporter bridge
MovableBridge transport.gif
An animation showing how a transporter bridge operates with vehicular, pedestrian and shipping traffic
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A transporter bridge, also known as a ferry bridge or aerial transfer bridge, is a type of movable bridge that carries a segment of roadway across a river. The gondola is slung from a tall span by wires or a metal frame. The design has been used to cross navigable rivers or other bodies of water, where there is a requirement for ship traffic to be able to pass. This has been a rare type of bridge, with fewer than two dozen built. There are just twelve that continue to be used today, including one converted into a lift bridge and one designed as, but not yet operating as, a transporter bridge.

Contents

History

The concept of the transporter bridge was invented in 1873 by Charles Smith (1844–1882), the manager of an engine works in Hartlepool, England. He called it a "bridge ferry" and unsuccessfully presented his ideas to councils in Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, and Glasgow. [1]

The first transporter bridge, Vizcaya Bridge was built between Las Arenas and Portugalete, Spain, in 1893. The design from Alberto Palacio [2] inspired others to attempt similar structures. The idea came about in locations where it was seen as impractical to build long approach ramps that would be required to reach a high span, and in places where ferries are not easily able to cross. Because transporter bridges can carry only a limited load, the idea was little used after the rise of the automobile.

The first such bridge built in France, the 1898 Rouen bridge crossing the Seine, was destroyed by the French Army to slow down German troops in World War II. Transporter bridges were popular in France, where five were erected and another partially completed.

The Widnes-Runcorn Transporter Bridge was the first in Britain and the largest transporter bridge in the world. Bridges 34.png
The Widnes–Runcorn Transporter Bridge was the first in Britain and the largest transporter bridge in the world.
Maarsserbrug, a fixed bridge with small transporter bridge underneath

The United Kingdom has four transporter bridges, though Warrington Transporter Bridge is disused and the modern Royal Victoria Dock Bridge, though designed with the potential to be used as a transporter bridge, has so far only been used as a high-level footbridge. The Newport Transporter Bridge was built in 1906 across the River Usk in Newport. Because the river banks are very low at the crossing point (a few miles south of the city centre) a traditional bridge would need a very long approach ramp and a ferry could not be used at low tide. The Newport Bridge was a Ferdinand Arnodin design. [3] The Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge opened in 1911 crossing the River Tees. [1] It was featured in the 2002 series of the popular British TV show Auf Wiedersehen, Pet ; the programme's plot had the bridge being dismantled and re-erected in Arizona, US. [4] The Widnes-Runcorn Transporter Bridge, demolished in the early 1960s, was the first of its type in Britain, and the largest ever built.

In the United States, two such bridges were built. The first was the Aerial Bridge built in Duluth, Minnesota in 1905, although the city had originally planned to build a vertical lift bridge at the site. The transporter design was used for about 25 years before the structure was reconfigured to lift a central span in 1930.

The second American transporter bridge was different from other designs and partially resembled gondola lifts used in mountainous regions. The Sky Ride was part of the 193334 Chicago World's Fair ("Century of Progress"). It was taken down after two years, and was the longest bridge of this type ever built at the time.

Two historic transporter bridges survive in Germany. The bridge at Rendsburg, from 1913 is two bridges in one: a railroad link crosses on the top span, and the suspended ferry carries traffic on the valley floor. The Osten Transporter Bridge at Osten is four years older and was the first transporter bridge in Germany.

List of transporter bridges

Existing bridges

BridgeImageCityCountryCompletedSpanClearanceHeightIn Use?CoordinatesNotes
Vizcaya Bridge Zubia jun.jpg Portugalete/Getxo Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 1893164 m (538 ft)45 m (148 ft)61.3 m (201 ft)Yes 43°19′23″N3°1′1″W / 43.32306°N 3.01694°W / 43.32306; -3.01694 (Vizcaya Bridge) In use 24/7, passenger fare 0.45 euro in 2022 (1.60 at night), fares between 1.65 and 3.50 for vehicles. It was declared a World Heritage Site by Unesco in 2006. It has become a prototype for subsequent bridges.
Rochefort-Martrou Transporter Bridge Charente Maritime Rochefort pont transbordeur sud.jpg Rochefort, Charente-Maritime Flag of France.svg  France 1900140 m (460 ft)50 m (160 ft)66.5 m (218 ft)Yes 45°54′58″N0°57′38″W / 45.91611°N 0.96056°W / 45.91611; -0.96056 (Rochefort-Martrou Transporter Bridge) In use during the summer. This bridge may be seen in the film The Young Girls of Rochefort .
Aerial Lift Bridge Aerial lift bridge duluth mn.jpg Duluth, Minnesota Flag of the United States.svg  United States 1905120 m (390 ft)41.1 m (135 ft)69.5 m (228 ft)No 46°46′44″N92°5′34″W / 46.77889°N 92.09278°W / 46.77889; -92.09278 (Aerial Lift Bridge) No longer a transporter bridge; converted into a lift bridge in 1929, in use.
Newport Transporter Bridge Transporter Bridge, from Coronation Park.jpg Newport Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 1906196.6 m (645 ft)50 m (160 ft)73.6 m (241 ft)No The bridge is closed for restoration work and the construction of the new visitor centre. 51°34′14″N2°59′8″W / 51.57056°N 2.98556°W / 51.57056; -2.98556 (Newport Transporter Bridge) Currently [2023] closed again for repairs and construction of the new visitor centre with a planned Summer 2024 reopening. [5] Appears in the film Tiger Bay . [6]
Osten Transporter Bridge Osten.jpg Osten Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 190980 m (260 ft)30 m (98 ft)38 m (125 ft)Yes 53°41′39″N9°10′58″E / 53.69417°N 9.18278°E / 53.69417; 9.18278 (Osten Transporter Bridge) In use, but only as a tourist attraction.
Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge, stockton side.jpg Middlesbrough Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 1911180 m (590 ft)49 m (161 ft)68 m (223 ft)No. The bridge has been closed for essential repairs and maintenance. [7] 54°35′4″N1°13′40″W / 54.58444°N 1.22778°W / 54.58444; -1.22778 (Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge) Refitted motors in 2010. Still in use, not in high winds
Rendsburg High Bridge Rendsburgerhochbruecke.jpg Rendsburg Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 1913140 m (460 ft)42 m (138 ft)68 m (223 ft)Yes 54°17′37″N9°40′56″E / 54.29361°N 9.68222°E / 54.29361; 9.68222 (Rendsburg High Bridge) Only known combo railroad/transporter bridge. Gondola was destroyed in a collision with a ship in 2016, but has been replaced by an exact replica in 2022.
Puente Transbordador Nicolás Avellaneda Buenos Aires Most Transportowy 2.jpg Buenos Aires/Dock Sud Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 1914103.6 m (340 ft)43.5 m (143 ft)52 m (171 ft)Yes 34°38′18″S58°21′22″W / 34.63833°S 58.35611°W / -34.63833; -58.35611 (Puente Transbordador) In use. It was closed in 1960 but was restored and reopened in September 2017.
Warrington Transporter Bridge Wartranny.jpg Warrington Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 191657 m (187 ft)23 m (75 ft)27 m (89 ft)No 53°23′1″N2°36′27″W / 53.38361°N 2.60750°W / 53.38361; -2.60750 (Warrington Transporter Bridge) Disused. Originally for rail wagons. Converted for road vehicles in 1940. Listed as an "ancient monument", but still at risk. (One of two originally at this site; the other, from 1905 did not survive.)
Puente Nicolás Avellaneda The new Nicolas Avellaneda Transporter Bridge, La Boca.jpg Buenos Aires/Dock Sud Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 194060 m (197 ft)21 m (69 ft) (not lifted), 43 m (141 ft) (lifted)57 m (187 ft)Yes 34°38′17″S58°21′21″W / 34.63806°S 58.35583°W / -34.63806; -58.35583 (Puente Nicolás Avellaneda) Transporter bridge below a liftable section of a vertical lift bridge. Since 1960 only used, when the road on the bridge is closed for maintenance work.
Royal Victoria Dock Bridge Royal Victoria Dock Bridge.jpg London Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 1998128 m (420 ft)15 m (49 ft)45 m (148 ft)No 43°19′23″N3°1′1″W / 43.32306°N 3.01694°W / 43.32306; -3.01694 (Royal Victoria Dock Bridge) Designed to allow use as a transporter bridge but currently only in use as a high-level footbridge.
Erlebnisbrücke Brucke uber die Niers.jpg Near Mönchengladbach Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 200310 m (33 ft)Yes 51°14′17.1″N6°28′28.52″E / 51.238083°N 6.4745889°E / 51.238083; 6.4745889 (Erlebnisbrücke) Small human-powered transporter bridge. [8]
Hamrštejn Footbridge Transborder pod Hamrstejnem (02).jpg Liberec and Chrastava, over Lusatian Neisse Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechia 201023 m (75 ft)Yes 50°47′16.5″N14°58′13″E / 50.787917°N 14.97028°E / 50.787917; 14.97028 (Hamrštejn Bridge) Small human-powered transporter bridge.

Historic bridges

BridgeImageLocationCountryCompletedSpanNotes
Messrs. Crosfield’s Transporter Bridge 53°23′11.72″N2°36′22.96″W / 53.3865889°N 2.6063778°W / 53.3865889; -2.6063778 (Messrs. Crosfield’s Transporter Bridge Transporter Bridge) Warrington Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 190576 mdemolished
Bizerta/Brest Transporter Bridge Romance of Modern Mechanism 23.png Bizerta Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 1898109 mMoved to Brest, France in 1909, damaged 1944, demolished 1947.
Bordeaux Transporter Bridge Vue du port de la Lune.jpg Bordeaux Flag of France.svg  France 400 m
(total)
Started 1910, but never completed. Demolished, 1942.
Devil's Dyke Transporter Bridge Devil's Dyke Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 1894198 mDemolished, 1909. [9] [10] [11]
Kiel Transporter Bridge

54°19′19″N10°09′43″E / 54.321944°N 10.161944°E / 54.321944; 10.161944

Schwebefahre der Kaiserlichen Werft.jpg Kiel Flag of the German Empire.svg  German Empire 1910128 mDemolished, 1923.
Maarsserbrug
Maarsserbrug met transbordeur.jpg
Maarssen Flag of the Netherlands.svg  The Netherlands 193888 mFixed bridge for regular traffic with transporter for agricultural usages, removed in 1959.
Marseille Transporter Bridge

43°17′39″N5°21′49″E / 43.294184°N 5.363646°E / 43.294184; 5.363646

Pont Transbordeur-01.jpg Marseille Flag of France.svg  France 1905165 mDestroyed, 1944.
Nantes Transporter Bridge

47°12′31″N1°33′57″W / 47.208516°N 1.565756°W / 47.208516; -1.565756

Nantes-pont-transbordeur-CP165LL.jpg Nantes Flag of France.svg  France 1903141 mDemolished, 1958.
Puente Transbordador Presidente Sáenz Peña Puente Transbordador Saenz Pena.jpg Buenos Aires Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 1913Demolished, 1965.
Puente Transbordador Presidente Urquiza Transbordador Urquiza (MCBA, 1944).jpg Buenos Aires Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 1915Demolished, 1968.
Ponte Alexandrino de Alencar

22°53′46″S43°10′35″W / 22.896171°S 43.176345°W / -22.896171; -43.176345

Rio de Janeiro Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 1915171 mDemolished, 1935.
Rouen Transporter Bridge Pont transbordeur de Rouen 2.jpg Rouen Flag of France.svg  France 1898142 mDestroyed, 1940.
Sky Ride Aerial View Of Sky Ride And Panorama Of " A Century Of Progress." (NBY 416916).jpg Chicago, Illinois Flag of the United States.svg  United States 1933564 mDemolished, 1934.
Knoxville Transporter Bridge Knoxville, Tennessee Flag of the United States.svg  United States 1894Demolished. [9]
Widnes-Runcorn Transporter Bridge 53°20′47.76″N2°44′10.68″W / 53.3466000°N 2.7363000°W / 53.3466000; -2.7363000 (Widnes-Runcorn Transporter Bridge) Runcorn transporter bridge (Wonder Book of Engineering Wonders, 1931).jpg Widnes-Runcorn Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 1905304 mDemolished, 1961.

See also

Related Research Articles

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The River Tees, in England, rises on the eastern slope of Cross Fell in the North Pennines and flows eastwards for 85 miles (137 km) to reach the North Sea in the North East of England. The modern-day history of the river has been tied with the industries on Teesside in its lower reaches, where it has provided the means of import and export of goods to and from the North East England. The need for water further downstream also meant that reservoirs were built in the extreme upper reaches, such as Cow Green.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Middlesbrough</span> Town in North Yorkshire, England

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tees Transporter Bridge</span> Bridge over the River Tees, England

The Tees Transporter Bridge, also referred to as the Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge or locally as The Transporter, is a bridge over the River Tees in northern England. The northern side is in Port Clarence (Stockton-on-Tees) and the southern side is in Middlehaven (Middlesbrough). It is grade II* listed and the longest existing transporter in the world. Its winch house and piers are grade II listed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Newport Transporter Bridge</span> Historic bridge across the Usk in Wales, opened in 1906

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aerial Lift Bridge</span> Transporter bridge in Duluth, Minnesota

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tees Barrage</span> Bridge and dam over the River Tees in England

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Widnes–Runcorn Transporter Bridge</span> Former bridge in northwest England

The Widnes–Runcorn Transporter Bridge crossed the river Mersey and Manchester Ship Canal linking the towns of Runcorn and Widnes. Completed in 1905, it was Britain's first transporter bridge and the largest of its type ever built in the world. It continued in use until 22 July 1961, when it was replaced by a through arch bridge, now known as the Silver Jubilee Bridge. The transporter bridge was then demolished.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vizcaya Bridge</span> Bridge in Portugalete-Getxo, Spain

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tees Newport Bridge</span> Bridge over the River Tees, northern England

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Ferdinand Joseph Arnodin was a French engineer and industrialist born in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, Rhône who died in Châteauneuf-sur-Loire in Loiret. Specialising in cableway transporters, he is regarded as the inventor of the transporter bridge, having been the first to patent the idea in 1887. However, the first such bridge was in fact designed by Alberto Palacio, with Arnodin's help.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puente Nicolás Avellaneda</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surtees Rail Bridge</span> Rail-bridge over the River Tees, Northern England

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References

  1. 1 2 Lloyd, Chris (12 October 2011). "Transporter Bridge left boats in its wake". www.thenorthernecho.co.uk. The Northern Echo . Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  2. "Puente Colgante - Transbordador de Bizkaia". Puente Colgante (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  3. "Transporter Bridge". Archived from the original on 2008-10-04. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
  4. "Bridge not under threat, pet". BBC News. news.bbc.co.uk. 13 May 2002. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
  5. "Transporter Bridge". newport.gov.uk. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  6. "Friends of Newport Transporter Bridge". fontb.org.uk. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  7. "Tees Transporter Bridge". www.middlesbrough.gov.uk. 2016-05-19. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
  8. "Erlebnisbrücke (Mönchengladbach, 2003)". Structurae. Retrieved 2019-12-27.
  9. 1 2 Tyrrell, Henry Grattan (1912), Transporter Bridges, Toronto: University of Toronto Engineering Society, p. 5, OCLC   1157907052
  10. Waddell, John (1916), Bridge Engineering, vol. I, New York: Wiley, p. 671
  11. "Cableway for passenger traffic at Brighton, England". Engineering News-Record. 33 (5): 67–8. 31 January 1895. Retrieved 4 December 2017.