Tricholoma aurantium

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Tricholoma aurantium
Tricholoma aurantium 274780.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Tricholomataceae
Genus: Tricholoma
Species:
T. aurantium
Binomial name
Tricholoma aurantium
(Schaeff.) Ricken (1915)
Synonyms [1]
  • Agaricus aurantiusSchaeff. (1774)
Tricholoma aurantium
Mycological characteristics
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgUmbonate cap icon.svg Cap is convex or umbonate
Adnate gills icon2.svgAdnexed gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnate or adnexed
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is white
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngMycomorphbox Inedible.pngEdibility is inedible or edible, but unpalatable

Tricholoma aurantium, commonly known as the golden orange tricholoma, is a species of agaric fungus in the genus Tricholoma .

Contents

Taxonomy

Originally described by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774, [2] it was transferred to the genus Tricholoma by Adalbert Ricken in 1915. [3]

Description

The cap is broadly convex to more or less flat, measuring 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) wide with a margin that is initially rolled inward. Fresh specimens are sticky or slimy. The cap color is orange to dull reddish-orange. [4] Parts that have been handled bruise dark red.[ citation needed ] The initially smooth surface can break into a matrix of fibrils and scales. [4] The closely spaced gills are whitish, but develop brownish to reddish-brown stains in maturity. They are adnate to adnexed, sometimes notched. [4] The often hollow stipe measures 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) long by 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) thick, and is either roughly the same width throughout, [4] or tapers slightly to the base. Its surface is covered with dense orangish scales that terminate in a line near the top of the stipe, where it is white. The white, mealy tasting flesh does not change color with injury. [5] The odour is unpleasantly farinaceous. [4]

The spore print is white. [4] The spores are smooth, ellipsoid, and inamyloid, measuring 5–6 by 3–4  μm. [5] The mushroom is inedible [6] due to its extreme unpalatibility. [4]

Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies grow scattered or in groups or clusters on the ground with various species of conifers, with which it has a mycorrhizal relationship. [4]

It is widely distributed in North America. [5] It is found in Asia (India, [7] Pakistan). [8] The ectomycorrhizae of T. aurantium has been reported with Pinus wallichiana and Abies pindrow in Pakistan, [8] and with Abies alba (silver fir) in Italy. [9]

Chemistry

The fruit bodies contains the novel diterpene lactone compounds trichoaurantianolides A, [10] B, C and D. [11] The bright orange-red color is due to the benzotropolone pigment aurantricholone. [12] The first total synthesis of trichoaurantianolides C and D was reported in 2015. [13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Tricholoma aurantium (Schaeff.) Ricken :332, 1915". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2015-09-09.
  2. ↑ Schaeffer JC. Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones (in Latin). Vol. 4. Regensburg, Germany. p. 18.
  3. ↑ Ricken A. (1915). Die Blätterpilze (in German). Vol. 1. Leipzig, Germany: Weigel. p. 332.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Arora, David (1986) [1979]. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. pp. 187–188. ISBN   978-0-89815-170-1.
  5. 1 2 3 Kuo M, Methven A (2010). 100 Cool Mushrooms. University of Michigan Press. pp. 191–2. ISBN   978-0-472-03417-8.
  6. ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 47. ISBN   978-1-55407-651-2.
  7. ↑ Abraham SP. (1993). "Larger Fungi from Kashmir-X". Indian Journal of Forestry. 16 (3): 204–213. ISSN   0250-524X.
  8. 1 2 Niazi AR, Khalid AN, Iqbal SH (2010). "New records of ectomycorrhiza from Pakistan" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 42 (6): 4335–4343.
  9. ↑ Comandini O, Pacioni G, Rinaldi AC (1998). "Fungi in ectomycorrhizal associations of silver fir (Abies alba Miller) in Central Italy". Mycorrhiza. 7 (6): 323–328. doi:10.1007/s005720050200. S2CID   835712.
  10. ↑ Invernizzi AG, Vidari G, Vita-Finzi P (1995). "Trichoaurantianolide A, a new diterpene with an unprecedented carbon skeleton from Tricholoma aurantium". Tetrahedron Letters. 36 (11): 1905–1908. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(95)00109-P.
  11. ↑ Benevelli F, Carugo O, Invernizzi AG, Vidari G (1995). "The structures of trichoaurantianolides B, C and D, novel diterpenes from Tricholoma aurantium". Tetrahedron Letters. 36 (17): 3035–3038. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(95)00420-H.
  12. ↑ Klostermeyer D, Knops L, Sindlinger T, Polborn K, Steglich W (2000). "Novel benzotropolone and 2H-furo[3,2-b]benzopyran-2-one pigments from Tricholoma aurantium (Agaricales)". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2000 (4): 603–608. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0690(200002)2000:4<603::AID-EJOC603>3.0.CO;2-5.
  13. ↑ Williams DR, Gladen PT, Pinchman JR (2015). "Total synthesis of neodolastane diterpenes trichoaurantianolides C and D". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 80 (11): 5474–5493. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.5b00355. PMID   25974179.
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