Trillium erectum

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Trillium erectum
Trillium erectum - Stephen's Gulch CA.jpg
Blooming in Stephen's Gulch Conservation Area (Ontario, Canada).
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Melanthiaceae
Genus: Trillium
Species:
T. erectum
Binomial name
Trillium erectum
L.
Synonyms [2] [3]
T. erectum var. erectum
    • Trillium acuminatumRaf.
    • Trillium atropurpureumM.A.Curtis ex L.C.Beck
    • Trillium atropurpureumRaf.
    • Trillium erectum var. atropurpureum(Michx.) Pursh
    • Trillium erectum var. blandumJennison
    • Trillium erectum f. brevipedicellatumLouis-Marie
    • Trillium erectum var. cahnaeFarw.
    • Trillium erectum f. cahnae(Farw.) Louis-Marie
    • Trillium erectum var. declinatumA.Gray
    • Trillium erectum var. flavumTorr.
    • Trillium erectum var. giganteumLouis-Marie
    • Trillium erectum var. horizontaleLouis-Marie
    • Trillium erectum f. luteumLouis-Marie
    • Trillium erectum f. nigrescensLouis-Marie
    • Trillium erectum f. pallidandrumVict. & J.Rousseau
    • Trillium erectum f. parviflorumLouis-Marie
    • Trillium erectum f. parvumLouis-Marie
    • Trillium erectum f. polymerumVict.
    • Trillium erectum f. rubrostriatumLouis-Marie
    • Trillium erectum f. sessiloidesB.Boivin
    • Trillium erectum var. sulcatumBarksd.
    • Trillium flavumRaf.
    • Trillium foetidumSalisb.
    • Trillium nutansRaf.
    • Trillium obovatumPursh
    • Trillium pendulumWilld.
    • Trillium purpureumElliott
    • Trillium rhomboideumMichx.
    • Trillium rhomboideum var. atropurpureumMichx.
    • Trillium spatulatumRaf.
T. erectum var. album
    • Trillium album(Michx.) Small
    • Trillium erectum f. albiflorumR.Hoffm.
    • Trillium rhomboideum var. albumMichx.

Trillium erectum, the red trillium, [4] also known as wake robin, [5] purple trillium, [6] bethroot, [7] or stinking benjamin, [8] is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. The plant takes its common name "wake robin" by analogy with the European robin, which has a red breast heralding spring. Likewise Trillium erectum is a spring ephemeral plant whose life-cycle is synchronized with that of the forests in which it lives. It is native to the eastern United States and eastern Canada from northern Georgia to Quebec and New Brunswick.

Red trillium close up, showing detail of ovary and stamens Red Trillium Close Up.jpg
Red trillium close up, showing detail of ovary and stamens

Description

Trillium erectum is a perennial, herbaceous, flowering plant that persists by means of an underground rhizome. Like all trilliums, it has a whorl of three bracts (leaves) and a single trimerous flower with three sepals, three petals, two whorls of three stamens each, and three carpels (fused into a single ovary with three stigmas). [9] [10] It grows to about 40 cm (16 in) in height with a spread of 30 cm (12 in). The petals are dark reddish brown, maroon, purple, pale yellow, or white. [5] The ovary is dark purple to maroon regardless of petal color. If the flower is successfully pollinated, the petals wither, leaving behind a fruit that ripens to a dark red berry-like capsule, 1 to 1.5 centimeters long. [11] [12]

Species Complex

Trillium erectum shares many anatomical details with other North American Trillium species. [13] [14] [15] These species hybridize in the wild, which has led some researchers to group them into a species complex, specifically, a syngameon of semispecies. [16] [17]

The combinations of traits that are supposed to differentiate members of the complex from one another are sometimes inconsistently combined in wild populations. This has led some researchers to declare the individual species invalid, and refer to the species complex collectively as T. erectum ( sensu lato ). [18] Others acknowledge the existence of introgression and hybrid swarm formation between some or all complex members, but maintain that the named species within the complex represent convenient groups with common features. [19]

Members of the T. erectum complex have flowers with the following commonalities: (1) petals that are coarse and stiff in texture (in contrast with the wavy edges of other species), (2) petals that do not change color after pollination, (3) petals with prominent, netted veins, (4) fleshy stigmas that are attached to the ovary separately, without a common style, and (5) conspicuous, deeply-ridged ovaries.

North American members of the T. erectum species complex:

The Asian species T. camschatcense, resembles the North American T. flexipes very closely, and itself has close relatives with similar floral features. However, trillium speciation in this group of Asian species is characterized by differences in chromosome number, with hybrids more definitively distinguishable from parent species by karyotype.

Taxonomy

Trillium erectum was first described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753. [20] The specific epithet erectum means "upright, erect", [21] a reference to the erect pedicel of some forms of this species. In many populations, however, the pedicel leans or declines, sometimes declining beneath the leaves, making the name somewhat inappropriate. [22]

In 1803 André Michaux introduced the name Trillium rhomboideum to describe a form of T. erectum with black fruit in "the high mountains of North Carolina". [23] The specific epithet rhomboideum refers to the broadly rhombic leaves of this (and all) forms of T. erectum. Michaux also described Trillium rhomboideum var. atropurpureum, a variety with large, dark purple petals. A decade later in 1813, Frederick Traugott Pursh referred to Michaux's variety more simply as Trillium erectum var. atropurpureum. [24] Perhaps unaware of these taxonomic developments, other botanists subsequently described Trillium atropurpureum. [25] [26] The epithet atropurpureum means "dark-purple coloured", [27] a reference to the petal color of certain forms of T. erectum. Indeed, in some locales T. erectum is commonly known as the purple trillium.

Infraspecies

Composite image showing both red and white color morphs of the flower of Trillium erectum. Note that both morphs have a dark purple gynoecium with contrasting anthers Trillium erectum comparing red and white color varieties.jpg
Composite image showing both red and white color morphs of the flower of Trillium erectum. Note that both morphs have a dark purple gynoecium with contrasting anthers

As of October 2021, Plants of the World Online (POWO) accepts two infraspecific names: [28]

POWO lists 30  synonyms for variety erectum and 3 synonyms for variety album. [2] [3] Michaux introduced the term album in 1803 by describing Trillium rhomboideum var. album, [29] a variety with a smaller flower and white petals. [23] Pursh gave a similar description for Trillium erectum var. album in 1814. [30] [24] The word album means "bright, dead-white", [31] a reference to the variety's white petals, a distinctive feature noted by both Michaux and Pursh.

John Kunkel Small raised T. rhomboideum var. albumMichx. to species rank in 1903. [32] In his description, he added long anthers to the list of characters cited by Michaux while expanding the range of the taxon to include North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia. [33] In 1917, R.R. Gates recognized the existence of two distinct forms of T. erectum with white petals, one of which was represented by the previously mentioned Trillium album(Michx.) Small. [34] This prompted Ralph Hoffmann to propose Trillium erectum f. albiflorum, [35] [36] a white-flowered form of T. erectum that occurs occasionally and spontaneously throughout the range of the species. Thus the distinct taxa recognized by Gates were fully realized by 1922.

POWO cites the Flora of North America (FNA) as an authority for Trillium erectum var. album(Michx.) Pursh. [3] The treatment of the variety in FNA expands the original concept described by Michaux to include the occasional white-flowered red trillium found throughout the range of the species. [37] Under this scheme, all non-white petal colors (including yellow) comprise the typical variety (var. erectum). [38] Thus FNA lumps the two forms recognized by Gates into a single taxon. In contrast, POWO restricts the range of Trillium erectum var. album to eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. Noting that its distribution is poorly understood, Flora of the Southeastern United States (FSUS) describes a white-flowered variety of T. erectum common to the foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains, in North Carolina and Tennessee, but rare elsewhere. [39] FSUS suggests that variety album may be genetically distinct from variety erectum, [40] while other evidence suggests there is little genetic difference between the two varieties. [41]

Distribution

Trillium erectum var. album in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (April) Trillium erectum album.jpg
Trillium erectum var. album in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (April)

Trillium erectum is native to eastern North America. Its range extends from northern Georgia in the southeastern United States to Quebec and New Brunswick in eastern Canada, and as far west as Michigan and southern Ontario. The species is known to occur in the following provinces and states: [28] [5] [42]

Trillium erectum var. album (as described in the Flora of the Southeastern United States) occurs in western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and other areas surrounding the Great Smoky Mountains, primarily at elevations less than 450 m (1,480 ft). [37] [38] [44]

As of October 2019, Trillium erectum is globally secure. [1] It is critically imperiled in Delaware, Illinois, and Rhode Island.

Ecology

Trillium erectum is a carrion-scented flower. It produces fetid or putrid odors purported to attract carrion fly and beetle pollinators. [45] The fetid odor is described as that of a wet dog. [5] The common name stinking benjamin refers to this characteristic of the plant. "Benjamin" is a corruption of the word benzoin, which itself is a corruption of the word "benjoin", a plant-based organic compound used in the manufacture of perfume. [8] Despite the origins of the common name, the chemical basis of carrion-scented flowers is not well understood. [46]

Trillium erectum can tolerate extreme cold in winter, surviving temperatures down to −35 °C (−31 °F).[ citation needed ]

Uses

The root of the red trillium was used by various indigenous peoples of North America as an aid in childbirth, hence the common name birthwort or birthroot (which is sometimes corrupted to bethroot). Root tea was used for menstrual disorders, to induce childbirth, and to aid in labor. The Cherokee peoples used a poultice of the whole plant to treat tumors, inflammation, and ulcers. [5] [7] [47]

The leaves contain calcium oxalate crystals and crystal raphide, and should not be consumed by humans. [48]

Trillium erectum is cultivated as a flowering ornamental plant. Although not as showy as T. grandiflorum, the flowers of some forms of T. erectum can be quite striking, especially since it tends to form large clumps. [49] It has received the Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society. [50]

Related Research Articles

<i>Trillium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Trillium is a genus of about fifty flowering plant species in the family Melanthiaceae. Trillium species are native to temperate regions of North America and Asia, with the greatest diversity of species found in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the southeastern United States.

<i>Trillium chloropetalum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium chloropetalum, also known as giant trillium, giant wakerobin, or common trillium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is endemic to the western U.S. state of California, being especially frequent in and around the San Francisco Bay Area.

<i>Trillium grandiflorum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium grandiflorum, the white trillium, large-flowered trillium, great white trillium, white wake-robin or French: trille blanc, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. A monocotyledonous, herbaceous perennial, the plant is native to eastern North America, from northern Quebec to the southern parts of the United States through the Appalachian Mountains into northernmost Georgia and west to Minnesota. There are also several isolated populations in Nova Scotia, Maine, southern Illinois, and Iowa.

<i>Cardamine concatenata</i> Species of flowering plant in the cabbage family Brassicaceae

Cardamine concatenata, the cutleaved toothwort, crow's toes, pepper root or purple-flowered toothwort, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is a perennial woodland wildflower native to eastern North America.

<i>Trillium ovatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium ovatum, the Pacific trillium, also known as the western wakerobin, western white trillium, or western trillium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is found in western North America, from southern British Columbia and the tip of southwestern Alberta to central California, east to Idaho and western Montana. There is an isolated population in northern Colorado and southern Wyoming.

<i>Trillium luteum</i> Species of plant

Trillium luteum, the yellow trillium or yellow wakerobin, is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. It is a member of the Trillium cuneatum complex, a closely related group of sessile-flowered trilliums. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, especially in and around the Great Smoky Mountains of eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina.

<i>Trillium flexipes</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium flexipes, known as the nodding wakerobin, bent trillium, or drooping trillium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is found from Minnesota to Ohio, south to Tennessee, with isolated populations in New York, Pennsylvania, Alabama, and other states. It is an endangered species in Ontario and threatened in North Carolina.

<i>Trillium cuneatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium cuneatum, the little sweet betsy, also known as whip-poor-will flower, large toadshade, purple toadshade, and bloody butcher, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is a member of the Trillium cuneatum complex, a subgroup of the sessile-flowered trilliums. It is native to the southeastern United States but is especially common in a region that extends from southern Kentucky through central Tennessee to northern Alabama. In its native habitat, this perennial plant flowers from early March to late April. It is the largest of the eastern sessile-flowered trilliums.

<i>Trillium sessile</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium sessile is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. The specific epithet sessile means "attached without a distinct stalk", an apparent reference to its stalkless flower. It is commonly known as toadshade or toad trillium. It is also called sessile trillium or sessile-flowered wake-robin, however it is not the only member of the genus with a sessile flower.

<i>Trillium cernuum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium cernuum is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. The specific epithet cernuum means "drooping, curving forwards, facing downwards", a distinctive habit of its flower. It is commonly called nodding trillium or nodding wakerobin since the flower is invariably found nodding beneath the leaves. It is sometimes referred to as the northern nodding trillium to distinguish from Trillium rugelii, a similar nodding species native to the southern Appalachian Mountains. It is also called the whip-poor-will flower since presumably its bloom coincides with the spring arrival of the migrating bird with the same name.

<i>Trillium vaseyi</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium vaseyi, the sweet wakerobin or sweet beth, is a spring flowering perennial plant which is found only in the southeastern United States, primarily in the southern part of the Appalachian Mountains but with a few populations farther south.

<i>Trillium sulcatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium sulcatum is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. It is a member of the Erectum group, a group of species typified by Trillium erectum. The specific name sulcatum means "furrowed, grooved, or sulcate", which describes the tips of the sepals. It is most abundant on the Cumberland Plateau in central Tennessee and eastern Kentucky where it blooms in April and May. The species is commonly known as the southern red trillium or furrowed wakerobin.

<i>Trillium pusillum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium pusillum is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae known by the common names dwarf trillium, least trillium and dwarf wakerobin. It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States from Oklahoma to Maryland.

<i>Trillium petiolatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium petiolatum, the Idaho trillium, also known as the long-petioled trillium or round-leaved trillium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is native to the northwestern United States, in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. The type specimen for this species was gathered by Meriwether Lewis during the return trip of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1806.

<i>Trillium angustipetalum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium angustipetalum, with the common name is narrowpetal wakerobin, is a species of Trillium, plants which may be included within the Liliaceae or the newer family Melanthiaceae.

<i>Trillium maculatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium maculatum, the spotted wakerobin or spotted trillium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is a member of the Trillium cuneatum complex, a closely related group of sessile-flowered trilliums. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, ranging across Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and northern Florida.

<i>Desmodium glabellum</i> Species of legume

Desmodium glabellum is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is native to the eastern and central United States. It is commonly called Dillenius' tick-trefoil in honor of Johann Dillenius, a British botanist of German birth. It is also known as the tall tick-trefoil.

<i>Hypericum frondosum</i> Species of flowering plant in the St Johns wort family Hypericaceae

Hypericum frondosum, the cedarglade St. Johnswort or golden St. John's wort, is a species of flowering plant in the St. John's wort family, Hypericaceae. It is native to the central and southeastern United States in dry, rocky habitats.

<i>Trillium texanum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium texanum, the Texas trillium or Texas wakerobin, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is found in east Texas, extreme southwestern Arkansas, and extreme northwestern Louisiana. Due to its limited range, it is designated as a vulnerable species.

<i>Trillium hibbersonii</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium hibbersonii is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. The specific epithet hibbersonii honors the English Canadian surveyor John Arthur Hibberson (1881–1955) who first collected this plant in 1938 on Vancouver Island in British Columbia. Hibberson and his son propagated the trilliums, selling them to buyers in England and other European countries. In 1968, Leonard Wiley coined the Latin name Trillium hibbersonii, a name that has since been used by horticulturists without reservation.

References

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  6. ↑ Dickinson, T.; Metsger, D.; Bull, J.; & Dickinson, R. (2004) ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum, p. 79.
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  13. ↑ Barksdale (1938).
  14. ↑ Case & Case (1997).
  15. ↑ Patrick, Tom (2007). "Trilliums of Georgia". Tipularia. 22: 3–22.
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  24. 1 2 Pursh, Frederick (1814). Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America, Volume 1. London. p. 245. LCCN   05024608 . Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  25. ↑ "Trillium atropurpureumM.A.Curtis ex L.C.Beck". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  26. ↑ "Trillium atropurpureumRaf.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  27. ↑ Gledhill (2008), pp. 61.
  28. 1 2 "Trillium erectumL.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 17 February 2023.
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  30. ↑ "Trillium erectum var. albumPursh". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  31. ↑ Gledhill (2008), p. 41.
  32. ↑ "Trillium album(Michx.) Small". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  33. ↑ Small, John Kunkel (1913). Flora of the southeastern United States (2nd ed.). New York. p. 278. Retrieved 1 November 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. ↑ Gates, R.R. (February 1917). "A systematic study of the North American genus Trillium, its variability, and its relation to Paris and Medeola". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 4 (1): 43–92. doi:10.2307/2990062. JSTOR   2990062 . Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  35. ↑ "Trillium erectum f. albiflorumRalph Hoffm.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  36. ↑ Hoffmann, Ralph (1922). "Flora of Berkshire County, Massachusetts". Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. 36 (5): 244. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  37. 1 2 Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002). "Trillium erectum var. album". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 March 2023– via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  38. 1 2 Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002). "Trillium erectum var. erectum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 March 2023– via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  39. ↑ "Trillium erectum var. album(Michx.) Pursh". Flora of the Southeastern United States (2022 Edition). Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  40. ↑ Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team (2022), p. 215.
  41. ↑ Brenek, Austin William (April 2021). An examination of introgression in the Trillium erectum species complex using microsatellite analysis (PDF) (MS thesis). Western Carolina University. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  42. ↑ "Trillium erectum". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  43. ↑ "Trillium erectum". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  44. ↑ Weakley (2020), p. 205.
  45. ↑ Case & Case (1997), p. 27.
  46. ↑ Wilson, Elizabeth K. (2003-06-30). "A Fantastic Stink". Chemical & Engineering News. 81 (26): 27. doi:10.1021/cen-v081n005.p027. ISSN   0009-2347 . Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  47. ↑ Hamel, Paul B.; Chiltoskey, Mary U. (1975). Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C.: Herald Publishing Co. p. 59. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  48. ↑ "Red Trillium". The Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  49. ↑ Case & Case (1997), pp. 92–93.
  50. ↑ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. November 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2019.

Bibliography

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