Tub gurnard

Last updated

Tub gurnard
Chelidonichthys lucernus 1 Luc viatour.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Scorpaeniformes
Family: Triglidae
Genus: Chelidonichthys
Subgenus: Chelidonichthys
Species:
C. lucerna
Binomial name
Chelidonichthys lucerna
Synonyms [2]
  • Trigla lucernaLinnaeus, 1758
  • Trigla hirundoLinnaeus, 1758
  • Trigla corvus Rafinesque, 1810
  • Trigla corax Bonaparte, 1834

The tub gurnard (Chelidonichthys lucerna), also known as the sapphirine gurnard, tube-fish, tubfish or yellow gurnard, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is exploited by commercial fisheries as a food fish.

Contents

Taxonomy

The tub gurnard was first formally described as Trigla lucerna in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae with the type locality given as the "Northern Ocean". [3] In the same publication Linnaeus described Trigla hirundo and in 1896 David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann designated T. hirundo as the type species of the genus Chelidonichthys , which had been described by Johann Jakob Kaup in 1876. T. hirundo is now treated as a junior synonym of T. lucerna. [4] [3] The specific name lucerna is Latin for "lamp" and was given to the superficially similar, but unrelated, flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans), a name reaching back at least as far as Pliny the Elder, who described its fiery red tongue glowing in the night and the name was later used for the tub gurnard or a related species in Liguria and Venice during the Renaissance. [5]

Description

The Tub Gurnard has a large, bony, triangular shaped head which bears many ridges and spines but which does not have an occipital groove. [6] There are two spiny lobes on the tip of the snout and the eyes are relatively small. [7] The large mouth is set low on the head and the jaws and vomer are covered by densely set rows of teeth. [8] There are two dorsal fins, the first contains 8 to 10 spines and the second 16 or 17 soft rays. The anal fin has between 14 and 16 soft rays. The cleithral spine is short and is located over the pectoral fin and extends just to the first quarter of the pectoral fin. [6] The lower three rays of the pectoral fins have developed into separate, finger-like processes that are packed with sensory organs with which the gurnard seems to "walk" while detecting prey in the sediment. These Tentacle-like feeler appendages are located under the head which have been adapted pelvic fins. [9] There are no scales Taxonomy Description present on the breast and front section of the belly, the body has small, well embedded scales while the scales on the lateral line are small and tubular. [6] The caudal fin is slightly emarginate. [8] This species reaches a maximum total length of 75.1 cm (29.6 in), the largest species in the family Triglidae, although 30 cm (12 in) is more typical. The heaviest published specimen weighed 6 kg (13 lb). [10] The overall colour is deep reddish brown to pinkish red, with a pinkish lower body. The blue pectoral fins are spotted green in the centres and red on the margins. [11]

Distribution and habitat

The Tub Gurnard is found in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean where it occurs from Norway south along the European and African coasts as far south as Ghana. It occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea and in the Black Sea too. It is also found in the sea of Marmara and in the coastal waters of the British Isles. [9] It is absent from Madeira and the Azores but is found around the Canary Islands. [9] Although, its distribution is starting to shift northwards as its increasing abundance in the Central North Sea. [9] This species is found on sand, mud-sand or gravel substrates at depths between 20 and 300 m (66 and 984 ft). [6] It can also be found in the lower layers of sediment at the bottom of lakes, oceans and streams. [9] The Tub Gurnard tends to go through migratory movements within their depth range during the year in shallow depths in spring-summer and move to deeper waters in the winter. [12] After completing an experiment based on the gurnards dependency, subjects found that it does migrate between different Salinity habitats throughout its life cycle. [13] Which shows high potential for being able to adapt to different environments. Also shows why the distribution of Tub Gurnard is very large, where many people have found different waters, its located within. After completing an experiment based on the gurnards dependency, subjects found that it does migrate between different Salinity habitats throughout its life cycle. During the summer the tub gurnard may spend more time closer to the surface in water as shallow as 10 m (33 ft) and the juveniles can be found in brackish water in lagoons, estuaries and even the lower reaches of rivers. [8] The juveniles also are more concentrated in shallow waters, where food is abundant. Spatial separation between adults and juveniles were observed in Tub Gurnards with this species being the most pronounced in distance, as adults were more dispersed towards offshore sites. [13] Parasitic roundworm Hysterothylacium aduncum, found in the tub gurnard stomach, is typical for fish from south eastern Baltic. Benthicfish are known to serve as second intermediate hosts. [14]

Biology

Diet

The tub gurnard is an opportunistic predatory species which feeds on benthic prey, particularly crustaceans and smaller fishes. According to a study in the northwestern Mediterranean, the largest part of their diet were crustaceans, mostly Decapoda and especially crabs, with species such as Goneplax rhomboides and Liocarcinus spp. and caridean shrimps in the genus Philocheras , while the fish taken in the study were dominated by European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and black goby (Gobius niger). Crustaceans were a more important part of the diet in the summer and fishes gained importance during the winter. [15] They are also known to take molluscs and polychaetes. [16] Also small teleosts which are ray finned fish may be preyed upon by the tub gurnard. [9] According to Colloca (1999), tub gurnards change their diet with size. Juveniles target mysids, mainly Lophogaster typicus which tend to burrow around the adolescent during daylight. [12] In addition as this fish continues to grow it tends to depend less on mysids as prey and more on fish and cephalopods. Although according to study done on trophic relationships on the C.lucerna, states that Burrowing species such as Alpheus glabe , Goneplax rhomboi and Lesueurigobius fries have also been found as the main prey of this fish. [17] At an intraspecific level, data suggests resource partitioning between juveniles and adults that change from preying on crustaceans to a piscivorous diet. [13] Such behavior probably depends on the predator changing its energy requirements in relation to fish size and dietary protein levels influencing the size of the fish at first maturity. [18] It is believed that this fish will flare out its brightly colored pectoral fins to put on view or to startle potential predators. [16] Prey hiding in the substrate may be detected using the sensory organs on the long separate rays of the pectoral fins. [19]

Reproduction

The tub gurnard spawns between May and July in the northern parts of its range, [6] while it runs from November to February off Egypt. [20] They have also been shown to spawn from May until September ranging with 100000 to 300,000 pelagic eggs in the Georgian coasts of the Black Sea. [21] Having pelagic eggs allows the females to have their young in open wide spaces and closer to the shore. The eggs are described as being round, smooth and not sticky. The species is dioecism means that each individual either has female or male reproductive parts, along with performing external fertilization. [22] The male and female form a distinct pair to spawn. [2] The eggs are pelagic and in the larvae and post larvae all of the pectoral fin rays are contained within the fin membrane. [8] These fishes start to reach sexual maturity at a total length of 13 cm (5.1 in) and all fish greater than 20 cm (7.9 in) in length are mature. [20]

Egg Development

A study done by the institute of Oceanography and Fisheries references their findings of the embryonic and larval development of the Tub Gurnard. They found that eggs recently laid ranged in a diameter of 1.33 to 1.40mm, with an average temperature of 13.5C within the eggs themselves. [23] Once they hatched into their larval form, the mouth was observed to be undeveloped, but the simple gut was visible. Numerous chromatophores extended continuously in small patches along dorsal and ventral margins of the primordial fin. [23] Immediately after hatching, eyes were unpigmented but developed two days after. By day five the mouth was pen and functional and on day seven the larvae were mobile and able to swim up to the surface ranging in a total length from 4.72 to 4.97mm. [23] To identify the differences between eggs of the tub gurnards vs other gurnards the most reliable factor was egg diameter, since other factors morphologically at this early stage were still very similar. [23] Although, the duration of the egg and larval stages depends on the temperature of their environment, where differences can alter the time that their characteristics are visible.

Growth and Age

Females have a slower growth rate and greater maximum length/age than males. The male C. lucerna reaching a maximum adult size of 75% during the first year of life compared to the female having a 48% adult size during the same time, which leaves the females to have more time to grow larger. [24] The big difference in size is attributed to the fact that body size is less important for males in terms of fitness, leaving them to be much smaller during maturity. [24] Another explanation for this leaves us to see a common trend in other triglid species, particularly those with significant sexual morphometric differences. [14] In terms of the female growing at a larger size at maturity then males allow them to have more beneficial advantages that include, larger production of eggs with higher survival rates, larger fecundity and access to the best spawning sites. [18] Differences in size can also be a factor that is affected by temperature and aqua cultural methods. [25] Overall the maximum age reported for a Tub gurnard was at 15 years. [23]

Vocalizations

Tub gurnards make grunting or growling sounds, using the muscles associated with the swim bladder, these sounds are thought to be used to keep the schools together. [19] Their name comes from the old French word ‘gornard’ meaning ‘grunter’ or to ‘grunt’. Recent studies have shown that these ‘grunts’ vary greatly and are used for communication. [9]

Fisheries

The tub gurnard is targeted by commercial fisheres but the amount caught is relatively low, average declared global landings in 2011 to 2015 were 4429 tonnes. Much of this catch is taken in the North Sea (52%) and the eastern English Channel (37%), however, the actual landings are often described as "gurnard" and are not sorted to species on landing. The tub gurnard, with the red gurnard ( Chelidonichthys cuculus) and the grey gurnard (Eutrigla gurnardus) have been recognised as potential commercial species and this has led to recommendations made by the ICES to monitor landings and discards and to get population biology data to be used to assess the stock. However, this data is lacking in all three exploited gurnard species, particularly the tub gurnard. [16] (Chelidonichthys lucerna) is an abundant coastal species distributed along the Mediterranean and Black Seas, and the eastern Atlantic coast. [26] Tends to be caught as a discard in the Mediterranean as its usually thrown back into the sea or directly brought to port and marketed, at a very low price, for the preparation of soups. [26] A study done on the quality of the gurnards meat states that it possess proximate and fatty acid compositions that both exhibit variations during seasons. [27] Although its rarely commercialized in fillets, its flesh has high nutritional value and could be used to produce restructured products in a process that would result in the generation of various by-products, such as skins. [26] The Tub Gurnards are also commercially important in European waters. [28] In France, they constitute the most important fishery in the western English Channel (ICES Division VIIe), where the market is well established ( ICES 2006 ); in the North Sea, the grey gurnard, Eutrigla gurnardus (Linnaeus, 1758) is used for human consumption. [28]

Conservation

In the Portuguese fish markets the C.lucerna is the Triglidae species that has the largest size and greatest commercial interest. [12] It is sold under a commercial category ("Ruivos") that also comprises other gurnard species. [12]  To develop an estimate of the amount of tub gurnards in the Portuguese coast, their  migratory movements were  considered by which this study tested their dependency. Resulting in the findings that this species due to migrating between different salinities in their environment was able to show their high ability to adapt. Overall, the information provided by this study is essential to improving the conservation of C. lucerna, the most important commercial species in the Triglidae family in Portugal. It confirmed the fundamental role of estuarine habitats as nursery areas, feeding grounds, and reliability of the Sr:Ca ratio as a tracer to investigate the migration patterns of teleost species between habitats with different salinities. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triglidae</span> Family of fishes

Triglidae, commonly known as gurnards or sea robins, are a family of bottom-feeding scorpaeniform ray-finned fish. The gurnards are distributed in temperate and tropical seas worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bluefin gurnard</span> Species of fish

The bluefin gurnard or Pacific red gurnard is a species of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. Its Māori names are kumukumu and pūwahaiau. It is found in the western Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean, being common around Australia and New Zealand at depths down to 200 metres (660 ft). The fish is one of the most important commercial fish species in New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arcachon Bay</span> Delta and basin in France

Arcachon Basin or alternatively Arcachon Bay is a bay of the Atlantic Ocean on the southwest coast of France, situated in Pays de Buch between the Côte d'Argent and the Côte des Landes, in the region of Aquitaine. The bay covers an area of 150 square kilometres (60 sq mi) at high tide and 40 km2 (15 sq mi) at low tide. Some of its geological features are natural preservation areas.

<i>Chelidonichthys</i> Genus of fishes

Chelidonichthys, the smallscaled gurnards, is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. These gurnards are found in the Eastern Atlantic, Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spiny red gurnard</span> Species of fish

The spiny red gurnard is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. This species is found in the northwestern Pacific Ocean where they occur at depths of from 25 to 615 metres. This species grows to a length of 40 centimetres (16 in) TL. This species is of commercial importance as a food fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey gurnard</span> Species of fish

The grey gurnard is a species of ray-finned fish from the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. It is native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea. It is caught as a food fish and is known for producing sounds. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Eutrigla.

<i>Lepidotrigla</i> Genus of fishes

Lepidotrigla is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. These gurnards are found in the Eastern Atlantic, Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.

<i>Prionotus</i> Genus of fishes

Prionotus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Triglidae, one of two genera belonging to the subfamily Prionotinae, the searobins. These fishes are found in the Western Atlantic Ocean and eastern Pacific Ocean, in the waters off both North and South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piper gurnard</span> Species of fish

The piper gurnard, also known as the piper or the lyre gurnard, is a species of marine, demersal ray-finned fish from the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Trigla.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red gurnard</span> Species of fish

The red gurnard, also known as the East Atlantic red gurnard or soldier, is a benthic species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. This fish is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea.

<i>Peristedion</i> Genus of fishes

Peristedion is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. These fishes are found in Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific ocean waters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Streaked gurnard</span> Species of fish

The streaked gurnard, also known as the African gurnard or rock gurnard, is a species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. This fish is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and western Indian Ocean. This species is of commercial importance as a food fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cape gurnard</span> Species of fish

The Cape gurnard is a species of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. This species is found in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean and the southwestern Indian Ocean. This species is of commercial importance as a food fish.

The longfin gurnard, the long-finned gurnard or shining gurnard, is a species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. This fish is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. This species is of commercial importance as a food fish.

The lesser gurnard, or Quekket's gurnard, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. This species is found in the southwestern Indian Ocean and marginally in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean. This species is of commercial importance as a food fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prionotinae</span> Subfamily of marine fishes

Prionotinae is a subfamily of demersal, marine ray-finned fishes, part of the family Triglidae. The fishes in this subfamily are called sea robins and are found in the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans, the other two Triglid subfamilies are called gurnards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triglinae</span> Subfamily of fishes

Triglinae is a subfamily of demersal, marine ray-finned fishes, part of the family Triglidae, the gurnards and searobins. These gurnards are found in all the tropical and temperate oceans of the world except for the Western Atlantic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Large-scaled gurnard</span> Species of fish

The large-scaled gurnard is a species of marine, demersal ray-finned fish from the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

<i>Lepidotrigla papilio</i> Species of fish

Lepidotrigla papilio, the spiny gurnard, butterfly gurnard, Eastern spiny gurnard or Southern spiny gurnard. is a species of demersal marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. This species is endemic to Australia.

<i>Peristedion cataphractum</i> Species of marine ray-finned fish

Peristedion cataphractum, the African armoured gurnard, the mailed gurnard or armed gurnard, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

References

  1. ↑ Nunoo, F.; Poss, S.; Bannermann, P. & Russell, B. (2015). "Chelidonichthys lucerna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T198752A15597014. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198752A15597014.en . Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  2. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Chelidonichthys lucerna". FishBase . February 2022 version.
  3. 1 2 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Chelidonichthys". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  4. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Triglinae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  5. ↑ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (10 June 2021). "Order Perciformes (Part 12): Suborder Triglioidei: Families Triglidae and Peristediidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 J-C Hureau. "Tube-fish (Trigla lucerna)". Fishes of the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  7. ↑ Wheeler, Alwyne (1992). The Pocket Guide to Salt Water Fishes of Britain and Europe (1997 ed.). Parkgate Books. p. 82. ISBN   1855853647.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Giuseppe Mazza (9 August 2008). "Chelidonichthys lucerna". Monaco Nature Encyclocpedia.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 McCarthy, I. D.; Marriott, A. L. (June 2018). "Age, growth and maturity of tub gurnard ( Chelidonichthys lucerna Linnaeus 1758; Triglidae) in the inshore coastal waters of Northwest Wales, UK". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 34 (3): 581–589. Bibcode:2018JApIc..34..581M. doi:10.1111/jai.13614.
  10. ↑ "Chelidonichthys lucerna summary page". FishBase. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
  11. ↑ Wheeler, Alwyne (1992). The Pocket Guide to Salt Water Fishes of Britain and Europe. Parkgate Books. ISBN   1855853647.[ page needed ]
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Ferreira, Inês; Daros, Felippe A.; Moreira, Cláudia; Feijó, Diana; Rocha, Alberto; Mendez-Vicente, Ana; Pisonero, Jorge; Correia, Alberto Teodorico (July 2023). "Is Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758) a Marine Estuarine-Dependent Fish? Insights from Saccular Otolith Microchemistry". Fishes. 8 (7): 383. doi: 10.3390/fishes8070383 . ISSN   2410-3888.
  13. 1 2 3 Montanini, S.; Stagioni, M.; Benni, E.; Vallisneri, M. (2017-01-01). "Feeding strategy and ontogenetic changes in diet of gurnards (Teleostea: Scorpaeniformes: Triglidae) from the Adriatic Sea". The European Zoological Journal. 84 (1): 356–367. doi: 10.1080/24750263.2017.1335357 . ISSN   2475-0263.
  14. 1 2 Dainys, J.; Pūtys, ž.; Bacevičius, E.; Shiao, J.-C.; Iizuka, Y.; Jakubavičiūtė, E.; Ložys, L. (December 2017). "First record of tub gurnard, Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758), from the south-eastern Baltic Sea (Lithuania)". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 33 (6): 1223–1225. Bibcode:2017JApIc..33.1223D. doi: 10.1111/jai.13491 .
  15. ↑ Staguioni, M.; Montanini, S. & Vallisneri, M. (2012). "Feeding of tub gurnard Chelidonichthys lucerna (Scorpaeniformes: Triglidae) in the north-east Mediterranean". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 92 (3): 605–612. doi:10.1017/S0025315411000671S (inactive 2024-11-06).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  16. 1 2 3 Ian McCarthy; Andrew Marriott (2018). "Age, growth and maturity of tub gurnard (Chelidonichthys lucernaLinnaeus 1758: Triglidae) in the inshore coastal waters of Northwest Wales, UK". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 34 (3): 581–589. Bibcode:2018JApIc..34..581M. doi: 10.1111/jai.13614 .
  17. ↑ Morte, M. S.; Redon, M. J.; Sanz-Brau, A. (May 1997). "Trophic relationships between two gurnards Trigla lucerna and Aspitrigla obscura from the western Mediterranean". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 77 (2): 527–537. Bibcode:1997JMBUK..77..527M. doi:10.1017/S0025315400071848. ISSN   1469-7769.
  18. 1 2 Vallisneri, M.; Montanini, S.; Stagioni, M. (February 2012). "Size at maturity of triglid fishes in the Adriatic Sea, northeastern Mediterranean: Size at maturity of some triglid fishes". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 28 (1): 123–125. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01777.x .
  19. 1 2 "Tub gurnard". The Aquarium Project. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  20. 1 2 Sabry; Elserafy, Sabry; Fahmy, I; et al. (2015). "Age, Growth and Reproduction of the Tub Gurnard, Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Egyptian Mediterranean waters off, Alexandria". International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 4: 13–20. doi: 10.19026/ijfas.4.2116 .
  21. ↑ öZdemi̇R, Süleyman; öZsandikçI, Uğur; Buyukdeveci̇, Ferhat (2019-12-31). "A New Maximum Length with Length–Weight Relationship of Tub Gurnard (Chelidonichthys lucerna Linnaeus, 1758) from Central Black Sea Coasts of Turkey". Marine Science and Technology Bulletin. 8 (2): 85–91. doi:10.33714/masteb.641702. ISSN   2147-9666.
  22. ↑ "Reproduction Summary - Chelidonichthys lucerna". fishbase.se. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 "Embryonic and larval development of the tub - ProQuest". www.proquest.com. ProQuest   224151573 . Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  24. 1 2 Boudaya, L.; Neifar, L.; Rizzo, P.; Badalucco, C.; Bouain, A.; Fiorentino, F. (October 2008). "Growth and reproduction of Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus) (Pisces: Triglidae) in the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 24 (5): 581–588. Bibcode:2008JApIc..24..581B. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01095.x .
  25. ↑ Roncarati, Alessandra; D'Andrea, Mariasilvia; Pilla, Fabio; Felici, Alberto; Melotti, Paolo (June 2013). "Tub gurnard Chelidonichthys lucerna L.: a new fish species suitable for farming? First answers evaluating the growth of juveniles reared at different stocking densities, welfare and fillet quality". Aquaculture Research. 44 (7): 1140–1151. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03238.x .
  26. 1 2 3 Bougatef, Hajer; de la Vega-Fernández, Cristina; Sila, Assaad; Bougatef, Ali; Martínez-Alvarez, Oscar (2023). "Identification of ACE I-Inhibitory Peptides Released by the Hydrolysis of Tub Gurnard (Chelidonichthys lucerna) Skin Proteins and the Impact of Their In Silico Gastrointestinal Digestion". Marine Drugs. 21 (2): 131. doi: 10.3390/md21020131 . hdl: 10261/334611 . ProQuest   2779497443.
  27. ↑ Küçükgülmez, Aygül; Celik, Mehmet; Ersoy, Beyza; Yanar, Yasemen (May 2010). "Effects of season on proximate and fatty acid compositions of two mediterranean fish – the round herring ( Etrumeus teres ) and tub gurnard ( Chelidonichthys lucernus )". International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 45 (5): 1056–1060. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02237.x. ISSN   0950-5423.
  28. 1 2 Sequeira, Vera; Sousa, Inês; Neves, Ana; Vieira, Ana Rita; Silva, Elisabete; Silva, Frederica; Duarte, Ana Marta; Mendes, Susana; Ganhão, Rui; Assis, Carlos Alberto; Rebelo, Rui; Magalhães, Maria Filomena; Gil, Maria Manuel; Gordo, Leonel Serrano (2023). "Increasing biological knowledge for better management of by-catch species: age, growth, and mortality of piper and red gurnards (Teleostei: Triglidae)". Scientia Marina. 87: e060. doi:10.3989/scimar.05308.060. hdl: 10400.8/8777 . ProQuest   2804466628.
  29. ↑ Renoult, Julien (2024-07-31). "Tub Gurnard (Chelidonichthys lucerna)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.