History
In the Auspicious Event of 1826, Sultan Mahmud II abolished the Janissary Corps, which had existed for centuries, as part of a broader effort to reorganize the military and administrative structure of the state, developments that were later formalized during the Tanzimat reforms. In the same year, he established the Mansure Army (Romanized Ottoman Turkish :Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediye, "The Victorious Soldiers of Muhammad"). The Sultan continued his reform efforts by establishing modern institutions to support the army.
On 7 July 1826, a decree establishing the army was promulgated, formally announcing its creation. In 1826, the Seraskerlik was established as the central military authority and later evolved into the Ministry of War. In 1827, the first military medical school, Imperial School of Medicine, was opened to train doctors and surgeons for the army. In 1834, Mekteb-i Harbiye was opened with the support of French military instructors to train officers for the army. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Hüsrev Pasha proposed to the Sultan to establish a school modeled on the École Militaire of France, which was thought to have the best army of the time. The Sultan accepted the offer and assigned Mehmed Namık Pasha and Ahmed Fevzi Pasha to establish the school. Maçka Barracks in Istanbul was chosen as the main building for the school. The school started education in November 1834. Eight months after the commencement of instruction, Sultan Mahmud II visited the school on 1 July 1835.
During Selim Satı Pasha’s ministry (1837-1841), those studying at the school began to be referred to as “students.” In its early period, instructors were recruited from Europe, primarily from France. [7] While infantry and fortification courses were emphasized, French was included among the compulsory courses as of 1840. During the time of Emin Pasha (1841-1846), who had received an education in Europe, emphasis was placed on science and vocational courses. Emin Pasha strengthened the teaching staff by recruiting people who had studied in Europe like himself and some teachers working at the School of Engineering to the Military Academy. [1] [8]
On June 14, 1843, Sultan Abdülmecid changed the army's name to Asâkir-i Nizâmiye-i Şâhâne (Royal Regular Soldiers). From this date onward, the army began to be known simply as the Nizami Ordu (Regular Army). [9] In 1845, he established Kuleli Military High School in the capital Istanbul. In 1848, the first military academy, Erkan-ı Harbiye Military Academy, was opened to train army staff officers and high-ranking officers, or pashas. [10] The Crimean War was the first war effort in which the modern army took part in, proving itself as a decent force. The last reorganization occurred during the Second Constitutional Era. [11]
In 1883, Prussian field marshal Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz entered service in the Ottoman Army and appointed Inspector of the Ottoman Military Schools. Following his appointment, a new period of reform began at the Harbiye. Goltz Pasha advocated a transition from French style, engineering focused theoretical instruction toward a more practice oriented model inspired by the Prussian War College. Under his direction, textbooks were revised, with some written by Goltz himself. Subjects emphasized in German military education, including military history, tactics, drawing, and mathematics, gained increased prominence at the academy, with particular attention given to practical instruction in military courses. [7]
Until 1908, the Military Academy primarily trained infantry and cavalry officers. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk enrolled in the infantry branch of the Turkish Military Academy in 1899 with the cadet number 1283 and graduated in 1902. [12] In 1905, military academies were established in Edirne, Manastır, Erzincan, Damascus, and Baghdad. Thereafter, the Military Academy in Istanbul remained the sole institution providing officer education. During successive periods of warfare, an accelerated training program was implemented to supply officers for active fronts.
After the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, the Military Academy resumed instruction in Istanbul. On 25 September 1936, the Turkish Military Academy and its campus were relocated to Ankara, where education began in newly constructed facilities. The duration of education, initially two years, was extended to three years in 1948, reduced to two years in 1963, and again set at three years in 1971. From 1974 onward, a four-year undergraduate program was implemented.
The academy’s education system was reorganized into an integrated structure comprising military education and training, common core subjects, applied military training, physical education and sports, and academic programs. Within the academic framework, undergraduate education was provided in mechanical engineering, civil engineering, electrical and electronics engineering, and management and business administration between 1974 and 1991. Beginning with the 1991–1992 academic year, the curriculum gradually transitioned to a systems engineering program. As of the 2011–2012 academic year, the academy introduced multiple undergraduate degree programs. In 2016, following its incorporation into the National Defence University. [13]
2024 oath controversy
On August 30, 2024, which is celebrated as "Victory Day" in Turkey, [15] a graduation ceremony was conducted for the academy's finishing class. During the ceremony, 960 graduates, led by valedictorian Ebru Eroğlu, recited the military oath to defend Turkey. [16] The event was attended by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. [16] Approximately one hour following the graduation, Eroglu and 400 other graduates were recorded raising their swords and pledging allegiance to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey. [16] The group subsequently took an oath to uphold "a secular, democratic Turkey." [16] In response, eight days later, Erdogan announced the initiation of an investigation and declared that “the few impertinent individuals responsible will be purged.” [16] [15]
According to the traditional practice continued until 2016, lieutenants graduating from the Army, Navy, and Air Force Academies recited the following oath, known as the "Officer's Oath," during their graduation ceremonies: [17]
We solemnly swear that we will stand against any hand that dares to threaten the independence of the secular and democratic Republic of Turkey, the indivisible unity of our country, the honor and dignity of the great Turkish nation, and every inch of our sacred homeland. Our swords will always be sharp and ready. We are the children of Turkey’s future. We were born with honor, we will live with honor. How happy is the one who says, ‘I am a Turk!’
After the Officer's Oath was abolished in 2016, a different oath, began to be used in the official graduation ceremony.
In the following process, the expulsion of the lieutenants who provided written and verbal defenses before the High Disciplinary Board was requested. Ebru Eroğlu, who led the oath and recited its text, stated in her defense that she had conveyed the request to include the officer's oath in the official ceremony "through the proper chain of command." However, they were informed that the Military Academy regulations had changed, and therefore, they would not be allowed to recite the oath during the ceremony. Eroğlu emphasized that they did not violate any orders, as they did not recite the oath during the official ceremony. Meanwhile, the lieutenants' lawyer argued that although the oath was removed from the National Defense University Military Academy Ceremony Directive in 2023, it was still included in the Ministry of National Defense's regulations.
On January 31, 2025, along with three disciplinary officers, five lieutenants, including Ebru Eroğlu, were expelled. [18] [19]
On March 31, 2025 Ebru Eroğlu and İzzet Talip Akarsu filed a lawsuit at the Ankara Administrative Court to annul the Turkish Land Forces Command High Disciplinary Board's decision to expel them from the army. [20] Eroğlu graduated as the top student from the academy, earning the rank of artillery lieutenant; excelling in various fields at the academy, she is also proficient in Russian. [21] [22]
