Venues of the 1994 Winter Olympics

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Hakon Hall, one of two ice hockey venues, hosted the final event. Hakons hall Lillehammer.jpg
Håkon Hall, one of two ice hockey venues, hosted the final event.
Hamar Olympic Hall, the venue for speed skating Vikingskipet-Hamar.jpg
Hamar Olympic Hall, the venue for speed skating

The 1994 Winter Olympics were held in and around Lillehammer, Norway, from 12 to 27 February 1994. Ten competition and fourteen non-competition venues were used, most of which were subsequently used for the 1994 Winter Paralympics. The Games were spread out over ten venues in five municipalities in two counties, Oppland and Hedmark. Lillehammer, with approximately 25,000 inhabitants, and Hamar and Gjøvik, both with approximately 27,000 inhabitants, are all situated on the lake Mjøsa. Gjøvik and Hamar are 45 and 54 kilometers (28 and 34 mi) south of Lillehammer, respectively. Hunderfossen is 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) north of Lillehammer, but located within the municipality. Øyer and Ringebu, each with just under 5,000 inhabitants, are 18 and 50 kilometers (11 and 31 mi) north of Lillehammer, respectively, in the valley Gudbrandsdalen. Lillehammer had four competition venues, Hamar had two competition venues, while Hunderfossen, Gjøvik, Øyer and Ringebu had one competition venue each. [1]

Contents

In Lillehammer, Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena features twin ski jumping hills. The large hill has a hill size of 138 and a K-point of 120, while the normal hill has a hill size of 100 and a critical point of 90. The hill has capacity for 35,000 spectators and hosted, in addition to the ski jumping events, the opening and closing ceremonies. [2] Birkebeineren Ski Stadium featured cross-country skiing and biathlon, with the stadium itself having a capacity for 31,000 spectators during cross-country skiing and 13,500 during biathlon. In addition, spectators could watch from along the tracks. [3] For the cross-country men's 4 × 10 km relay, over 203,000 people applied for the 31,000 seats. [4] Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena featured a capacity for 15,000 spectators. [5] All the outdoor skiing arenas had free areas, which saw up to 25,000 extra spectators at the team jump and 75,000 extra spectators at the 50 km. [6]

Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track is located at Hunderfossen. It had a capacity for 10,000 spectators and is the only bobsleigh and luge track in the Nordic countries. [7] Ice hockey was played at two venues: Håkon Hall in Lillehammer and Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall in Gjøvik. Håkon Hall has a capacity for 10,500 spectators, and also features the Norwegian Olympic Museum. The Cavern Hall is built as a man-made cave and had a capacity for 5,300 spectators. [8] [9] Skating events took place at two venues in Hamar. Hamar Olympic Hall had a capacity for 10,600 spectators and featured speed skating events, [10] while figure skating and short track speed skating was held at Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre. [11] Alpine skiing was split between two ski resorts: Hafjell in Øyer and Kvitfjell in Ringebu. The former was used for the slalom and giant slalom, while the latter hosted downhill and super-G. [12]

Athlete and leader accommodation was provided for 2,300 people at Lillehammer Olympic Village, which was located at Skårsetlia. [13] Toneheim Folk High School's dormitories and surrounding areas, named Hamar Olympic Subsite Village, hosted 500 athletes. [14] Media accommodation was split between five locations, two in Lillehammer, two in Øyer and one in Hamar. [15] The main working accommodation for the media was the International Broadcast Center and the Main Press Center, both located at Storhove in Lillehammer. [16] [17] Lillehammer Art Museum and Maihaugen where the official culture venues, with the latter hosting the 102nd IOC Session. [18] [19]

Venue construction ran from spring 1990 to December 1993. [20] All the competition and most of the non-competition venues were purpose-built for the Games. For the first time in Olympic history, environmental and sustainability issues were considered in venue construction. [21] This resulted in five venues being modified during their design and construction phase to lessen their impact upon the environment. Among the issues considered were the venues blending into surrounding landscape, treatment of terrain with as minimal damage to natural surroundings as possible, use of environmentally-friendly materials, and environmental auditing. [22] Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall was constructed inside a mountain that maintained a year-round temperature of −8 °C (18 °F), with the excavated rock used to build a beach promenade. [23] Transport was dominated by the use of buses and trains for spectators. Downtown Lillehammer and the axis between Lillehammer and Oslo were the most congested areas, and the Norwegian State Railways ran up to 22 trains per day between Oslo and Lillehammer. All venues could be reached within walking distance from train stations. [24]

Competition venues

Map of the venues 1994 Winter Olympics venue map.svg
Map of the venues

The following list contains the ten venues used for competitions during the 1994 Winter Olympics. They are listed by their name during the Games, as well as containing the sports held at the venue, the municipality where they are located, the spectator capacity, and the cost of constructing the venue in millions of Norwegian krone (MNOK).

VenueSports(s)LocationCapacityCost
(MNOK) [25] 		Ref(s)
Birkebeineren Ski Stadium Biathlon, cross-country skiing, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing)Lillehammer34,00081 [3] [26]
Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall Ice hockey Gjøvik5,30092 [9]
Håkon Hall Ice hockey Lillehammer10,500240 [8]
Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre Figure skating, short track speed skating Hamar6,00087 [11]
Hamar Olympic Hall Speed skating Hamar10,600222 [10]
Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena Freestyle skiing Lillehammer15,00017 [5]
Lillehammer Olympic Alpine Centre Hafjell Alpine skiing (slalom, giant slalom, combined)Øyer30,00072 [26] [27]
Lillehammer Olympic Alpine Centre Kvitfjell Alpine skiing (downhill, super-G, combined)Ringebu41,000122 [26] [28]
Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track Bobsleigh, luge Lillehammer10,000204 [7]
Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena Nordic combined (ski jumping), ski jumping, opening and closing ceremoniesLillehammer35,000135 [2]

Non-competition venues

The following list contains the fourteen non-competition venues used during the 1994 Winter Olympics. They are listed with their function, location, capacity, size in square meters and square feet, and the cost of construction, in millions of Norwegian krone (MNOK). For existing structures, the cost indicates what was used to upgrade them ahead of the Games.

VenueTypeLocationCapacitySize
(m2)		Size
(sq ft)		Cost
(MNOK)		Ref(s)
Stampesletta Medal ceremoniesLillehammer30,000 [29]
International Broadcast CenterMedia centerLillehammer27,000290,000470 [17]
Main Press CenterMedia centerLillehammer3,00015,000160,000 [16]
Lillehammer Olympic Village Athlete accommodationLillehammer2,30055,000590,000250 [13]
Hamar Olympic Subsite Village Athlete accommodationHamar5006,45069,400 [14]
HafjelltoppenMedia accommodationØyer1,500 [15]
SørliaMedia accommodationØyer580 [15]
JorekstadMedia accommodationLillehammer1,058 [15]
StorhoveMedia accommodationLillehammer2,400 [15]
SnekkerstuaMedia accommodationHamar507 [30]
Lillehammer HotelVIP accommodationLillehammer [31]
Lillehammer Art Museum CultureLillehammer3,10033,00052 [18]
Maihaugen Culture, IOC Session Lillehammer750139 [18] [19]

Post-Olympic use

Lysgardsbakken has hosted the Nordic Tournament several times. Lysgard.JPG
Lysgårdsbakken has hosted the Nordic Tournament several times.

Hamar Olympic Hall hosted the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Men and the UCI Track Cycling World Championships in 1993. [32] [33] Following the Games, it has hosted the World Allround Speed Skating World Championships in 1999, 2004 and 2009. [32] The venue also hosted the World Sprint Speed Skating Championships in 1997, 2002 and 2007, and the World Single Distance Championships in 1996. [34] [35]

Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track hosted the skeleton part of the FIBT World Championships in 1995, [36] as well as the FIL World Luge Championships in 1995. [37] Birkebeineren hosted its last Biathlon World Cup event in 1997, [38] and its last cross-country skiing World Cup event was in March 2002. [39] The FIS Nordic Combined World Cup has been hosted in Lillehammer on various occasions, most recently in December 2010. [40] Lysgårdsbakken has served as part of the Nordic Tournament from 2004 through 2006 and from 2008 through 2009. [41] Håkon Hall and Gjøvik played host to the World Women's Handball Championship in 1999, [42] while the 1999 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships used Håkon Hall and Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre. [43]

The sports venues were taken over by the respective municipalities. The Lillehammer venues are owned by the municipal Lillehammer Olympiapark, while similar companies were created for Hamar and Gjøvik. [44] The International Broadcast Center was built as a future campus for Lillehammer University College. [17] The Main Press Center was converted to a business park. [16] Only part of the athlete accommodation was built for permanent use, and was sold as regular housing after the Games. The rest was built as mobile units and sold to other parts of the country. [13] Similarly, the media accommodation was built as a mix of permanent and temporary housing, with the latter being sold as cottages after the Games were completed. [45]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1994 Winter Olympics</span> Multi-sport event in Lillehammer, Norway

The 1994 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Lillehammer '94, were an international winter multi-sport event held from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer, Norway. Having lost the bid for the 1992 Winter Olympics to Albertville in France, Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Games on 15 September 1988, two days before the 1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremonies at the 94th IOC Session in Seoul, South Korea. Due to the calendar changes made in 1985, this was the only time that the Winter Olympics took place two years after the previous Winter Games, and the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics. This was the second Olympic Games of any type hosted in Norway — the first being the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo — and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in a Nordic country, after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden, and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. Lillehammer is the northernmost city ever to host the Olympic Games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 Winter Olympics</span> Multi-sport event in Albertville, France

The 1992 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Albertville '92, was a winter multi-sport event held from 8 to 23 February 1992 in and around Albertville, France. Albertville won the bid to host the Winter Olympics in 1986, beating Sofia, Falun, Lillehammer, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Anchorage, and Berchtesgaden. The 1992 Winter Olympics were the last winter games held in the same year as the Summer Olympics. The Games were the fifth Olympic Games held in France and the country's third Winter Olympics, after the 1924 Winter Games in Chamonix and the 1968 Winter Games in Grenoble. This games was the first of two consecutive Olympic games to be held in Western Europe, preceding the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Håkons Hall</span> Arena in Lillehammer, Norway

Håkons Hall, sometimes anglicized as Håkon Hall and Haakons Hall, is an arena located at Stampesletta in Lillehammer, Norway. With a spectator capacity of 11,500 people, it is the largest handball and ice hockey venue in the country. Håkons Hall is regularly used for handball and ice hockey tournaments, concerts, exhibitions, conferences and banquets. The venue is owned by Lillehammer Municipality via the subsidiary Lillehammer Olympiapark, which owns all the Olympic venues in Lillehammer. The Norwegian Olympic Museum is located in the arena, which is located next to the smaller Eidsiva Arena.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vikingskipet</span> Indoor arena in Hamar, Norway

Vikingskipet, officially known as Hamar Olympic Hall, is an indoor multi-use sport and event venue in Hamar, Norway. It was built as the speed skating rink for the 1994 Winter Olympics, and has since also hosted events and tournaments in ice speedway, motorcycle speedway, rally, association football, bandy, ice sledge speed racing, flying disc and track cycling. The arena is also used for concerts, trade fair and the annual computer party The Gathering. It is the home arena of Hamar IL bandy team. The venue is owned by Hamar Municipality, and along with Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre is run by the municipal Hamar Olympiske Anlegg. Vikingskipet has a capacity for 10,600 spectators during sporting events and 20,000 during concerts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lysgårdsbakken</span> Ski jumping hill in Lillehammer, Norway

Lysgårdsbakken, officially known as Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena, is a ski jumping hill in Lillehammer, Norway. It consists of a large hill, with a K-point of 123 and a hill size of 138, and a small hill with a K-point of 90 and a hill size of 98. It opened in 1993 for the 1994 Winter Olympics, where it hosted the ski jumping and Nordic combined events, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. After the Olympics, ownership was transferred to the municipal Lillehammer Olympiapark and it has since been used for several FIS Ski Jumping World Cup and FIS Nordic Combined World Cup tournaments, including hosting the Nordic Tournament. It has a capacity for 35,000 spectators and is one of three national ski jumping hills in Norway. In 2007, the large hill was rebuilt to a larger profile, and received a new plastic lining. The venue sees 80,000 annual jumps in the winter and 20,000 in the summer season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall</span> Ice hockey rink in Gjovik, Norway

Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall is an ice hockey rink located within a mountain hall in Gjøvik, Norway. With a capacity for 5,500 spectators, the hall also features a 25-meter swimming pool and telecommunications installations. Opened in 1993 and costing 134.6 million Norwegian krone (NOK), it was built for the 1994 Winter Olympics, where it hosted 16 ice hockey matches. It is the home of Gjøvik Hockey, has hosted the 1995 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships and is also used as an event venue. The structure is the world's largest cavern hall for public use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CC Amfi</span> Sports arena in Hamar, Norway

CC Amfi, also known as Nordlyshallen, is an indoor sports arena in Hamar, Norway. It is mostly used for ice hockey and is the home arena of Storhamar Hockey. It has also been used for short track speed skating, figure skating, handball, events and concerts. The venue has a capacity for 7,000 spectators and was built for the 1994 Winter Olympics, where it was used for short track speed skating and figure skating. Other major events held at the arena include the 1999 IIHF World Championship in ice hockey, the 1999 World Women's Handball Championship, the 2012 IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships and the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eidsiva Arena</span> Arenain in Lillehammer, Norway

Eidsiva Arena, also known as Kristins Hall, is an arena located at Stampesletta in Lillehammer, Norway. It consist of an ice rink, a combined handball and floorball court, and a curling rink. The venue, owned and operated by the Lillehammer Municipality, opened in 1988 and cost 65 million Norwegian krone (NOK) to build. One of the motivations for its construction was to help Lillehammer's bid to be selected as the host of the 1994 Winter Olympics. The ice rink has a capacity for 3,194 spectators and is the home rink of GET-ligaen hockey club Lillehammer IK. Eidsiva Arena is located next to the larger Håkons Hall, which opened in 1993. During the 1994 Winter Olympics, Kristins Hall was a training rink, and subsequently hosted the ice sledge hockey tournament at the 1994 Winter Paralympics. The venue also co-hosted Group B of the 1989 World Ice Hockey Championships.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stampesletta</span> Stadium complex in Lillehammer, Norway

Stampesletta is a multi-use stadium complex in Lillehammer, Norway. Owned and operated by Lillehammer Municipality, it consists of a track and field venue, an artificial turf football field, three natural grass football fields, a gravel field and natural grass training pitches. In addition, it features a club house, locker facilities and a grandstand between the athletics and artificial turf fields. The venue is located about 1 kilometer (0.6 mi) from the town center, and serves as the home ground for the Second Division side Lillehammer FK, Lillehammer KFK, Roterud IL in football, and Lillehammer IF in athletics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track</span> Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in Lillehammer, Norway

Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track is a bobsleigh, luge and skeleton track located at Hunderfossen in Lillehammer, Norway, 15 kilometers (9 mi) north of the town center of Lillehammer. It was completed in 1992 for the 1994 Winter Olympics, where it hosted the bobsleigh events and luge events. It has since also hosted the FIBT World Championships 1995 in skeleton and the FIL World Luge Championships 1995, and hosted 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Winter Youth Olympics</span> 2016 edition of the Winter Youth Olympics

The 2016 Winter Youth Olympics, officially known as the II Winter Youth Olympic Games, took place in and around Lillehammer, Norway, between 12 February and 21 February 2016. They were the fourth Youth Olympic Games and the second winter edition. Lillehammer was awarded the games on 7 December 2011 as the only candidate. The games reused venues from the 1994 Winter Olympics; this made Lillehammer the first city to host both regular and Youth Olympics. In addition to Lillehammer, sports were contested in Hamar, Gjøvik and Øyer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Birkebeineren Ski Stadium</span> Building in Lillehammer, Oppland, Norway

Birkebeineren Ski Stadium is a cross-country skiing and biathlon venue located in Lillehammer, Norway. Situated 3 kilometers (2 mi) from the town center and at 485 meters (1,591 ft) above mean sea level, it has two stadium areas, one for cross-country and one for biathlon. The former has a capacity for 31,000 spectators, and the latter for 13,500. The venue was built for the 1994 Winter Olympics, costing 83.6 million Norwegian krone (NOK). It was subsequently used by the 1994 Winter Paralympics for Paralympic Nordic skiing and Paralympic biathlon. After the games, ownership was transferred to the municipal Lillehammer Olympiapark. The venue has since been used for one Biathlon World Cup, three FIS Cross-Country World Cup and nine FIS Nordic Combined World Cup tournaments, the latter with the ski jumping competition taking place at the nearby Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena. Birkebeineren hosted the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena</span> Stadium in Lillehammer, Oppland, Norway

Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena is a freestyle skiing stadium located in the hillside area of Kanthaugen in Lillehammer, Norway. Opened in 1992, it was built for the 1994 Winter Olympics. The venue consists of three hills—one each for aerials, moguls and ski ballet. The moguls hill has a capacity for 12,000 spectators while the other two have a 15,000-person capacity. The arena is designated as Norway's national venue for freestyle skiing. It hosted the FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup in 1993 and 1995, and is scheduled to host freestyle skiing and snowboarding at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics. The arena is owned by Lillehammer Olympiapark and is located adjacent to the ski jumping hill Lysgårdsbakken.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lillehammer Olympiapark</span> Company that operates Olympic venues in Lillehammer, Norway

Lillehammer Olympiapark AS, trading as Olympiaparken, is a company established following the 1994 Winter Olympics to operate the Olympic venues in Lillehammer, Norway. Owned by Lillehammer Municipality, it operates five sports venues: Birkebeineren Ski Stadium, Håkons Hall, Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track, Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena and the ski jumping hill of Lysgårdsbakken. In addition to serving sports events, the company provides tourist and group activities at the venues as well as catering to larger events.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venues of the 1952 Winter Olympics</span>

The 1952 Winter Olympics were held in and around Oslo, Norway, from 14 to 25 February 1952. Ten competition and eight non-competition venues were used, in addition to three designated, but unused, reserve competition venues. Six of the competition venues were located in Oslo, while one each was located in Bærum, Skedsmo, Drammen and Krødsherad. Bislett stadion was the centerpiece of the games, hosting the opening and closing ceremonies, the speed skating and the figure skating. Bislett featured both a 400-meter (1,300 ft) circumference speed skating track and a 60-meter (200 ft) long rink used for figure skating, separated by snow banks. Two reserve venues were designated for the skating events, Tryvann stadion in Oslo and Hamar stadion in Hamar.

For the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, a total of eight sports venues were used. Luge made its debut at these games, but were marred by the death of a British slider two weeks prior to the Games. A second ski jumping event debuted and the best two out of three jumps were used in both events for the only time in the history of the Winter Olympics. All eight venues would be used again when the Winter Games returned to Innsbruck twelve years later though the venues would undergo renovations in time for the 1976 Games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venues of the 1980 Winter Olympics</span>

For the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, United States, a total of seven sports venues were used. All five of the venues used for the 1932 Winter Olympics were also used at the 1980 Winter Games with adjustments. These adjustments included electronic scoreboards, increased refrigeration, and the addition of a separate luge track. This was the last Winter Olympics where there were separate bobsleigh and luge tracks. The closest finish in Olympic history in cross-country skiing led skiing officials to time future events in hundredths of a second rather than tenths of a second. This would also apply to biathlon events. Eric Heiden won five gold medals at the speed skating oval while the "Miracle on Ice" took place between Americans and Soviets at the Olympic Center. In the late 1990s, the luge track was demolished and a new combination track was constructed in time for the only Winter Goodwill Games held. The sliding venue was named to the American National Register of Historical Places in February 2010.

Oslo–Lillehammer 2018 was a proposal for Oslo and Lillehammer, Norway, to bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympics. Along with the Trondheim and Tromsø bids, it was one of three options for the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports (NIF), who ultimately chose to not bid for the games. Oslo announced the bid in September 2006, and the official proposal report was published in February 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venues of the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics</span> Venues of the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics

The 2016 Winter Youth Olympics in and around Lillehammer, Norway, between 12 February and 21 February 2016. Nine competition and twelve non-competition venues are to be used; all except the Youth Olympic Village in Lillehammer and a training ice rink being are existing venues. All the competition venues and some of the non-competition venues were built ahead of the 1994 Winter Olympics. The games be held in four municipalities: Lillehammer, Hamar, Gjøvik and Øyer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helsinki bid for the 2006 Winter Olympics</span>

Helsinki 2006 was a joint bid for the 2006 Winter Olympics presented by the city of Helsinki and Finnish Olympic Committee. Some of the proposed venues were located in Lillehammer, Norway.

References

  1. ↑ Hove-Ødegård, Celius and Brun (2004): 23
  2. 1 2 LOOC (III): 18–22
  3. 1 2 LOOC (III): 31–36
  4. ↑ Wallenchiensky & Loucky (2008): 239
  5. 1 2 LOOC (III): 23–26
  6. ↑ LOOC (II): 241–242
  7. 1 2 LOOC (III): 37–41
  8. 1 2 LOOC (III): 27–30
  9. 1 2 LOOC (III): 61–64
  10. 1 2 LOOC (III): 51–56
  11. 1 2 LOOC (III): 57–60
  12. ↑ LOOC (III): 42–50
  13. 1 2 3 LOOC (III): 76
  14. 1 2 LOOC (III): 79
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 LOOC (III): 83
  16. 1 2 3 LOOC (III): 67
  17. 1 2 3 LOOC (III): 72
  18. 1 2 3 LOOC (III): 86
  19. 1 2 LOOC (III): 135
  20. ↑ LOOC (I): 129
  21. ↑ LOOC (I): 124
  22. ↑ LOOC (I): 126–127
  23. ↑ LOOC (I): 128
  24. ↑ LOOC (II): 38–43
  25. ↑ LOOC (I): 31
  26. 1 2 3 LOOC (II): 94
  27. ↑ LOOC (III): 42–46
  28. ↑ LOOC (III): 47–50
  29. ↑ LOOC (III): 65
  30. ↑ LOOC (III): 84
  31. ↑ LOOC (III): 136
  32. 1 2 International Skating Union. "World Allround Speed Skating Championships: 1933–2009 (women) and 1893–2009 (men) results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  33. ↑ Sports123. "Listing of the UCI Track Cycling World Championship men's sprint medalists: 1895-2010" . Retrieved 9 December 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ International Skating Union. "World Sprint Speed Skating Championships medalists: 1970–2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  35. ↑ International Skating Union. "World Single Distance Championships medalists: 1996-2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  36. ↑ International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation. "Men's skeleton Olympic and World Championship medalists: 1928–2007". Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  37. ↑ International Luge Federation. "World Championship medalists: 1955–2009" (PDF) (in Norwegian and German). Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  38. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "IBU World Cup Lillehammer 7 December 1997 women's 10 km pursuit results" . Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  39. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Cross-country skiing World Cup Lillehammer 23 March 2002 men's 58 km classical mass start results". Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  40. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Nordic combined World Cup Lillehammer medalist history: 1993–2010". Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  41. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Listing of the results of the Nordic Tournament: 2004–9". Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  42. ↑ International Handball Federation. "World Championships 1999 Denmark–Norway results" (PDF). Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  43. ↑ International Ice Hockey Federation. "List of men's world championship medalists: 1920–2010" . Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  44. ↑ LOOC (III): 174
  45. ↑ LOOC (III): 81
Bibliography

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