Venues of the 1998 Winter Olympics

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M-Wave (pictured in 2019) hosted the long track speed skating events for the 1998 Winter Olympics M-Wave northeast corner winter.jpg
M-Wave (pictured in 2019) hosted the long track speed skating events for the 1998 Winter Olympics

For the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, a total of fifteen sports venues were used. Nagano had attempted twice to host the Winter Olympics, losing out to Sapporo, host of the 1972 Winter Olympics. The third time, in 1991, Nagano edged out Salt Lake City to host the 1998 Games. The biathlon venue was adjusted in accordance with the Washington Convention over endangered species. The biggest venue controversy was at Happo'one resort on the length of the men's downhill and the battle that ensued to the point where skiing officials threatened to pull the event entirely before a compromise was reached three months before the Olympics. M-Wave has hosted three World Speed Skating Championships since the Olympics, while the Spiral has hosted a couple of world championships in bobsleigh, luge and skeleton.

Contents

Venues

VenuePhotoSportsCapacityRef.
Aqua Wing
Aqua Wing, Southwest corner.jpg
Ice hockey 6,000 [1]
Big Hat
Big Hat 02.jpg
Ice hockey (final)10,104 [2]
Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium
Hakuba Jumping Stadium2.jpg
Nordic combined (ski jumping), Ski jumping 45,000 [3]
Happo'one Resort
Hakuba Happo-one Winter Resort.JPG
Alpine skiing (downhill, super g, combined)20,000 [4]
Iizuna Kogen Ski Area
IIDUNAskijou.JPG
Freestyle skiing 12,000 [5]
Kanbayashi Snowboard Park Snowboarding (halfpipe)10,000 [6]
Kazakoshi Park Arena
SCAP Karuizawa01s3200.jpg
Curling 1,924 [7]
M-Wave
M-Wave south side summer.jpg
Speed skating 10,000 [8]
Minami Nagano Sports Park
Nagano Olympic Stadium.jpg
Ceremonies (opening/ closing)50,000 [9]
Mount Higashidate
Xi Guan Dong Guan .jpg
Alpine skiing (giant slalom)20,000 [10]
Mount Yakebitai
Yakebitai.JPG
Alpine skiing (slalom), Snowboarding (giant slalom)20,000 [11]
Nozawa Onsen Ski Resort
Nozawa Onsen 01.jpg
Biathlon 20,000 [12]
Snow Harp
HAKUBA Snowharp 20180714.jpg
Cross-country skiing, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing)20,000 [13]
Spiral
Nagano Bobsleigh-Luge Park.jpg
Bobsleigh, Luge 10,000 [14]
White Ring
White Ring.png
Figure skating, Short track speed skating 7,351 [15]

Before the Olympics

The Spiral (pictured in 2007) hosted the bobsleigh and luge events for the 1998 Winter Olympics Nagano Bobsleigh-Luge Park.jpg
The Spiral (pictured in 2007) hosted the bobsleigh and luge events for the 1998 Winter Olympics

Nagano first attempted to host the Winter Olympics in 1940, but lost out to Sapporo. Those Olympics were abandoned in 1937, when Japan invaded China for the second time, forcing Sapporo's withdrawal. The city tried again for the Winter Olympics in 1968 in 1961, but lost out in domestic voting to Sapporo who in turn lost out to Grenoble, France in 1964. Sapporo would host the Winter Olympics finally in 1972. A third time for the Winter Olympics began in 1983, with a full bid for the Winter Games approved two years later. With the bid committee established in 1986 and lessons learned from previous mistakes, Nagano's bid for the Winter Olympics in Japan was approved in 1989. A revamped bid committee was launched later that year with presentations given to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1990. When the IOC session was held in Tokyo in September 1990, Nagano was among the cities launching promotional campaign for the 1998 Winter Olympics. The following June at the IOC session in Birmingham, England, Nagano was awarded the 1998 Games in the fifth round, defeating Salt Lake City, Utah in the United States by four votes. [16]

Karuizawa, near Nagano, played host to the World Allround Speed Skating Championships in 1963 and the World Sprint Speed Skating Championships in 1986. [17] [18] For the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Karuizawa played host to the equestrian events. [19] [20]

Site selection for events were adjusted between the time of bidding and the actual games. For alpine skiing, women's downhill, women's super-g, women's giant slalom, and men's giant slalom were moved from Mount Higashidate to Mount Yakebitai following a 1993 inspection by the International Ski Federation (FIS). Biathlon was planned to be at a new venue in the Kamishiro area of Habuka. The venue was moved to Nozawa Onsen Ski Resort following an environmental assessment of the area that included nests of goshawks and buzzards under CITES, the 1973 global endangered species act better known as the "Washington Convention", before construction began. Figure skating was planned originally for a municipally owned gymnasium in Nagano, but was abandoned to it not having enough room for expansion. Meanwhile, short track speed skating was planned to take place on renovated city property, but the venue's popularity with local residents changed that plan. As a result, White Ring Arena was constructed to accommodate both figure and short track speed skating. Alpine combined was set to have the downhill part at Happo'one Resort and the slalom part at Mount Yakebitai, but the logistical differences in adverse weather conditions forced the slalom part to be moved to Happo'one Resort. [21]

Venue construction started in 1990, and was completed prior to the 1998 Winter Games. Temporary facility construction started in June 1997, and was completed in time for the 1998 Games. [22]

For test events, M-Wave Arena in Nagano hosted the World Allround Speed Skating Championships in 1997. [17] That same year, the Iizuna Kogen Ski Area hosted the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships. [23] The biggest test event controversy occurred at the Happo'one Resort for the men's downhill event in February 1996, when the FIS, supported by most of the leading skiers, stated that the 1.68 km (1.04 mi) was too short. [4] [24] The request by FIS and the skiers was to move the start of the course up either by 0.12 km (0.075 mi) or 15 seconds. [24] The Nagano Organizing Committee (NAOC) refused to move the course on the grounds that it be moved into a protected national park Special Zone and that it would contradict one of NAOC's Vision of Coexistence with the environment. [24] The FIS pointed out that over 600,000 skiers annually participated in that zone annually, and questioned why Olympic-class skiers could not compete in that same area. [24] A threat to not hold the event in Japan was also issued by the FIS. [24] It would not be until 1–2 November 1997 before a compromise could be reached among the FIS, IOC, and NAOC, where the start was moved up 0.085 km (0.053 mi) to its final length of 1.765 km (1.097 mi). [4] [24]

During the Olympics

Kazakoshi Park Arena in Karuizawa gave the city its distinction as the only first to ever host both Summer and Winter Olympic events (Several venues for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were reused when the city hosted the Winter Olympics 14 years later.). [25]

Weather was a major role in the outdoor events. Heavy rain at the Spiral cancelled the second run of the bobsleigh four-man event. [26] Seven of the ten events in alpine skiing were delayed by weather, four of which were the women's. [27]

Snow Harp had the men's 30 km take place after 18 hours of heavy, wet snowfall which was won by Finland's Mika Myllylä. [28] The women's 5 km event was held in a snowstorm while the women's 10 km combined event was held during a steady rain. [29] Both events were won by Russia's Larissa Lazutina. [29] In the men's 4 x 10 km relay, Norway avenged their loss to Italy in this event four years earlier at Lillehammer, with Thomas Alsgaard edging out Silvio Fauner by 0.2 seconds, the closest event finish in Olympic history. [30] [31]

During the ski jumping individual normal hill event at the Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium, the final two jumpers on the second jump were delayed from their jumps to high winds. [32] Finland's Jani Soininen jumped 89 meters to advance one point ahead of Japan's Kazuyoshi Funaki. [32] Funaki's teammate Masahiko Harada, who led after the first jump, needed a jump of 88 meters to win gold, but only jumped 84.5 meters and ended up in fifth place. [32] Soininen would later complain bitterly about the officials' decision despite his gold medal win. [32] In the individual large hill event, Funaki jumped so far that he landed beyond the video measuring area which resulted in the distance being measured manually. [33] Funaki's jump was recorded as 132.5 meters and it also garnered perfect style points. [33] The Japanese ski jumper would win gold in the event. [33]

Both Nordic combined events had their cross-country portions held in pouring rains. [34] Norway won the team event while Norwegian Bjarte Engen Vik won the individual event. [34]

Fog led to cancellation of the biathlon's men's 10 km sprint event and a rescheduling of the event the following day. [35] At the time of the cancellation, 16 of the 73 skiers had completed the course, including the leader Alexandr Popov of Belarus. [35] When the race was rerun the next day, Popov skied poorly and finished 55th, leading Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko, who was present at the first race, to call the cancellation "a mafia-style injustice". [35] The rerun race would be won by Norway's Ole Einar Bjørndalen, who was leading Popov during the first run after 8 km before the event was cancelled. [35]

Gusty winds at the Iizuna Kogen Ski Area affected the women's aerials freestyle skiing event, which was won by America's Nikki Stone. [36]

After the Olympics

M-Wave Arena hosted the World Sprint Speed Skating Championships in 2004. [18] The arena hosted the World Single Distance Championships in 2000 and 2008. [37]

The Spiral hosted the skeleton portion of the FIBT World Championships in 2003. [38] The following year, the venue hosted the FIL World Luge Championships, the only time the championships have taken place in Asia as of 2017. [39]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's 30 kilometre classical</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hakuba Happoone Winter Resort</span>

Hakuba Happoone Winter Resort is a ski resort located on Mount Karamatsu in Hakuba, Japan. For the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, it hosted the alpine skiing downhill, super giant slalom, and combined slalom events.

For the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, a total of five sports venues were used. The main stadium hosted the figure skating, ice hockey, and speed skating events. Skeleton was first held at the Cresta Run. Bobsleigh was held at the bob run. St. Moritz itself served as cross-country skiing venue and the cross-country part of the Nordic combined event. Weather gave two events run at these games problems, creating the largest margin of victory in Olympic history for one and the cancellation of the other.

For the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, United States, a total of five sports venues were used. This was unchanged from the previous games in St. Moritz. For the first time in the history of the Winter Olympics, an indoor venue was used for the figure skating and six of the twelve ice hockey events at the Olympic Arena. The first bobsleigh venue outside Europe was constructed for use. Four different 18 km and five different 50 km venues were submitted for approval prior to the Olympics. After the 1932 games, three of these venues served as host for their respective championships that were held outside Europe for the first time.

For the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, a total of six sports venues were used. Alpine skiing events took place for the first time and were held in three different locations. Riessersee held the speed skating and some of the ice hockey matches while the bobsleigh events took place south of the lake. The ski jump and its neighboring stadium played host to the cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, and ski jumping events. Even though figure skating and some of the ice hockey matches took place outdoors at the ice stadium, the ice itself was artificially refrigerated to prevent ice thawing.

For the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, a total of eight sports venues were used. The five venues used for the 1928 Winter Olympics were reused for these games. Three new venues were added for alpine skiing which had been added to the Winter Olympics program twelve years earlier in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. As of 2015, the bob run continues to be used for bobsleigh and the Cresta Run for skeleton while alpine skiing remains popular in St. Moritz.

For the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California, in the United States, a total of five sports venues were used. Except for the Palisades Tahoe, all of the venues had to be constructed. For the first time in Winter Olympic history, a temporary venue was constructed at McKinney Creek for biathlon, cross-country skiing, and Nordic combined. A bobsleigh track was not constructed over the guarantees from the FIBT not being able to field the minimum twelve teams needed to compete, making it the only time bobsleigh has not been included in the Winter Olympics.

For the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, a total of eight sports venues were used. Luge made its debut at these games, but were marred by the death of a British slider two weeks prior to the Games. A second ski jumping event debuted and the best two out of three jumps were used in both events for the only time in the history of the Winter Olympics. All eight venues would be used again when the Winter Games returned to Innsbruck twelve years later though the venues would undergo renovations in time for the 1976 Games.

For the 1964 Summer Olympics, a total of thirty-three sports venues were used. Six of the venues were built before the International Olympic Committee awarded the 1964 Games to Tokyo in 1959. This included two venues that hosted the 1958 Asian Games. There were thirteen new, eight temporary, and five reconstructed and/or renovated venues that were used during the event. During the Olympics, wind and weather had issues with two athletic events. After the Olympics, one venue hosted both a FIFA World Cup and a World Athletics Championship event while another also hosted a World Athletics Championship event.

For the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, a total of ten sports venues were used. Most venues were constructed between the 1964 Winter Games in Innsbruck and the 1968 Games. Thawing was an issue for the four-man bobsleigh run. They were limited to only two runs. Thawing also affected the men's 500 m speed skating event. Electronic timing in alpine skiing affected the results of the women's giant slalom event. It gave Canada's Nancy Greene a headache for two days despite her gold medal in the event.

For the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Japan, a total of twelve sports venues were used. A thirteenth venue which was a reserved luge course was constructed, but never used in actual competition. Construction on all of the venues used took place between 1968 and early 1971 in time for the test events. The Tsuskisamu Indoor Skating Rink was not completed until late 1971 or early 1972 because the number of teams scheduled to compete at the 1972 Games was not known. At the actual luge venue used, a malfunctioning starting gate during the first run led to the results being cancelled and rerun being ordered. The results of this event led to the only tie in Olympic luge history. The ski jumps at Miyanomori and Okurayama served as host venues for the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships thirty-five years later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venues of the 1976 Winter Olympics</span>

For the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, a total of eight sports venues were used. The games were originally awarded to Denver, Colorado in the United States in 1970, but they withdrew in the wake of Colorado residents voting against it for environmental and cost reasons in November 1972. This led to the International Olympic Committee opening up the bids for the games again, eventually awarding them to Innsbruck in February 1973. The Austrian city, having hosted the Winter Olympics in 1964, was in the process of having the venues used for those Games before Denver's with clear cutting of the alpine skiing venues, lessening of the amount of cross-country skiing routes, upgrading the ski jumps, adding lighting in the indoor sports arena to accommodate color television, and the construction of a combination bobsleigh and luge track. After the 1976 Games, the venues have remained in use, hosting events in Nordic skiing and the sliding sports. They hosted some of the events for the Winter Universiade in 2005 and seven of the eight venues served as host for the first Winter Youth Olympic Games in 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venues of the 1980 Winter Olympics</span>

For the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, United States, a total of seven sports venues were used. All five of the venues used for the 1932 Winter Olympics were also used at the 1980 Winter Games with adjustments. These adjustments included electronic scoreboards, increased refrigeration, and the addition of a separate luge track. This was the last Winter Olympics where there were separate bobsleigh and luge tracks. The closest finish in Olympic history in cross-country skiing led skiing officials to time future events in hundredths of a second rather than tenths of a second. This would also apply to biathlon events. Eric Heiden won five gold medals at the speed skating oval while the "Miracle on Ice" took place between Americans and Soviets at the Olympic Center. In the late 1990s, the luge track was demolished and a new combination track was constructed in time for the only Winter Goodwill Games held. The sliding venue was named to the American National Register of Historical Places in February 2010.

For the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, a total of nine sports venues were used. The idea for the Games came around from a 1968 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development study on promoting winter tourism in Yugoslavia. After Sarajevo was awarded the 1984 Games in 1978, venue construction and renovation took place between 1979 and 1983. Weather postponed the men's downhill alpine skiing event three times before it was finally run. The men's cross-country skiing 30 km event was run during a blizzard. After the games, all but one of the venues were damaged during the Bosnian War and the siege of Sarajevo. After the war, Zetra Ice Hall was rebuilt and is in use as of 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venues of the 1988 Winter Olympics</span>

For the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, a total of nine sports venues were used. Calgary tried twice to host the Winter Olympics in the 1960s without success before finally winning the 1988 Winter Games in 1981. Stampede Corral was built in 1950 while McMahon Stadium was built in 1960. When the National Hockey League (NHL) Flames franchise was relocated from Atlanta, Georgia in the United States during the summer of 1980, a new arena was needed. The Saddledome construction was underway in late 1981 when Calgary was awarded the 1988 Games. Completed in 1983, the Olympic Saddledome has played host to the Flames ever since, including three Stanley Cup Finals and the NHL All-Star Game in 1985. An innovation for the games was the first indoor long-track speed skating venue which has served as a model for future Olympics. The bobsleigh and luge track was the first combination track in North America and was noted for the Jamaican bobsleigh team crash during the four-man event. Both the Oval and the bobsleigh/luge track continue to host the World Championships in their respective sports since the 1988 Winter Olympics.

For the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France, a total of thirteen sports venues were used. Val-d'Isère has been part of the Alpine Skiing World Cup since the late 1960s while Tignes served as host of the first Freestyle World Ski Championships in 1986. Most of the venues used were constructed between 1987 and mid 1990 with the test events taking place in late 1990 and early 1991. It was the last Winter Olympics with an outdoor speed skating rink which led to weather issues for three of the ten events. Three cross-country skiing events were run in snowstorms while the men's 20 km biathlon was found to be 0.563 km (0.350 mi) too short. The downhill events in alpine skiing were criticized for being too steep. Freestyle skiing made its official debut at these games with the men's winner being stormed after his win while the women's winner won her event in a snow storm. La Plagne hosted the skeleton World Championships in 1993 while Val-d'Isère hosted the Alpine World Ski Championships in 2009.Some of the venues will be used again during the 2030 Winter Olympics,when the main host city will be Nice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venues of the 2006 Winter Olympics</span>

For the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, a total of fifteen sports venues were used. Venue construction ran from 2002 to 2005. Cesana Pariol had to have turns 17 and 18 modified following the Luge World Cup in January 2005, but they were not cleared out until October 2005. Winds postponed the Nordic combined team event for a day. Many of the venues served as host for the Winter Universidade the following year.

References

  1. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 223-5. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  2. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 219-22. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  3. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 203-5. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 186-90. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  5. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 206-8. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  6. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 209-11. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  7. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 233-5. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  8. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 212-4. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  9. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. p. 128. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  10. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 191-3. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  11. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 194-7. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  12. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 230-2. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  13. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 198-202. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  14. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report Volume 2. pp. 184-5, 226-9. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  15. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 215-8. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  16. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 1. pp. 30-5. Accessed 12 December 2010.
  17. 1 2 ISU.org World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists: 1893-2009 (men), 1936-2009 (women). Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 12 December 2010.
  18. 1 2 ISU.org World Sprint Speed Skating Championship medalists: 1970-2009. Archived 2011-06-21 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 12 December 2010.
  19. ↑ 1964 Summer Olympics official report. Archived 2010-07-07 at the Wayback Machine Volume 1. Part 1. p. 136. Accessed 14 December 2010.
  20. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 1. p. 42. Accessed 14 December 2010.
  21. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 1. p. 57. Accessed 14 December 2010.
  22. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 184-5. Accessed 14 December 2010.
  23. ↑ FIS-Ski.com Freestyle World Ski Championships Iizuna Kogen, Japan 4-9 February 1997 results. Accessed 14 December 2010.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). "Alpine Skiing, Men: Downhill". In The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. pp. 189-90.
  25. ↑ Wallechinsky, David and Jime Loucky (2009). "Curling, Men". In The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 150.
  26. ↑ Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). "Bobsleigh: Four-Man". In The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 165.
  27. ↑ Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. pp. 189-92, 206, 211, 213, 217-8, 224.
  28. ↑ Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). "Cross-Country (Nordic) Skiing, Men: Discontinued Events". In The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 244.
  29. 1 2 Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. pp. 248, 256.
  30. ↑ Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). "Cross-Country (Nordic) Skiing, Men: 4 x 10-Kilometer Relay". In The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. pp. 239-40.
  31. ↑ 1998 Winter Olympics official report. Archived 2008-02-26 at the Wayback Machine Volume 3. pp. 64-7. Accessed 14 December 2010. (in English and French)
  32. 1 2 3 4 Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). "Ski Jumping: Normal Hill, Individual". In The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 261.
  33. 1 2 3 Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). "Ski Jumping: Large Hill, Individual". In The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. pp. 265-6.
  34. 1 2 Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. pp. 275-6, 278-9.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). "Biathlon, Men: 10 Kilometers". In The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. pp. 282-3.
  36. ↑ Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). " Freestyle Skiing, Women: Aerials". In The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 303.
  37. ↑ ISU.org World Single Distance Speed Skating Championship medalists: 1996-2009. Archived 2012-02-25 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 14 December 2010.
  38. ↑ FIBT.com Men's World Skeleton and Olympic Championship medalists: 1928-2007. Archived 2012-09-21 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 14 December 2010.
  39. ↑ FIL-Luge.org World Luge Championship medalists: 1955-2009. Accessed 14 December 2010. (in English and German)
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