Yathothkari Perumal Temple

Tiruvekka Temple
Yathokthakari Temple
Religion
Affiliation	Hinduism
District	Kanchipuram
Deity	Yathothkari (Vishnu)
Location
Location	Kanchipuram
State	Tamil Nadu
Country	India
Location in Tamil Nadu
Geographic coordinates	12°49′27″N79°42′44″E / 12.82417°N 79.71222°E / 12.82417; 79.71222
Architecture
Type	Dravidian architecture

Tiruvekkaa Temple or Yathothkari Perumal Temple (locally called Sonnavannam Seitha Perumall) is a Hindu temple located in Kanchipuram in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu and dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the Naalayira Divya Prabandham , the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Yathothkari Perumal, and his consort Lakshmi as Komalavalli.

The temple is considered one of three oldest Vishnu temples in Kanchipuram, the other two being Ulagalantha Perumal Temple and Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple. The temple finds a mention in the Sangam text Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai which is dated between 300 BCE and 100 CE. ^[1] The temple is believed to have been built by the Pallavas of the late 8th century CE, with later contributions from Medieval Cholas and Vijayanagara kings. The temple has three inscriptions on its walls, two dating from the period of Parantaka I (907–955 CE), Kulothunga Chola I (1070–1120 CE) and one to that of Rajadhiraja Chola (1018–1054 CE). A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all the shrines. There is a three-tiered rajagopuram , the temple's gateway tower, in the temple.

Yathothkari Perumal is believed to have appeared for Saraswati and Thirumalisai Alvar. Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple. The temple houses a rare image of Ranganatha recumbent on his left hand unlike other temples where he is recumbent on his right.

Poigai Alvar, one of the Alvars , was born at this temple's lotus tank. Panguni Brahmotsavam celebrated during April - May and Poigai Alvar birthday during Aipassi Thiruvonam star are the two major festivals celebrated in the temple.

Legend

Stucco image indicating the legend

As per Hindu legend, once there was an argument between Saraswati, the consort of Brahma and Lakshmi on superiority. They went to Indra, the king of celestial deities. Indra judged Lakshmi as superior and not satisfied with his argument, Saraswati went to her husband, Brahma. He also chose Lakshmi to be the superior one. Saraswati was unhappy with the decision and decided to stay away from Brahma. Brahma did a severe penance praying to Vishnu and did an ashvamedha yagna. Saraswati was still angry that the yagna , which usually is done along with consorts was done alone by Brahma. She tried to disrupt the penance, but Vishnu interfered with his serpent Adishesha. Saraswati, on seeing Vishnu in her path, accepted her defeat and subsided in the form of river Vegavathi. As Vishnu interfered the path of the river, it was termed Vegavani, then as Vegannai and gradually corrupted to Vekka. The presiding deity thus got one of his names, Vegasetu. ^{[2] [3] [4]} As per historian Nagaswamy, the temple was called Vehha meaning Vishnu leaning as a slanted slope, which gradually became vekka. ^[5]

Once sage Bhargava had a son through Kanakangi, a celestial dancer. The boy was stillborn and was not fully developed during his birth. Kanakangi left his son under bushes and left to celestial world. It is believed that the child was a divine incarnation of one of Vishnu's weapons, the Chakra. By the grace of Vishnu and Lakshmi, the baby became alright and began to cry. A childless farmer couple who were passing by took up the child, named him Sivavakkiyar and started rearing him. Once the boy reached adulthood, he was sceptical about choosing between Shaivism and Vaishnavism. He was defeated in arguments by Pey Alvar. He became a devotee of Vaishnavism and the disciple of Pey Alvar. Sivavakkiyar was also called Bhakthisarar and later as Thirumalisai Alvar. ^{[2] [3]}

Thirumalisai had a disciple by name Kanikkannan. He also had an old lady serving him - Thirumalisai prayed to the presiding deity of the temple and by the grace of Bhujangasayana Perumal, the old lady became a beautiful young lady. The Pallava king who was ruling the region at that time got attracted by the lady and married her. With time while the king was growing older, the lady remained young. He called up Kanikannan and ordered to sing praise of him so that he also turned young. When he refused, the king ordered Kanikannan to be banished out of the country. Kanikannan explained this to his master Thirumalisai, who prayed to Bhujangasayana Perumal. When the king heard this, he ordered the three to be sent of the country, which they obliged. When the three left Kanchipuram, it was engulfed in darkness. Realising his sin, the king worshipped Bhujangasayana Perumal to return along with his two devotees. Since the presiding deity obliged to his devotees wishes, he is called Yathothkari Perumal. Yathothka means as requested and kari denotes the person who accomplishes the task. ^{[2] [3]} One of the Alvars , poet saints of 7-10th century, Poigai Alvar was born at this temple. ^[6]

History

Shrine of Poigai Alvar in the temple

The temple is considered one of three oldest Vishnu temples in Kanchipuram, the other two being Ulagalantha Perumal Temple and Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple. ^[7] The temple has 12 inscriptions from the Chola and Vijayanagara period. ^[8] The temple finds a mention in the Sangam text Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai which is dated between 300 BCE and 100 CE. Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai Mentions Lord Vishnu sleeping on a serpent bed in the town Thiruvekka where the Gloriosa superba blooms. ^[9] The temple is originally believed to be built during the period of Pallavas. The temple has a set of inscriptions associated with Cholas. A record of the Chola king, Parantaka I (907–950 CE) indicating gift of 367 kalanju of gold to the temple by an individual . The south wall of the central shrine of the temple has inscriptions from the period Rajendra Chola I (1012–44) indicating gifts of land measuring to one tuni of land and 127 kalanju of gold to the temple. The inscriptions on the base of the eastern wall of the central shrine from the period of Kulothunga Chola I (1070–1120 CE) indicating gift for lighting lamps of the temple. The southern side inscriptions of the temple from the period of Kulothunga Chola III (1178–1218 CE) indicates a gift of village to feed 32 Brahmins. ^[2] The inscriptions also detail the float festival and the summer festival celebrated in the temple. ^[8] The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu.

Architecture

Temple tank where Poigai Alvar originated

The temple in Chinna Kanchipuram, a locality in the Eastern side of Kanchipuram, a South Indiann town in the state of Tamil Nadu. ^[10] The central shrine of the temple has the image of presiding deity, "Sonnavannam Seitha Perumal" sported in Bhuganja Sayanam posture. The West facing sanctum is approached through the flagstaff, pillared halls, namely Mahamandapam and the Ardhamandapam. The stucco image of the presiding deity is a rare one of Ranganatha recumbent on his left hand unlike other temples where he is recumbent on his right. It is believed that Perumal was lying left to right as in other temples, but on hearing Thirumalisai Alvar sing, he turned his lying posture from right to left. ^[11] As per historian Nagaswamy, the image made of stucco, is one of the rarest representation of the deity. ^[5] The image of Saraswati praying at his feet is also present in the sanctum. The roof of the sanctum is called Vedasara Vimana and it has five kalasams and stucco images of various legend. The temple has separate shrines for Poigai Alvar located to the North of the flagstaff. There are other shrines of Rama along with Seetha and Hanuman and Garuda. The vimana of the central shrine is called Vedasara Vimana. The shrine of Komavalli, the consort of Yathothkari, is located facing the central shrine in the Eastern side of the temple. The temple lotus tank where Poigai Alvar was born is located outside the main entrance, parallel to the shrine. The Mahamandapa has ornamental sculpted pillars built during the Vijayanagara period of 15-16th centuries. ^[8] The temple has two precincts with the second precinct enclosed by granite walls pierced by a five tiered rajagopuram (gateway tower). ^[12]

Festivals and religious practices

The temple follows the traditions of the Thenkalai sect of Vaishnavite tradition and follows vaikanasa aagama. The temple priests perform the pooja (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the Vaishnavaite community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: Ushathkalam at 7 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 p.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 7:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: alangaram (decoration), neivethanam (food offering) and deepa aradanai (waving of lamps) for both Yathothkari Perumal and Komalavalli. ^[13] During the last step of worship, nadaswaram (pipe instrument) and tavil (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the Vedas (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the temple mast. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. ^[11] Aipassi Thiruvonam, the birth star of Poigai Alvar, is celebrated every year. Brahmotsavam celebrated during the Tamil month of Panguni (April - May) is the major festival of the temple. ^[12] To indicate the legend of Kanikannan, the festive image of Yathothkari, Tirumalisai Alvar and Kanikkannan are taken in procession to Orikkai village to have a short stay during the Thai Magam festival celebrated during the Tamil month of Thai (January - February). ^[8] Alvar Utsavam is a festival celebrated annually during the birth date of the Poigai Alvar based on Tamil calendar in the temple. ^[14]

Religious importance

Poigai Alvar in the temple

The temple finds mention in Perumpaanatrupadai written by Patanjali. There is a mention about the temple in Silappatikaram (2nd-3rd century CE), Patanjali Mahabharatham and Tolkāppiyam (3rd century BCE). The temple is revered in Nalayira Divya Prabandham , the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by Poigai Alvar, Peyalvar, Bhoothathalvar and Thirumalisai Avar. The Alvars have sung praise on the different forms of Yathothkari Peruamal. The temple is classified as a Divya Desam , one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. Many acharyas have also written songs on the various forms of God in this Temple. ^[2]

The temple is considered the birthplace of Poigai Alvar, one of the first three Alvar saints. He was found in a small pond (called Poigai in Tamil) near the temple. The temple and the pond are thus considered holy as it is the birthplace of the saint. ^{[15] [16] [17]}

Notes

1. https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/127/mode/2up
2. MS 1993, pp. 66-72
3. R. 2001, pp. 557-8
4. Rao 2012, p. 52
5. Aiyar, Indira S (1 September 2013). "Visnu Temples of Kancipuram". Marg, A Magazine of the Arts. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
6. Ayyar 1991, p. 539
7. Madhavan 2007, pp. 4-5
8. Madhavan 2007, pp. 17-20
9. https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/127/mode/2up
10. Karkar, S.C. (2009). The Top Ten Temple Towns of India. Kolkota: Mark Age Publication. p. 46. ISBN   978-81-87952-12-1.
11. "Sri Son vannam seitha perumal temple". Dinamalar. 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
12. Chari, T. V. R. (1982). The Glorious Temples of Kanchi. Big Kancheepuram: Sri Kanchi Kamakshi Ambal Devasthanam and Sarada Navaratri Kalai Nigazhchi Trust. pp. 17–24.
13. Diwakar, Macherla (2011). Temples of South India (1st ed.). Chennai: Techno Book House. p. 146. ISBN   978-93-83440-34-4.
14. "Alwar utsavam". The Hindu . 20 October 2003. Archived from the original on 3 January 2004. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
15. Dalal 2011, p. 308
16. Chari, S.M. Srinivasa (1994). Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline. Motilal Banarsidass Publishes. p. 202. ISBN   9788120810983.
17. Bühler, Georg; Kielhorn, Franz; Lüders, Heinrich; Wackernagel, Jacob (1897). Grundriss der indo-arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde: (Encyclopedia of Indo-Aryan research). K.J. Trübner. p. 4.

References

• Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1991). South Indian shrines: illustrated. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN   81-206-0151-3.
• M.S., Ramesh (1993). 108 Vaishnavite Divya Desam Volume 1. Tirupati: Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams.
• Madhavan, Chithra (2007). Vishnu Temples of South India Volume 1 (Tamil Nadu). Chithra Madhavan. ISBN   978-81-908445-0-5.
• R., Dr. Vijayalakshmy (2001). An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam (1st ed.). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies.
• Rao, A.V.Shankaranarayana (2012). Temples of Tamil Nadu. Vasan Publications. p. 52. ISBN   978-81-8468-112-3.