Zaprionus

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Zaprionus
Zaprionus indianus cropped.jpg
Zaprionus indianus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Drosophilidae
Infratribe: Drosophiliti
Genus: Zaprionus
Coquillett 1902
Type species
Zaprionus vittiger
Subgenera

The genus Zaprionus belongs to the family fruit fly Drosophilidae and is positioned within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila . All species are easily recognized by the white longitudinal stripes across the head and thorax. The genus is subdivided in two subgenera, based on the presence of an even (subgenus Zaprionus ) or odd (subgenus Anaprionus ) number of white stripes. The species of the genus can be found in Africa and Southern Asia. One species, Zaprionus indianus , has invaded the New World.

Contents

Description

All species in the genus Zaprionus are easily identified by the longitudinal white stripes bordered by black stripes running across the top of the head and thorax. Species of the subgenus Zaprionus have 4 or 6 white stripes while the species of the subgenus Anaprionus have 5 or 7 white stripes. The general body color varies across species from yellowish to dark brown. Several species of the subgenus Zaprionus have one or more stout and sometimes composite spines on the forelegs. [1]

Eggs of nearly all of subgenus Zaprionus have four respiratory filaments, unlike eggs of most other drosophilids. [1] [2] Those of Z. davidi and subgenus Anaprionus have the normal number of two filaments. [1]

Coloration

The characteristic black and white 'zebra' [3] stripes of this genus have two different origins. [4] In the simplest form, the white stripes are caused by an absence of the pigment in the cuticle. [4] This mechanism is found in species of the subgenus Anaprionus. [4] The absence of pigmentation also occurs in the species of the subgenus Zaprionus, probably complemented by a separate mechanism. In these species, the white stripes contain many long and bent trichomes (fine outgrowths) that have a groove and contain two cavities, polarizing the light. [3] The black stripes are caused by pigmentation. [3]

Distribution

Members of this genus can be found in the tropics of most continents. [5] The species of the subgenus Zaprionus are found primarily in Africa, while the species of the subgenus Anaprionus are found in Southeast Asia. Two species, Zaprionus ghesquierei and Zaprionus indianus have expanded their range in recent times. Zaprionus ghesquierei has invaded Hawaiʻi, [6] while Zaprionus indianus has expanded its range through the Middle East towards India [5] and more recently crossed the Atlantic Ocean and colonized both South and North America. [7] [8]

Ecology

Zaprionus species are found in a wide array of habitats from semi-deserts to the tropical rain forest. Most species breed on fruits, flowers or decaying tree trunks. [1]

Taxonomy

Zaprionus indianus foreleg with composite spines charactertistic for the Zaprionus vittiger species group Zaprionus indianus - composite spines foreleg.jpg
Zaprionus indianus foreleg with composite spines charactertistic for the Zaprionus vittiger species group

The genus Zaprionus was described in 1902 by Daniel William Coquillett. [9] He considered the genus closely related to the genus Drosophila. [9] Molecular studies have confirmed this relationship, and the genus Zaprionus is positioned within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila. [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

Within the genus, species with an odd number of stripes are assigned to the subgenus Anaprionus, while the species with an even number of stripes are assigned to the subgenus Zaprionus. [1] [15] Species within the subgenus Zaprionus were traditionally subdivided in two species groups, armatus and inermis , based on the presence or absence of special spines on the forelegs. [16] The armatus species group was further subdivided into three species subgroups based on the type of spines. [16] The species of the armatus species subgroup have several normal spines. [16] The single spine on forelegs of the species of the tuberculatus species subgroup consists of a large spine positioned on a tubercle with a smaller spine near the base of the spine. [16] Finally, the species of the vittiger species subgroup had a row of composite spines generally positioned on small tubercles. [16]

Recent molecular studies have shown that this subdivision of the Zaprionus subgenus is incorrect. [1] [17] [18] The ornamentation has evolved multiple times and is not a reliable characteristic for classification. The tuberculatus species group is now part of the group lacking ornamentation (inermis), and the closet relatives of species with a large composite spines are closely related to species without such a spine. [18] The vittiger species subgroup is now a species group and a new species group, neglectus, has been erected for one species placed at the root of the Zaprionus subgenus.

Species

Phylogeny of the genus Drosophila and included genera

  immigrans-tripunctata radiation

  D. quadrilineata species group

  Samoaia

 Zaprionus

  D. tumiditarsus species group

  Liodrosophila

Dichaetophora , Hirtodrosophila , Mycodrosophila and Paramycodrosophila

  virilis-repleta radiation and subgenus Siphlodora

Hawaiian Drosophilidae

  D. polychaeta species group

  Dorsilopha

Sophophora and included groups

Simplified phylogenetic tree of the genus Drosophila and included genera with a focus on the phylogenetic position of the genus Zaprionus. [13] [14]

The genus Zaprionus consists of the following species: [1] [4]

Subgenus Anaprionus : odd number of whites stripes

Subgenus Zaprionus : even number of white stripes

Related Research Articles

<i>Drosophila</i> Genus of flies

Drosophila is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit. They should not be confused with the Tephritidae, a related family, which are also called fruit flies ; tephritids feed primarily on unripe or ripe fruit, with many species being regarded as destructive agricultural pests, especially the Mediterranean fruit fly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drosophilidae</span> Family of flies

The Drosophilidae are a diverse, cosmopolitan family of flies, which includes species called fruit flies, although they are more accurately referred to as vinegar or pomace flies. Another distantly related family of flies, Tephritidae, are true fruit flies because they are frugivorous, and include apple maggot flies and many pests. The best known species of the Drosophilidae is Drosophila melanogaster, within the genus Drosophila, also called the "fruit fly." Drosophila melanogaster is used extensively for studies concerning genetics, development, physiology, ecology and behaviour. Many fundamental biological mechanisms were discovered first in D. melanogaster. The fruit fly is mostly composed of post-mitotic cells, has a very short lifespan, and shows gradual aging. As in other species, temperature influences the life history of the animal. Several genes have been identified that can be manipulated to extend the lifespan of these insects. Additionally, Drosophila subobscura, also within the genus Drosophila, has been reputed as a model organism for evolutionary-biological studies, along with D. sechellia for the evolution of host specialization on the toxic noni fruit and Scaptomyza flava for the evolution of herbivory and specialist on toxic mustard leaves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drosophilinae</span> Subfamily of flies

The Drosophilinae are the largest subfamily in the Drosophilidae. The other subfamily is the Steganinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sophophora</span> Subgenus of flies

The paraphyletic subgenus Sophophora of the genus Drosophila was first described by Alfred Sturtevant in 1939. It contains the best-known drosophilid species, Drosophila melanogaster. Sophophora translates as carrier (phora) of wisdom (sophos). The subgenus is paraphyletic because the genus Lordiphosa and the species Hirtodrosophila duncani are also placed within this subgenus.

<i>Hirtodrosophila</i> Genus of flies

Hirtodrosophila is a genus of fruit flies from the family Drosophilidae. Originally Hirtodrosophila was a subgenus of the genus Drosophila. It was raised to the status of genus by Grimaldi in 1990.

The subgenus Siphlodora belongs to genus Drosophila and consists of two species that share a sigmoid-shaped posterior crossvein. Phylogenetically, the subgenus is positioned within the virilis-repleta radiation.

<i>Chymomyza</i> Genus of flies

Chymomyza is a genus of vinegar flies.

<i>Zaprionus indianus</i> Species of fly

Zaprionus indianus, the African fig fly, is a species of vinegar fly in the family Drosophilidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drosophila immigrans species group</span> Species group of the subgenus Drosophila

The Drosophila immigrans species group is a polyphyletic and speciose lineage of Drosophila flies, including over 100 species. Immigrans species belong to the Immigrans-tripunctata radiation of the subgenus Drosophila. Well-described species include Drosophila immigrans, and the sister species Drosophila albomicans and Drosophila nasuta. The genome of D. albomicans was sequenced in 2012 in an effort to characterize novel sex chromosome development in D. albomicans. Immigrans group species are related to mushroom-breeding Drosophila of the Quinaria and Testacea species groups.

<i>Zaprionus tuberculatus</i> Species of fly

Zaprionus tuberculatus is a member of the subgenus and genus Zaprionus, family Drosophilidae, and order Diptera. It is an invasive fruit fly that originated in Africa, but can also be found in Europe and Asia. The fly earned its common name, the "vinegar fly", because researchers frequently captured the species using vinegar traps. Z. tuberculatus was previously considered a strictly tropical fly, but evidence of invasion to nontropical regions such as Turkey has been shown.

Hawaiian <i>Drosophila</i> Group of flies

The Hawaiian Drosophilidae are a lineage of flies within the genus Drosophila. This monophyletic clade includes all of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophila and all members of the genus Scaptomyza, which contains both Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian species. The Hawaiian Drosophilidae are descended from a common ancestor estimated to have lived 25 million years ago. Species of Hawaiian Drosophilidae flies have been studied as models of speciation and behavioral evolution. Along with other members of the native Hawaiian ecosystem, the conservations status of many species of Hawaiian Drosophilidae is threatened by habitat loss and introduced predators, among other factors.

Drosophila acanthomera is a species of fruit fly in the genus Drosophila.

Drosophila acelidota is a species of fly in the genus Drosophila. It is found in Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo.

Drosophila asticta is a species of fly in the genus Drosophila. It is found in Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo.

Drosophila cathara is a species of fly in the genus Drosophila. It is found in Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo.

Drosophila colobos is a species of fly in the genus Drosophila. It is found in Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo.

Drosophila montgomeryi is an endangered species of fly from the lineage of Hawaiian Drosophilidae. It is found on the island of Oahu.

Drosophila tarphytrichia is an endangered species of fly from Hawaii, in the species rich lineage of Hawaiian Drosophilidae. It is only found on the island of Oahu. While originally collected near Manoa Falls in 1949, this fly is thought to have been extirpated from the Koʻolau Range and now only found in the Waiʻanae Range. This species is a member of the lanaiensis subgroup in the picture-wing clade.

Drosophila musaphilia is an endangered species of fly from Hawaii, in the species rich lineage of Hawaiian Drosophilidae. It is only found on the island of Kauai. The last reported sighting of this species was in 1988.

Drosophila substenoptera is an endangered species of fly in the species rich lineage of Hawaiian Drosophilidae. It is only found on the island of Oahu,. Historically it was collected throughout the Ko'olau and Wai'anae ranges, but now is only known to occur near the summit of Mt. Kaala. D. substenoptera is a member of the planitibia species group and neopicta subgroup within the picture-wing clade.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Yassin, Amir; David, Jean (2010-07-23). "Revision of the Afrotropical species of Zaprionus (Diptera, Drosophilidae), with descriptions of two new species and notes on the internal reproductive structures and immature stages". ZooKeys (51): 33–72. Bibcode:2010ZooK...51...33Y. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.51.380 . ISSN   1313-2970. PMC   3088026 . PMID   21594121.
  2. ↑ Pfeiffer, Douglas G; Shrader, Meredith E; Wahls, James C E; Willbrand, Brittany N; Sandum, Ian; van der Linde, Kim; Laub, Curtis A; Mays, Ryan S; Day, Eric R (2019-01-01). "African Fig Fly (Diptera: Drosophilidae): Biology, Expansion of Geographic Range, and Its Potential Status as a Soft Fruit Pest". Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 10 (1). doi: 10.1093/jipm/pmz018 . ISSN   2155-7470.
  3. 1 2 3 Walt, Heinrich; Tobler, Heinz (1978). "Fine structural analysis of the thoracic longitudinal stripes ofZaprionus vittiger (Diptera)". Journal of Morphology. 155 (2): 173–179. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051550204. PMID   30227693. S2CID   52296197.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Yassin, A; Da Lage, JL; David, JR; Kondo, M; Madi-Ravazzi, L; Prigent, SR; Toda, MJ (2010). "Polyphyly of the Zaprionus genus group (Diptera: Drosophilidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 55 (1): 335–9. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.013. PMID   19761854.
  5. 1 2 Gerhard Bächli (1999–2006). "TaxoDros: the database on taxonomy of Drosophilidae".
  6. ↑ O'Grady PM, Beardsley JW and Perreira WD. (2002) New records for introduced Drosophilidae (Diptera) in Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 68:34–35.
  7. ↑ Vilela CR. (1999) Is Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) currently colonizing the Neotropical region? Drosophila Information Service 82:37–39.
  8. ↑ Kim van der Linde, Gary J. Steck, Ken Hibbard, Jeff S. Birdsley, Linette M Alonso and David Houle (2006) First records of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera, Drosophilidae), a pest species on commercial fruits, from Panama and the United States of America. Florida Entomologist 89:402–404.
  9. 1 2 Coquillett DW. (1902) New Diptera from Southern Africa. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 24:27–32.
  10. ↑ O'Grady, Patrick; Desalle, Rob (2008). "Out of Hawaii: the origin and biogeography of the genus Scaptomyza (Diptera: Drosophilidae)". Biology Letters. 4 (2): 195–9. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0575. PMC   2429922 . PMID   18296276.
  11. ↑ Robe, Lizandra J.; Loreto, Elgion L. S.; Valente, Vera L. S. (2010). "Radiation of the ,,Drosophila" subgenus (Drosophilidae, Diptera) in the Neotropics". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 48 (4): 310. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00563.x.
  12. ↑ Robe, Lizandra J.; Valente, Vera L. S.; Loreto, Elgion L. S. (2010). "Phylogenetic relationships and macro-evolutionary patterns within the Drosophila tripunctata "radiation" (Diptera: Drosophilidae)". Genetica. 138 (7): 725–35. doi:10.1007/s10709-010-9453-0. PMID   20376692. S2CID   22571522.
  13. 1 2 van der Linde K and Houle D. (2008). "A supertree analysis and literature review of the genus Drosophila and closely related genera" (PDF). Insect Systematics and Evolution. 39 (3): 241–267. doi:10.1163/187631208788784237.
  14. 1 2 Van Der Linde, KIM; Houle, David; Spicer, Greg S.; Steppan, Scott J. (2010). "A supermatrix-based molecular phylogeny of the family Drosophilidae". Genetics Research. 92 (1): 25–38. doi: 10.1017/S001667231000008X . PMID   20433773.
  15. ↑ Chassagnard MT. (1988) Esquisse phylogénétique du genre Zaprionus Coq. (Diptera: Drosophilidae) et description de trois nouvelles espèces afrotropicales. Nat. Can. 115:305–322.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Chassagnard MT and Tsacas L. (1993) Le sous-genre Zaprionus S.Str.: définition de groupes d'espèces et révision du sous-groupe vittiger (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 29:173–194.
  17. ↑ Yassin, A; Araripe, LO; Capy, P; Da Lage, JL; Klaczko, LB; Maisonhaute, C; Ogereau, D; David, JR (2008). "Grafting the molecular phylogenetic tree with morphological branches to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the genus Zaprionus (Diptera: Drosophilidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 47 (3): 903–15. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.036. PMID   18462955.
  18. 1 2 Yassin, Amir (2008). "Molecular and Morphometrical Revision of theZaprionus tuberculatusSpecies Subgroup (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with Descriptions of Two Cryptic Species". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 101 (6): 978–988. doi:10.1603/0013-8746-101.6.978. S2CID   86638647.
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