| Zygaena | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Zygaena ephialtes | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Zygaenidae |
| Subfamily: | Zygaeninae |
| Genus: | Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 |
| Synonyms | |
List
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Zygaena is a genus of moths in the family Zygaenidae. [1] [2] These brightly coloured, day-flying moths are native to the West Palearctic.
These moths are medium-sized and stocky. The antennae are club-shaped and finely serrated. The forewings have a black background, usually with a metallic sheen, and are spotted with red, yellow, or white. Their venation is characterized by the presence of five radial veins , with the third and fourth emerging from a common stem. The hindwings are red or yellow with a black border, or black with a central spot. The fringes of both wing pairs are usually black, less often grey or yellowish-white. The venation of this pair is characterized by the independent first and second cubital veins. The male genitalia are characterized by ovoid, rounded valves with a well-developed corona and lacking a sacculus . The uncus consists of paired, relatively weakly sclerotized , conical, and hairy appendages. The numerous spines on the aedeagus are located primarily on the dorsal and ventral plates. Females have a long eighth abdominal tergite , a short-lipped ovipositor , and the anterior gonapophyses are longer than the posterior ones. The copulatory pouch may be equipped with a variably developed stigma ( signum ) or this may be absent. [3]
Adalbert Seitz described them thus:
"Small, stout, black insects, sometimes with metallic gloss. Antenna very strongly developed; the club being considerably incrassate distally. Tongue long and strong. Legs rather short. Forewing elongate oval, black or red, rarely spotted with white or yellow. Hindwing small, usually red, seldom black. —Larva strongly humpbacked, very soft, downy-haired. Pupa in a paper-like silky cocoon, the sheaths of legs and wings being loosely soldered together. The moths are mostly local, their stations being often restricted to a mountain, a meadow, etc. They appear mostly in large numbers at their special localities, swarming about flowers, which they suck, for instance Scabious , Thistles, Eryngium , etc., their flight being slow and straight on. The body of these insects contains, as in the other Zygaenids, a yellow, acrid, oily liquid which renders them nauseous, protecting them not only against their enemies among the vertebrates, but apparently even against predatory insects, for instance Asilidae. Like all insects protected by the body-juices, they are extremely tenacious of life, enduring considerable wounds as well as resisting strong poison for some time (cyanide of potassium). They conceal themselves in no way, mostly resting conspicuously on stalks or sprigs, hardly taking to the wing when touched, so that one can often pick them off by the long antennae. The latter are not concealed beneath the wings when at rest, as in other Heterocera, but are held straight forward. The main locality for the genus are the Mediterranean coast districts, of Europe as well as of the Atlas countries and the Levant where the Zygaenae occur in a great abundance of forms, which partly intergrade and are found in immense numbers of specimens. There are often several individuals of different species on a flower, which easily explains that hybridisation obtains here more often than in any other group of Lepidoptera. However, such copulations appear to be mostly without result. The Zygaenae are best killed by injection of some strong tobacco juice With the help of the hollow needle of a morphia syringe.As in all protected Lepidoptera the specifically distinct forms are without exception very common at their localities, the commercial value depending solely on the accessibleness of these places. The number of species is largest in South Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor [including the Iranian plateau ] , thence decreasing rapidly in all directions but extending into the Punjab and the Nepalese valleys of the Himalayas and into Western Siberia. The species are on the whole very similar to one another and also very constant, varying only in certain directions. There occur of nearly all species individuals for instance with yellow instead of red markings. The normally six-spotted species may exceptionally have five spots, and inversely. In species which bear a red belt the latter may sometimes be absent, and in non-belted forms the belt may appear in rare cases. The spots of the forewing may be edged with white and merged. Lastly, the marginal band of the hindwing may be so widened as to more or less displace the red ground-colour. These various aberrations have in may cases received names. [4]
Subgenus MesembrynusHübner, [1819]
Subgenus AgrumeniaHübner, [1819]
Subgenus ZygaenaFabricius, 1775
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .