Zygaena trifolii

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Five-spot burnet
Five-spot burnet moth (Zygaena trifolii).jpg
At Strumpshaw Fen, Norfolk
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Zygaenidae
Genus: Zygaena
Species:
Z. trifolii
Binomial name
Zygaena trifolii
(Esper, 1783)
Synonyms
  • Sphinx trifoliiEsper, 1783
  • Zygaena trifolii vindilisensisLeraut, 2012

Zygaena trifolii, the five-spot burnet, is a day-flying moth in the family Zygaenidae found in North Africa and Europe. It was described by the German zoologist Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper in 1783 from the type specimen found in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Contents

Description

The wingspan is 28–33 mm. Adults are on wing from the mid-June to the beginning of August in one generation per year.

Ovum

Eggs are pale yellow and deposited in several layers to form an irregularly shaped batch. [1]

Larvae

The larvae feed on the leaves of greater bird's-foot trefoil ( Lotus uliginosus ) and bird's-foot trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus ). The species overwinters in the larval stage and may overwinter twice. [1]

Pupa

The pupa is shiny, black or blackish-brown and 10–18 mm long. Pupation of subsp descreta takes place in June and July in a cocoon which is spun high on marsh vegetation such as soft rush ( Juncus effusus ). Pupation of subsp palustrella takes place close to the ground and concealed amongst grass and other herbage in late-April to May. The cocoon is fusiform, irregularly ribbed and ranges from dirty white to creamy-white to bright yellow. [1]

Subspecies

Distributions where known. [2] [3]

  • Zygaena trifolii trifolii
  • Zygaena trifolii barcelonensisReiss, 1922
  • Zygaena trifolii caerulescensOberthur, 1910
  • Zygaena trifolii decretaVerity, 1925 (Great Britain)
  • Zygaena trifolii duponchelianaOberthur, 1910
  • Zygaena trifolii espunnicaReiss, 1936
  • Zygaena trifolii hiberaVerity, 1925
  • Zygaena trifolii lusitaniaemixtaVerity, 1930
  • Zygaena trifolii olbianaOberthur, 1910
  • Zygaena trifolii palustrella Verity, 1925 (Great Britain)
  • Zygaena trifolii palustrisOberthur, 1896
  • Zygaena trifolii pusillaOberthur, 1910
  • Zygaena trifolii subsyracusiaVerity, 1925
  • Zygaena trifolii syracusiaZeller, 1847 (the Channel Islands and the coastal regions of north-western France from Loire-Atlantique to Côtes-d'Armor and Ille-et-Vilaine)

Distribution

It is found in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia through the western Mediterranean, Great Britain and central Europe to Ukraine. It is not found in Scandinavia. [1] [4]

Taxonomy

The Danish zoologist, Johan Christian Fabricius initially raised the name Zygaena as the name for the fourth section of Carl Linnaeus classification of the moths and it was initially a family rather than a genus; containing 72 species of diverse moths. The first of the moths listed was filipendulae (the six-spot burnet), which may be the reason when Zygaena was relegated to genus level, it became associated with the burnets. The name has no relation to the actual moths, coming from the Greek zugaina and means a hammer-headed shark. The specific name trifolii, is from Trifolium – the clover genus, which are not larval food plants. The species has been divided into fourteen subspecies; Maitland Emmet gives meanings for the two subsp found in the UK. Subsp decreta was named by Ruggero Verity, from decretus – past part, or decerno – to separate, possibly to separate it from subsp palustrella. Subsp palustrella also named by Verity from paluster or palustris – belonging to a marsh; probably to indicate affinity with the Continental subsp palustris. The problem with the name is subsp palustrella occurs on dry downland, while subsp decreta occurs on marshes. [2] [5]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Tremewan, W G (1985). Heath, John; Maitland Emmet, A (eds.). Zygaenidae. In The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Colchester: Harley Books. pp. 110–11. ISBN   0-946589-19-4.
  2. 1 2 Emmet, A Maitland (1991). The Scientific Names of the British Lepidoptera. Their history and meaning. Colchester: Harley Books. p. 52. ISBN   0-946589-35-6.
  3. ↑ "Zygaena (Zygaena) trifolii (Esper, 1783)". PESI portal. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  4. ↑ Fauna Europaea
  5. ↑ Verity, R (1926). "Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps compared with other races". The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation. 38: 120–6.
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