Lotus corniculatus

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Lotus corniculatus
(MHNT) Lotus corniculatus - Plant habit.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Lotus
Species:
L. corniculatus
Binomial name
Lotus corniculatus
L.
Subspecies [1]
  • Lotus corniculatus subsp. afghanicus Chrtková
  • Lotus corniculatus subsp. corniculatus
  • Lotus corniculatus subsp. delortii (Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman
  • Lotus corniculatus subsp. fruticosus Chrtková
  • Lotus corniculatus subsp. preslii (Ten.) P.Fourn.
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Lotus alpicola(Beck) Miniaev, Ulle & Kritzk.
    • Lotus ambiguusBesser ex Spreng.
    • Lotus angustifoliusGueldenst.
    • Lotus arvensisPers.
    • Lotus balticusMiniaev
    • Lotus barcinonensisSennen
    • Lotus bracteatusWall.
    • Lotus callunetorum(Üksip) Miniaev
    • Lotus catalaunicusSennen
    • Lotus caucasicusKuprian.
    • Lotus colocensisMenyh.
    • Lotus corniculatus var. alandicusChrtková
    • Lotus corniculatus subsp. ambiguus(Besser ex Spreng.) Tzvelev
    • Lotus corniculatus var. arvensis(Pers.) Ser.
    • Lotus corniculatus subsp. callunetorum(Üksip) Tzvelev
    • Lotus corniculatus f. carnosus(Pers.) Ostenf.
    • Lotus corniculatus var. crassifoliusPers.
    • Lotus corniculatus var. fallaxChrtková
    • Lotus corniculatus var. futakiiStarm.
    • Lotus corniculatus subsp. komarovii(Miniaev) Tzvelev
    • Lotus corniculatus var. norvegicusChrtková
    • Lotus corniculatus var. posoniensisChrtková
    • Lotus corniculatus subsp. ruprechtii(Miniaev) Tzvelev
    • Lotus corniculatus var. sativusHyl.
    • Lotus corniculatus var. senneniiAfr.Fern.
    • Lotus corniculatus var. sibthorpii(Rouy) Asch. & Graebn.
    • Lotus corniculatus var. slovacus(Chrtková) Starm.
    • Lotus delortiiTimb.-Lagr.
    • Lotus delortii var. rivasiiAfr.Fern.
    • Lotus depressusWilld.
    • Lotus dvinensisMiniaev & Ulle
    • Lotus forsteriSweet
    • Lotus gibbusBeeke
    • Lotus haeupleriG.H.Loos
    • Lotus humifususWilld.
    • Lotus juzepczukiiSeregin
    • Lotus komaroviiMiniaev
    • Lotus norvegicus(Chrtková) Miniaev
    • Lotus olgaeKlokov
    • Lotus orphanidisUjhelyi
    • Lotus pentaphyllosGilib.
    • Lotus pilosissimusSchur
    • Lotus pilosusJord.
    • Lotus presliiTen.
    • Lotus ripariusPers.
    • Lotus rostellatusHeldr.
    • Lotus ruprechtiiMiniaev
    • Lotus sativus(Hyl.) Büscher & G.H.Loos
    • Lotus stenodon(Boiss. & Heldr.) Heldr.
    • Lotus suberectusG.H.Loos
    • Lotus symmetricusJord.
    • Lotus tauricusJuz.
    • Lotus tauricusSteud.
    • Lotus tchihatchewiiBoiss.
    • Lotus tenuifoliusC.Presl
    • Lotus uliginosusHoffm.
    • Lotus zhegulensisKlokov
    • Mullaghera communisBubani

Lotus corniculatus is a flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae, native to grasslands in temperate Eurasia and North Africa. Common names include common bird's-foot trefoil, [2] eggs and bacon, [3] birdsfoot deervetch, [4] and just bird's-foot trefoil, [5] though the latter name is often also applied to other members of the genus.

Contents

It is a perennial herbaceous plant, similar in appearance to some clovers. The name 'bird's foot' refers to the appearance of the seed pods on their stalk. Five leaflets are present, but with the central three held conspicuously above the others, hence the use of the name 'trefoil'. It is often used as forage and is widely used as food for livestock due to its nonbloating properties.

Description

The height of the plant is variable, from 5 to 20 centimetres (2 to 8 inches), occasionally more where supported by other plants; the stems can reach up to 50 cm (20 in) long. It is typically sprawling at the height of the surrounding grassland. It can survive fairly close grazing, trampling, and mowing. It is most often found in sandy soils. It flowers from June to September. The flowers develop into small pea-like pods or legumes.

The plant had many common English names in Britain, which are now mostly out of use. These names were often connected with the yellow and orange colour of the flowers, e.g. 'butter and eggs'. One name that is still used is eggs and bacon (or bacon and eggs). [6]

Lotus corniculatus flowers in southeastern Minnesota (late July 2016) Lotus corniculatus Minnesota.jpg
Lotus corniculatus flowers in southeastern Minnesota (late July 2016)

Subtaxa

The following subspecies are accepted: [1]

Distribution and habitat

Lotus corniculatus has a broad distribution worldwide. [5] [1] It is common everywhere in Britain [7] and Ireland. [8] [9] Habitats include old fields, grassy places, [10] and roadsides. [9]

Uses

It is used in agriculture as a forage plant, grown for pasture, hay, and silage. It is a high quality forage that does not cause bloat in ruminants. [11] Taller-growing cultivars have been developed for this.[ citation needed ] It may be used as an alternative to alfalfa in poor soils.

A double-flowered variety is grown as an ornamental plant. It is regularly included as a component of wildflower mixes in Europe. It can also prevent soil erosion and provide a good habitat for wildlife. [11]

Fresh bird's-foot trefoil contains cyanogenic glycosides, [12] which release small amounts of hydrogen cyanide when macerated. This is not normally poisonous to humans, though, as the dose is very low, and the metabolization of cyanide is relatively quick. [13] Condensed tannins are also present in L. corniculatus. [14]

In the traditional medicine of the Sannio regio of Italy, the diluted infusions were used for anxiety, insomnia, and exhaustion. [15]

Ecology

The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees. [16] In the Chicago Region, mostly non-native bees have been observed visiting the flowers, including Andrena wilkella , Anthidium oblongatum , Apis mellifera and Megachile rotundata . [17] The native bees Bombus impatiens and Megachile relativa have also been observed visiting birdsfoot trefoil flowers, though the latter only rarely. [17]

The plant is an important nectar source for many insects and is also used as a larval food plant by many species of Lepidoptera such as six-spot burnet and the silver-studded blue. [18] It is a host plant for the wood white butterfly, Leptidea sinapis . [19]

Invasive species

Birdsfoot trefoil is an invasive species in many parts of North America and Australia. It has been commonly planted along roadsides for erosion control or pastures for forage and then spreads into natural areas. [4] [17] Once it has established in an area, it can outcompete native species. [17] The use of prescribed fire is not an effective management tool against Lotus corniculatus and herbicide is recommended instead to control it. [17]

Related Research Articles

<i>Lotus</i> (genus) Genus of flowering plants in the bean family Fabaceae

Lotus, a latinization of Greek lōtos, is a genus of flowering plants that includes most bird's-foot trefoils and deervetches and contains many dozens of species distributed in the eastern hemisphere, including Africa, Europe, western, southern, and eastern Asia, and Australia and New Guinea. Depending on the taxonomic authority, roughly between 70 and 150 are accepted. Lotus is a genus of legumes and its members are adapted to a wide range of habitats, from coastal environments to high elevations.

<i>Lotus tenuis</i> Plant species in the pea family

Lotus tenuis is a flowering plant of the pea family Fabaceae, native to western and southern Europe and southwest Asia. Some botanists treat it as a subspecies of Lotus corniculatus, as L. corniculatus subsp. tenuifolius.

<i>Lotus pedunculatus</i> Species of legume

Lotus pedunculatus, the big trefoil, greater bird's-foot-trefoil or marsh bird's-foot trefoil, is a member of the pea family (Fabaceae).

<i>Acmispon glaber</i> Species of shrub

Acmispon glaber is a perennial subshrub in the family Fabaceae. The plant is a pioneer species found in dry areas of California, Arizona, and Mexico. It is commonly found in many areas including chaparral, coastal sand and roadsides at elevations below 1500 m.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dingy skipper</span> Species of butterfly

The dingy skipper is a species of butterfly in the family Hesperiidae.

<i>Leptidea sinapis</i> Species of butterfly

Leptidea sinapis, or the wood white butterfly of the family Pieridae, is a small white butterfly that is mainly found in England, Ireland, and Northern Europe. The butterfly has white wings with grey or yellow markings near the center or tip of the wing. It flies slowly and low over its shrubbery habitat. Males initiate courtship with females and can mate multiply, while females tend to only mate once in their lifetime.

<i>Linaria vulgaris</i> Species of plant

Linaria vulgaris, the common toadflax, yellow toadflax or butter-and-eggs, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae, native to Europe, Siberia and Central Asia. It has also been introduced and is now common in North America.

Bird's foot may refer to:

<i>Sambucus nigra</i> Species of flowering plant in the moschatel family Adoxaceae

Sambucus nigra is a species complex of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae native to most of Europe. Common names include elder, elderberry, black elder, European elder, European elderberry, and European black elderberry. It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations. The plant is widely grown as an ornamental shrub or small tree. Both the flowers and the berries have a long tradition of culinary use, primarily for cordial and wine.

<i>Dactylis glomerata</i> Species of grass

Dactylis glomerata is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae, known as cock's-foot, also colloquially as orchard grass, or cat grass (due to its popularity for use with domestic cats). It is a cool-season perennial C3 tufted grass native throughout most of Europe, temperate Asia, and northern Africa.

<i>Rhamphospermum arvense</i> Species of plant

Rhamphospermum arvense, the charlock mustard, field mustard, wild mustard, or just charlock, is an annual or winter annual plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is found in the fields of North Africa, Asia, Europe, and some other areas where it has been transported and naturalized. Pieris rapae, the small white butterfly, and Pieris napi, the green veined white butterfly, are significant consumers of charlock during their larval stages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corniculate</span>

Corniculate, an Anglicisation of the Latin diminutives corniculata, corniculatum, and corniculatus, describes an object possessing hornlike extensions. The root is Latin cornu = "horn". The term is used to describe the shape of the corniculate cartilages of the larynx. The horned puffin is named for its distinctive horn-like coloration. Likewise Oxalis corniculata is named for its two erect capsules, which resemble little horns, and the bird's-foot trefoil Lotus corniculatus and goat's horn mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum are named for their horn-shaped fruits.

<i>Zygaena trifolii</i> Species of moth

Zygaena trifolii, the five-spot burnet, is a day-flying moth in the family Zygaenidae found in North Africa and Europe. It was described by the German zoologist Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper in 1783 from the type specimen found in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

William Frederick Grant was a Canadian plant geneticist, biosystematist, educator, and environmental advocate who developed higher plant species for monitoring and testing for mutagenic effects of environmental pollutants. He has carried out research on the genetics of species of the genus Lotus (Leguminosae) and the forage species Lotus corniculatus developing an innovative procedure for increasing seed production in the legume birdsfoot trefoil.

NVC community CG3 is one of the calcicolous grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four communities of rank, tussocky grassland associated with low levels of grazing, within the lowland calcicolous grassland group.

NVC community CG6 is one of the calcicolous grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four communities of rank, tussocky grassland associated with low levels of grazing, within the lowland calcicolous grassland group.

<i>Lotus subbiflorus</i> Species of legume

Lotus subbiflorus, the hairy bird's-foot trefoil, is a flowering plant of the pea family Fabaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polruan to Polperro</span>

Polruan to Polperro is a coastal Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and Special Area of Conservation (SAC) in south-east Cornwall, England, UK, noted for its biological interest. It contains a wide variety of plant species and is a site for populations of breeding birds.

<i>Osmia uncinata</i> Species of bee

Osmia uncinata, the pinewood mason bee, is a species of solitary bee from the family Megachilidae It is an Arctic-alpine species which is found in the northern Palearctic, in the United Kingdom it is a Biodiversity Action Plan priority species.

Scythris siccella is a moth of the family Scythrididae first described by the German entomologist Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1839, found in Europe.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Lotus corniculatus L." Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  2. BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. "Bird's-foot trefoil". Plantlife. Archived from the original on 2022-04-13. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  4. 1 2 "Plant Fact Sheet, Birdsfoot Trefoil" (PDF). plants.usda.gov. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
  5. 1 2 USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Lotus corniculatus". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  6. Collins English Dictionary
  7. Martin, K. The Concise British Flora in Colour.
  8. Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press ISBN   978-185918-4783
  9. 1 2 Hackney, P. (Ed) 1992. Stewart & Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland, Third Edition. Institute of Irish Studies,The Queen's University of Belfast. ISBN   0-85389-446-9
  10. Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. Excursion Flora of the British Isles, Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-04656-4
  11. 1 2 Heuzé V.; Tran G.; Nozière P.; Lebas F. (2016). "Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)". Feedipedia.org. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  12. "Lotus corniculatus Bird's Foot Trefoil PFAF Plant Database". Pfaf.org.
  13. Scriber, J. Mark (1 January 1978). "Cyanogenic Glycosides in Lotus corniculatus. Their Effect upon Growth, Energy Budget, and Nitrogen Utilization of the Southern Armyworm, Spodoptera eridania". Oecologia. 34 (2): 143–155. doi:10.1007/BF00345163. JSTOR   4215630. PMID   28309546. S2CID   189827997.
  14. "The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus upon reproductive efficiency and wool production in sheep during late summer and autumn" (PDF). Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 61: 51–55. 1999. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  15. Guarino, Carmine (2008-08-30). "Ethnobotanical Study of the Sannio Area, Campania, Southern Italy" (PDF). Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 6: 255. doi: 10.17348/era.6.0.255-317 . ISSN   1547-3465.
  16. Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers" (PDF). Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID   25754608.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilhelm, Gerould; Rericha, Laura (2017). Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis. Indiana Academy of Sciences.
  18. Thomas, C. D.; Glen, S. W. T.; Lewis, O. T.; Hill, J. K.; Blakeley, D. S. (1999-02-01). "Population differentiation and conservation of endemic races: the butterfly, Plebejus argus". Animal Conservation. 2 (1): 15–21. Bibcode:1999AnCon...2...15T. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00044.x. ISSN   1469-1795. S2CID   44647405.
  19. Clarke, S. A.; Green, D. G.; Joy, J.; Wollen, K.; Butler, I. (2011-04-01). "Leptidea sinapis (Wood White butterfly) egg-laying habitat and adult dispersal studies in Herefordshire". Journal of Insect Conservation. 15 (1-2): 23–35. doi:10.1007/s10841-010-9300-8. ISSN 1366-638X.