1964 United States presidential election in Georgia

Main article: 1964 United States presidential election

1964 United States presidential election in Georgia

←  1960 November 3, 1964 1968  →

Nominee Barry Goldwater Lyndon B. Johnson Party Republican Democratic Home state Arizona Texas Running mate William E. Miller Hubert Humphrey Electoral vote 12 0 Popular vote 616,584 522,557 Percentage 54.12% 45.87%

County Results Goldwater   50-60%   60-70%   70-80%   80-90% Johnson   50-60%   60-70%   70-80%   80-90%

President before election Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic Elected President Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic

The 1964 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 3, 1964, as part of the 1964 United States presidential election, which was held on that day throughout all 50 states and The District of Columbia. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Georgia joined Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina and Louisiana in supporting the Arizona senator as a protest against the Civil Rights Act, ^[1] although it did so by a smaller margin – 8.25% – than any other Deep South state Goldwater carried. ^[2] Over-representation of urban areas in polling was blamed for this discrepancy. ^[3]

Goldwater's victory in Georgia in 1964 was the Republican Party's first-ever victory in the state in any presidential election. This was an incredible feat, especially given that Goldwater lost to Lyndon B. Johnson in a landslide. Between 1852 and 1960, Georgia had supported the Democratic Presidential nominee in every election with the sole exception of 1864, when Georgia had seceded from the Union. However, from this election onward, the Peach State has supported Democrats only four times, and two of those occurred when Georgia native Jimmy Carter was on the ballot while fellow southern Democrat Bill Clinton would do so the third time, in 1992, and then Joe Biden would do so narrowly in 2020. This was the first time since 1836 that a Democrat would win without Georgia, and the first time ever a Republican lost while carrying the state. Georgia was 1 of the 3 states that voted with a certain party for the first time in this election, the other two being Alaska and Vermont, both of which voted for a Democratic presidential candidate for the first time.

Campaign

James H. Gray Sr., the chair of the Georgia Democratic Party, supported Goldwater. ^[4] Calvin F. Craig, the head of the Ku Klux Klan in Georgia, supported Goldwater as he saw the election as a battle between Goldwater's "Americanism" and Johnson's "socialism". ^[5] A "Democrats for Goldwater" group was also organized by the "Citizens' Council". ^[6]

The majority of opinion polls between July and early October ^[7] suggested that, despite this widespread opposition to Johnson's programs, Goldwater would not win Georgia. In fact, in early August, Georgia was viewed as alongside Arkansas and North Carolina as the most secure southern state for Johnson. ^[8] Nevertheless, those Democratic Party delegates who refused to support Goldwater because of his policies on rural electrification and subsidies to tobacco farmers were concerned that Goldwater could carry Georgia – and the entire South – as early as late August. ^[9]

Moreover, in Valdosta in the far south, the region where resistance to black civil rights was most extreme, white union workers in September had been polled as supporting Goldwater 315 to 19, with 1 vote for George Wallace who would carry the state in 1968. ^[10] By the end of September, it was clear that the state was bitterly divided, with the previously rock-solid Democratic south rooting for Goldwater but defections from Republican support during the previous election in the northern counties appearing to be almost as widespread, ^[11] because there was some hope Johnson could reverse large population declines and win support through his program of War on Poverty. ^[12] By the end of October, amidst much campaigning in the state by both Johnson and Goldwater, it was generally thought Georgia was leaning towards the Republicans. ^[13]

Compared to the previous election, Georgia swung to the Republicans by over 34%, though this masked enormous regional differences. Among the rural areas of the "black belt" and the south of the state, there were enormous swings to Goldwater as the whites – the only people who voted – totally deserted Johnson. ^[14] For instance, Miller County went from 94% for Kennedy to only 14% for Johnson, and Lee County from 69% for Kennedy to only 19 percent for Johnson.

In contrast, only 55% of those Georgian voters who supported Nixon in 1960 remained with Goldwater. ^[15] Deserting of the Republicans in pro-Union and almost entirely white Appalachia gave Towns County to the Democrats for the first time since 1952, and nearly switched Gilmer and Pickens Counties. Illustrating the "bifurcated" political change in the state ^[16] was that while FDR carried the state by 83.83 percentage points in 1932, Herbert Hoover had won Towns County by 48 votes. One of the best examples of Pro-Unionists going to Democrats was Long County, which had only given Kennedy 23 percent of the vote in 1960, but gave Johnson 84% in 1964. ^{[17] [18]} Only 55% of those Georgian voters who supported Nixon in 1960 remained with Goldwater. ^[19] Goldwater received 65% of the white vote. ^[20]

During the concurrent House elections of 1964 in Georgia, Republicans picked up a seat from the Democrats, that being the Third District House seat won by Howard Callaway who became the first Republican to be elected to the House of Representatives from Georgia since Reconstruction.

Results

Pro-Union and almost entirely white Appalachia, which previously supported Republican candidates, gave Towns County to the Democrats for the first time since 1952, and nearly switched Gilmer and Pickens Counties. ^{[21] [22]}

General election results ^[23]

Party		Pledged to	Elector	Votes
	Republican Party	Barry Goldwater	Moye	616,600
	Republican Party	Barry Goldwater	Dougherty	616,584
	Republican Party	Barry Goldwater	Kaliher	616,425
	Republican Party	Barry Goldwater	Howard	616,380
	Republican Party	Barry Goldwater	Scholoth	616,330
	Republican Party	Barry Goldwater	Kent	616,292
	Republican Party	Barry Goldwater	Pickett	616,289
	Republican Party	Barry Goldwater	Levison	616,284
	Republican Party	Barry Goldwater	Wasden	616,244
	Republican Party	Barry Goldwater	Hartness	616,197
	Republican Party	Barry Goldwater	Stokes	616,017
	Republican Party	Barry Goldwater	Smith	615,851
	Democratic Party	Lyndon B. Johnson (incumbent)	Sanders	522,557
	Democratic Party	Lyndon B. Johnson (incumbent)	Fuqua	522,457
	Democratic Party	Lyndon B. Johnson (incumbent)	Rutland	522,425
	Democratic Party	Lyndon B. Johnson (incumbent)	Smith	522,423
	Democratic Party	Lyndon B. Johnson	Richardson	522,408
	Democratic Party	Lyndon B. Johnson (incumbent)	Peters	522,392
	Democratic Party	Lyndon B. Johnson (incumbent)	Gillis	522,391
	Democratic Party	Lyndon B. Johnson (incumbent)	Fickling	522,387
	Democratic Party	Lyndon B. Johnson (incumbent)	Lewis	522,373
	Democratic Party	Lyndon B. Johnson (incumbent)	Carmichael	522,196
	Democratic Party	Lyndon B. Johnson (incumbent)	Ellard	522,189
	Democratic Party	Lyndon B. Johnson (incumbent)	Barnes	522,163
	Write-in		George Wallace	39
	Write-in		Richard Russell	24
	Write-in		Richard B. Russell	24
	Write-in		Herman Talmadge	19
	Write-in		William Scranton	10
	Write-in		Adlai Stevenson	10
	Write-in		Geo. Wallace	10
	Write-in		Richard Nixon	9
	Write-in		Geo. W. Wallace	7
	Write-in		Henry Cabot Lodge	6
	Write-in		Lester Maddox	5
	Write-in		Robert F. Kennedy	4
	Write-in		Robert Kennedy	3
	Write-in		Nelson Rockefeller	3
	Write-in		Walter Cronkite	2
	Write-in		Lang Gammon	2
	Write-in		Dick Russell	2
	Write-in		George C. Wallace	2
	Write-in		Thomas B. Chapman	1
	Write-in		Clifton Dewberry	1
	Write-in		Marvin Griffin	1
	Write-in		Joseph B. Lightburn	1
	Write-in		George Romney	1
	Write-in		Governor Romney	1
	Write-in		Dean Rusk	1
	Write-in		Wm. Scranton	1
	Write-in		Margaret Chase Smith	1
	Write-in		Adelaide Stevenson	1
	Write-in		Harry S. Truman	1
	Write-in		George A. Wallace	1
	Write-in		Gov. Wallace	1
	Write-in		Robert Welch	1
Total votes				1,139,352

Results by county

County	Barry Morris Goldwater Republican		Lyndon Baines Johnson Democratic		Various candidates Write-ins		Margin		Total votes cast
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Appling	2,597	62.44%	1,562	37.56%			1,035	24.88%	4,159
Atkinson	1,157	58.76%	811	41.19%	1	0.05%	346	17.57%	1,969
Bacon	2,136	64.43%	1,179	35.57%			957	28.86%	3,315
Baker	914	60.33%	600	39.60%	1	0.07%	314	20.73%	1,515
Baldwin	3,430	55.59%	2,740	44.41%			690	11.18%	6,170
Banks	548	30.34%	1,258	69.66%			-710	-39.32%	1,806
Barrow	2,316	50.42%	2,277	49.58%			39	0.84%	4,593
Bartow	2,813	37.77%	4,635	62.23%			-1,822	-24.46%	7,448
Ben Hill	2,089	57.82%	1,523	42.15%	1	0.03%	566	15.67%	3,613
Berrien	4,073	60.51%	2,658	39.49%			1,415	21.02%	6,731
Bibb	25,641	58.98%	17,831	41.02%			7,810	17.96%	43,472
Bleckley	2,578	72.50%	978	27.50%			1,600	45.00%	3,556
Brantley	1,231	57.52%	909	42.48%			322	15.04%	2,140
Brooks	2,342	69.50%	1,027	30.47%	1	0.03%	1,315	39.03%	3,370
Bryan	1,433	62.58%	857	37.42%			576	25.16%	2,290
Bulloch	4,823	63.94%	2,720	36.06%			2,103	27.88%	7,543
Burke	3,034	71.52%	1,208	28.48%			1,826	43.04%	4,242
Butts	1,261	45.12%	1,534	54.88%			-273	-9.76%	2,795
Calhoun	1,066	78.67%	289	21.33%			777	57.34%	1,355
Camden	1,802	51.56%	1,693	48.44%			109	3.12%	3,495
Candler	1,710	68.26%	795	31.74%			915	36.52%	2,505
Carroll	4,984	50.96%	4,794	49.02%	2	0.02%	190	1.94%	9,780
Catoosa	4,143	58.59%	2,922	41.32%	6	0.08%	1,221	17.27%	7,071
Charlton	1,179	67.26%	574	32.74%			605	34.52%	1,753
Chatham	33,141	58.85%	23,176	41.15%	1	0.00%	9,965	17.70%	56,318
Chattahoochee	246	56.29%	191	43.71%			55	12.58%	437
Chattooga	1,476	27.01%	3,986	72.94%	3	0.05%	-2,510	-45.93%	5,465
Cherokee	3,398	51.59%	3,189	48.41%			209	3.18%	6,587
Clarke	4,875	39.33%	7,519	60.67%			-2,644	-21.34%	12,394
Clay	544	60.04%	360	39.74%	2	0.22%	184	20.30%	906
Clayton	10,488	64.08%	5,869	35.86%	10	0.06%	4,619	28.22%	16,367
Clinch	1,084	60.56%	706	39.44%			378	21.12%	1,790
Cobb	20,863	55.62%	16,647	44.38%	1	0.00%	4,216	11.24%	37,511
Coffee	4,392	61.76%	2,719	38.24%			1,673	23.52%	7,111
Colquitt	6,493	71.67%	2,563	28.29%	4	0.04%	3,930	43.38%	9,060
Columbia	2,575	64.33%	1,428	35.67%			1,147	28.66%	4,003
Cook	2,058	60.62%	1,337	39.38%			721	21.24%	3,395
Coweta	3,656	49.62%	3,712	50.38%			-56	-0.76%	7,368
Crawford	957	56.96%	723	43.04%			234	13.92%	1,680
Crisp	3,337	65.52%	1,756	34.48%			1,581	31.04%	5,093
Dade	1,378	52.84%	1,227	47.05%	3	0.12%	151	5.79%	2,608
Dawson	639	40.67%	932	59.33%			-293	-18.66%	1,571
Decatur	5,060	71.55%	2,011	28.44%	1	0.01%	3,049	43.11%	7,072
DeKalb	49,448	57.10%	37,154	42.90%			12,294	14.20%	86,602
Dodge	3,285	58.03%	2,376	41.97%			909	16.06%	5,661
Dooly	1,662	53.05%	1,471	46.95%			191	6.10%	3,133
Dougherty	12,776	70.88%	5,248	29.12%			7,528	41.76%	18,024
Douglas	3,315	57.00%	2,501	43.00%			814	14.00%	5,816
Early	2,398	75.67%	771	24.33%			1,627	51.34%	3,169
Echols	399	68.44%	184	31.56%			215	36.88%	583
Effingham	2,676	79.74%	680	20.26%			1,996	59.48%	3,356
Elbert	1,887	37.30%	3,172	62.70%			-1,285	-25.40%	5,059
Emanuel	3,311	59.23%	2,279	40.77%			1,032	18.46%	5,590
Evans	1,572	66.30%	799	33.70%			773	32.60%	2,371
Fannin	3,433	54.77%	2,834	45.21%	1	0.02%	599	9.56%	6,268
Fayette	1,349	59.98%	896	39.84%	4	0.18%	453	20.14%	2,249
Floyd	9,849	52.85%	8,750	46.95%	37	0.20%	1,099	5.90%	18,636
Forsyth	1,471	46.64%	1,682	53.33%	1	0.03%	-211	-6.69%	3,154
Franklin	864	23.84%	2,758	76.10%	2	0.06%	-1,894	-52.26%	3,624
Fulton	73,205	43.90%	93,540	56.09%	11	0.01%	-20,335	-12.19%	166,756
Gilmer	2,167	50.09%	2,159	49.91%			8	0.18%	4,326
Glascock	836	86.19%	134	13.81%			702	72.38%	970
Glynn	7,341	56.22%	5,712	43.75%	4	0.03%	1,629	12.47%	13,057
Gordon	2,317	41.55%	3,260	58.45%			-943	-16.90%	5,577
Grady	2,983	61.25%	1,887	38.75%			1,096	22.50%	4,870
Greene	1,093	28.83%	2,698	71.17%			-1,605	-42.34%	3,791
Gwinnett	6,823	50.42%	6,705	49.55%	3	0.02%	118	0.87%	13,531
Habersham	1,595	31.84%	3,412	68.12%	2	0.04%	-1,817	-36.28%	5,009
Hall	4,296	34.90%	8,003	65.01%	11	0.09%	-3,707	-30.11%	12,310
Hancock	925	46.27%	1,074	53.73%			-149	-7.46%	1,999
Haralson	3,129	58.85%	2,186	41.11%	2	0.04%	943	17.74%	5,317
Harris	2,166	69.74%	940	30.26%			1,226	39.48%	3,106
Hart	1,166	27.00%	3,142	72.77%	10	0.23%	-1,976	-45.77%	4,318
Heard	807	43.18%	1,061	56.77%	1	0.05%	-254	-13.59%	1,869
Henry	3,125	46.58%	3,583	53.41%	1	0.01%	-458	-6.83%	6,709
Houston	6,532	60.53%	4,258	39.46%	1	0.01%	2,274	21.07%	10,791
Irwin	2,017	73.16%	740	26.84%			1,277	46.32%	2,757
Jackson	1,664	29.62%	3,953	70.38%			-2,289	-40.76%	5,617
Jasper	1,075	55.90%	848	44.10%			227	11.80%	1,923
Jeff Davis	1,875	71.56%	745	28.44%			1,130	43.12%	2,620
Jefferson	2,950	70.15%	1,253	29.80%	2	0.05%	1,697	40.35%	4,205
Jenkins	1,509	62.43%	908	37.57%			601	24.86%	2,417
Johnson	1,940	73.99%	682	26.01%			1,258	47.98%	2,622
Jones	1,805	56.67%	1,380	43.33%			425	13.34%	3,185
Lamar	1,570	50.30%	1,548	49.60%	3	0.10%	22	0.70%	3,121
Lanier	719	52.10%	661	47.90%			58	4.20%	1,380
Laurens	5,457	58.76%	3,828	41.22%	2	0.02%	1,629	17.54%	9,287
Lee	1,041	81.01%	244	18.99%			797	62.02%	1,285
Liberty	1,458	39.73%	2,212	60.27%			-754	-20.54%	3,670
Lincoln	943	72.76%	353	27.24%			590	45.52%	1,296
Long	246	15.55%	1,336	84.45%			-1,090	-68.90%	1,582
Lowndes	6,811	60.95%	4,363	39.04%	1	0.01%	2,448	21.91%	11,175
Lumpkin	855	41.81%	1,189	58.14%	1	0.05%	-334	-16.33%	2,045
Macon	1,723	61.56%	1,076	38.44%			647	23.12%	2,799
Madison	1,190	33.70%	2,341	66.30%			-1,151	-32.60%	3,531
Marion	719	66.27%	365	33.64%	1	0.09%	354	32.63%	1,085
McDuffie	2,657	70.27%	1,124	29.73%			1,533	40.54%	3,781
McIntosh	795	39.99%	1,193	60.01%			-398	-20.02%	1,988
Meriwether	2,250	48.14%	2,423	51.84%	1	0.02%	-173	-3.70%	4,674
Miller	1,658	85.82%	274	14.18%			1,384	71.64%	1,932
Mitchell	3,265	73.17%	1,197	26.83%			2,068	46.34%	4,462
Monroe	1,665	51.33%	1,578	48.64%	1	0.03%	87	2.69%	3,244
Montgomery	1,409	61.61%	878	38.39%			531	23.22%	2,287
Morgan	1,485	47.31%	1,654	52.69%			-169	-5.38%	3,139
Murray	1,064	30.44%	2,426	69.41%	5	0.14%	-1,362	-38.97%	3,495
Muscogee	21,025	62.81%	12,446	37.18%	3	0.01%	8,579	25.63%	33,474
Newton	2,678	42.52%	3,620	57.48%			-942	-14.96%	6,298
Oconee	1,241	53.63%	1,073	46.37%			168	7.26%	2,314
Oglethorpe	1,126	56.58%	864	43.42%			262	13.16%	1,990
Paulding	1,914	43.23%	2,513	56.77%			-599	-13.54%	4,427
Peach	1,970	55.40%	1,585	44.57%	1	0.03%	385	10.83%	3,556
Pickens	1,955	50.32%	1,930	49.68%			25	0.64%	3,885
Pierce	1,981	66.86%	982	33.14%			999	33.72%	2,963
Pike	1,064	52.94%	946	47.06%			118	5.88%	2,010
Polk	3,282	41.86%	4,555	58.10%	3	0.04%	-1,273	-16.24%	7,840
Pulaski	1,768	64.86%	953	34.96%	5	0.18%	815	29.90%	2,726
Putnam	1,196	54.02%	1,018	45.98%			178	8.04%	2,214
Quitman	377	62.11%	230	37.89%			147	24.22%	607
Rabun	551	23.48%	1,796	76.52%			-1,245	-53.04%	2,347
Randolph	1,656	63.18%	962	36.70%	3	0.11%	694	26.48%	2,621
Richmond	21,481	61.32%	13,545	38.67%	3	0.01%	7,936	22.65%	35,029
Rockdale	1,503	43.25%	1,972	56.75%			-469	-13.50%	3,475
Schley	577	60.48%	377	39.52%			200	20.96%	954
Screven	2,260	60.98%	1,446	39.02%			814	21.96%	3,706
Seminole	1,294	75.19%	427	24.81%			867	50.38%	1,721
Spalding	4,763	46.56%	5,466	53.44%			-703	-6.88%	10,229
Stephens	1,371	28.24%	3,483	71.76%			-2,112	-43.52%	4,854
Stewart	1,037	73.39%	373	26.40%	3	0.21%	664	46.99%	1,413
Sumter	3,774	68.61%	1,727	31.39%			2,047	37.22%	5,501
Talbot	679	51.99%	627	48.01%			52	3.98%	1,306
Taliaferro	337	34.92%	628	65.08%			-291	-30.16%	965
Tattnall	3,264	66.45%	1,648	33.55%			1,616	32.90%	4,912
Taylor	1,372	55.55%	1,097	44.41%	1	0.04%	275	11.14%	2,470
Telfair	1,914	50.55%	1,872	49.45%			42	1.10%	3,786
Terrell	1,921	77.15%	569	22.85%			1,352	54.30%	2,490
Thomas	6,306	65.94%	3,257	34.06%			3,049	31.88%	9,563
Tift	4,650	67.04%	2,286	32.96%			2,364	34.08%	6,936
Toombs	3,543	67.77%	1,685	32.23%			1,858	35.54%	5,228
Towns	1,140	46.88%	1,289	53.00%	3	0.12%	-149	-6.12%	2,432
Treutlen	722	35.15%	1,331	64.80%	1	0.05%	-609	-29.65%	2,054
Troup	5,277	46.66%	6,032	53.34%			-755	-6.68%	11,309
Turner	1,672	69.93%	719	30.07%			953	39.86%	2,391
Twiggs	1,178	59.98%	786	40.02%			392	19.96%	1,964
Union	1,473	40.83%	2,135	59.17%			-662	-18.34%	3,608
Upson	3,103	48.61%	3,275	51.30%	6	0.09%	-172	-2.69%	6,384
Walker	5,939	52.09%	5,454	47.84%	8	0.07%	485	4.25%	11,401
Walton	2,874	54.99%	2,350	44.97%	2	0.04%	524	10.02%	5,226
Ware	4,948	48.81%	5,189	51.19%			-241	-2.38%	10,137
Warren	1,070	73.59%	384	26.41%			686	47.18%	1,454
Washington	2,296	55.63%	1,830	44.34%	1	0.02%	466	11.29%	4,127
Wayne	3,619	62.39%	2,182	37.61%			1,437	24.78%	5,801
Webster	457	76.04%	144	23.96%			313	52.08%	601
Wheeler	849	46.42%	980	53.58%			-131	-7.16%	1,829
White	840	35.55%	1,520	64.33%	3	0.13%	-680	-28.78%	2,363
Whitfield	4,546	38.27%	7,330	61.70%	4	0.03%	-2,784	-23.43%	11,880
Wilcox	1,794	66.59%	900	33.41%			894	33.18%	2,694
Wilkes	1,652	53.48%	1,437	46.52%			215	6.96%	3,089
Wilkinson	2,172	69.28%	963	30.72%			1,209	38.56%	3,135
Worth	3,157	78.55%	862	21.45%			2,295	57.10%	4,019
Totals	616,584	54.12%	522,556	45.87%	195	0.02%	94,028	8.25%	1,139,335

References

1. Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004, pp. 90-92 ISBN   0786422173
2. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; 1964 Presidential General Election Results – Georgia
3. Burnham, Walter Dean; 'American Voting Behavior and the 1964 Election', Midwest Journal of Political Science, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Feb., 1968), p. 34
4. 'Georgia Demos Will Support National Ticket'; Rome News-Tribune , November 10, 1967, p. 1
5. 'Georgia KKK Endorses Barry For Presidency', Chicago Daily Defender , July 28, 196, p. 3
6. McMillen, Neil R.; The Citizens' Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954-64, p. 351 ISBN   0252064410
7. Grimes, Roy; 'Look Away, Look Away...'; The Victoria Advocate , October 11, 1964, p. 4A
8. Roberts, Chalmers M.; 'Goldwater Riding High in South, Survey Finds: Has Firm Hold on Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana and Florida; Texas Rates Tossup'; Los Angeles Times, August 2, 1964, p. 12
9. 'South Ponders: "If Georgia Goes to Goldwater ...": Organization Noted'; The Christian Science Monitor , August 25, 1964, p. 1
10. 'Goldwater Tops Johnson In a Georgia Union Poll' (Special to The New York Times); The New York Times , September 13, 1964; p. 57
11. Baird, Joseph H.; 'Georgia Vote Doubts Build: Opportunism Charged', Christian Science Monitor, September 16, 1964; p. 11
12. Hunter, Marjorie; 'Poverty Is Issue in Georgia Hills: Democrats Hope to Reverse Their G.O.P. Tradition' (Special to The New York Times); The New York Times, October 19, 1964, p. 26
13. Selover, William C.; 'Nationwide Poll of Polls Shows Wide Agreement on Outcome of Election: Georgia to Goldwater', The Christian Science Monitor, October 30, 1964, p. 6
14. Coleman, Kenneth (editor); A History of Georgia, p. 399 ISBN   082031269X
15. Gimpel, James G. and Schuknecht, Jason E.; Patchwork Nation: Sectionalism and Political Change in American Politics, p. 204 ISBN   0472022911
16. Mickey, Robert; Paths out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America, p. 77 ISBN   1400838789
17. Robinson, Edgar Eugene; The Presidential Vote, 1896-1932, p. 172 ISBN   080471696X
18. Coleman, Kenneth (editor); A History of Georgia, p. 399 ISBN   082031269X
19. Gimpel, James G. and Schuknecht, Jason E.; Patchwork Nation: Sectionalism and Political Change in American Politics, p. 204 ISBN   0472022911
20. Black & Black 1992, p. 155.
21. Robinson, Edgar Eugene; The Presidential Vote, 1896-1932, p. 172 ISBN   080471696X
22. Mickey, Robert; Paths out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America, p. 77 ISBN   1400838789
23. Georgia's Official Register, 1963-1964 (PDF). Atlanta, Georgia: Department of Archives and History. pp. 1500–1507, 1532–1533.

Works cited

• Black, Earl; Black, Merle (1992). The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected. Harvard University Press. ISBN   0674941306.