Tangier, Virginia

Last updated

Tangier Island, Virginia
Town
Tangier School and Water Tower.jpg
Tangier Combined School and the Tangier water tower, two landmarks on the island
Flag of Tangier, Virginia.svg
Flag
USA Virginia location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Tangier
Usa edcp location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Tangier
Coordinates: 37°49′33″N75°59′32″W / 37.82583°N 75.99222°W / 37.82583; -75.99222
Country United States
State Virginia
County Accomack
Government
 • MayorJames Eskridge
Area
[1]
 • Total0.54 sq mi (1.40 km2)
 • Land0.54 sq mi (1.40 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)
Elevation
[2]
3 ft (0.9 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total436
 • Density805.9/sq mi (311.42/km2)
Time zone UTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST) UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP code
23440
Area code(s) 757, 948
FIPS code 51-77520 [3]
GNIS feature ID1500206 [2]

Tangier is a town in Accomack County, Virginia, United States, on Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay. The population was 436 at the 2020 census. [4] Since 1850, the island's landmass has been reduced by 67%. Under the mid-range sea level rise scenario, much of the remaining landmass is expected to be lost in the next 50 years and the town will likely need to be abandoned. [5]

Contents

The people who came to permanently settle the island arrived in the 1770s, and were farmers. In the late 19th century, the islanders began to become more dependent on harvesting crabs and oysters from the Chesapeake Bay. [6] As the waterman livelihood became more important and more lucrative, there were often conflicts among the oyster dredgers and oyster tongers in the bay, and between those living in Maryland and those living in Virginia. [7]

Many people who live on Tangier speak a distinctive dialect of Southern American English. [8] [9] Scholars have disputed how much of the dialect is derived from British English lexicon and phonetics, particularly from Cornish. Linguist David Shores has argued that there is little evidence for this claim and, while the Tangier dialect is distinctive, it is more likely a mixture of several regional dialects on the Eastern Seaboard. [10] The persistence of this dialectal variety is often attributed to the geographic isolation of the population from the mainland. Tangier Island is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. [11]

History

Tangier Island was likely used as a hunting and fishing ground by Native Americans prior to European arrival. A number of Native American artifacts and a large oyster midden have been found on the island, but the island was not inhabited when it was visited in 1608 by John Smith. Smith called the region the "Russel Isles", but it is unclear whether this name was applied originally to Tangier, the nearby Watts Island, or both. [12]

In 1670, Ambrose White, a tavern owner from Accomac, Virginia, received a patent for the island. The next year, it was transferred to Charles Scarburgh and John West, two prominent estate owners from Accomack County who used the island to graze livestock. [13]

Today many of the inhabitants have the surname Crockett, which was the name of the first permanent Anglo-American settler in the late 18th century, John Crockett. [14] Other common surnames on the island include Pruitt, Thomas, Marshall, Charnock, Dise, Shores, and Parks. By 1900 there were 1,064 inhabitants.[ citation needed ]

The British used the island as a staging area in 1813 and 1814 under Rear Admiral George Cockburn during the War of 1812, constructing Fort Albion when there were as many as 1,200 British troops recorded as being present on the island at one time. Many black slaves escaped to the British on Tangier and were given their freedom. Some joined the Corps of Colonial Marines. When a dozen British sailors were captured, their account of hardships encountered with shortages of food and water on the island, and the construction of Fort Albion, were reported in a local newspaper. [15]

Tangier was used as the base for the attack on the American capital in the decisive British victory at Bladensburg and the subsequent Burning of Washington in August 1814. This was followed by the Battle of Baltimore, when a failed British naval bombardment and barge assault on Fort McHenry in Baltimore harbor and the simultaneous Battle of North Point southeast of the city on September 12–14, 1814, influenced Francis Scott Key's writing of the poem that became "The Star-Spangled Banner", named the American national anthem in 1931. [16]

The original church on the island was called Lee's Bethel and burned down in the 19th century. A bench marking its location is in the graveyard in Canton. The present-day church on the island, Swain Memorial Methodist Church, was established in 1835. The other church is called the New Testament Congregation, established in 1946, a non-denominational Christian place of worship. For various reasons, both historical and practical, burials are sometimes located in the yards of houses. There are also churchyard cemeteries at each of the island's churches.[ citation needed ]

A typical cemetery on the island, showing overcrowding TangierCemetery.jpg
A typical cemetery on the island, showing overcrowding

Three 21st-century hurricanes, Isabel in 2003, Ernesto in 2006, and Sandy in 2012, caused much of the island to flood. A few houses were abandoned or torn down due to storm damage, while others have been elevated on new foundations. New buildings continue to be built on the island.[ citation needed ]

In the 1960s, the United States Army took over portions of Tangier Island via eminent domain, forcing some residents including Walter Crockett and Maggie Eskridge Crockett to move to Exmore on mainland Virginia, so the military could conduct missile testing. [17] [18]

Geography

Map of Tangier and its surrounding islands TangierMap.svg
Map of Tangier and its surrounding islands

Tangier Island is located in the Chesapeake Bay in Accomack County, Virginia. The island is composed of three sandy ridges divided by marshes and tidal streams. These three ridges, called West Ridge, Main Ridge, and Canton Ridge from east to west, run parallel north-to-south. [19] Most of the island's institutions, including the post office, restaurants, and Tangier Combined School, are located on the Main Ridge. [20] The island's West Ridge has four bridges to the Main Ridge, a seawall built in 1990 to combat erosion, and is home to Tangier Island Airport. [21] [22] Canton Ridge is connected by just one bridge and, while once the largest ridge with up to 30 families, today is the smallest ridge and home to just a few families. [20]

Some smaller, mostly uninhabited, islands surround Tangier. The largest of these, called Uppards and located just north of the main island, was home to a community of up to 40 families called Canaan before its abandonment in 1928 due to the enlargement of the channel separating it from Tangier. Today, the island contains a few structures used as hunting lodges. [23] Port Isobel, also called East Point Marsh, lies to the east-northeast and is home to an education center owned by the Chesapeake Bay Foundation. [24] [25] Some other formally inhabited islands lie north of Uppards, and some others have been submerged; these include Shanks, Wheeler's Hole, Fishbone, and Piney Islands. [24]

Reduction in land mass

Tangier Island in October 2023, taken at high tide from the steps of Tangier Combined School. Tangier Island flooding.jpg
Tangier Island in October 2023, taken at high tide from the steps of Tangier Combined School.

The island is at risk of disappearing due to upland to wetland conversion and rising sea levels caused by climate change; [26] since 1850, the island's landmass has been reduced by 67%. Under a mid-range sea level rise scenario, two of the islands’ three ridges are expected to become wetland in the 2030s, with the third expected to succumb by 2051. [5]

Many residents believe that erosion is the cause of the increasing incidence and severity of flooding. [27] A 2015 study by Davide M. Schulte, Karin M. Dridge and Mark H. Hudgins, all members of the Army Corps of Engineers, concluded that Tangier has 25–50 years of habitability remaining and that the subsidence of the ridges is ongoing since at least the mid-19th century. The authors also conclude that the primary causes of the subsidence in the southern Chesapeake Bay region are sea-level rise due to the melting of the Laurentide ice sheet, groundwater extraction on mainland Virginia, and the remaining effects of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater near Cape Charles, Virginia, 35.5 million years ago. [28]

The town has been talking with political representatives for decades to get protection for the island in the form of jetties or sea walls. The Town, the History Museum, and townspeople continue to raise money for their sea wall fund. [29] In 2017, CNN aired a story about Tangier that featured the town's mayor, James W. Eskridge. President Donald Trump called the mayor personally to assure him that the town would survive but offered no concrete form of relief or financial aid. [30] [31] [32] [33]

Marshes and waterfowl

The marshes outside of town Townoftangier.JPG
The marshes outside of town

Tangier and nearby islands are valuable tidal salt marsh habitat for waterfowl, especially as there is a general absence of predators for ground-nesting birds and birds in general. [34] Tangier marshes are home to many birds, including pelicans, blue herons, rails, egrets, several varieties of ducks and geese, and osprey. The group of islands is one of the "few remaining population strongholds for American Black Ducks in Virginia." [34]

Including the surrounding marshes, Tangier Island totals less than 740 acres (300 hectares), but only 83 acres (34 hectares) are high enough for habitation. The highest point of land is barely 4 feet (1.2 m) above sea level, and about 9 acres (3.6 hectares) of Tangier shoreline are estimated to erode into the Chesapeake each year. Local residents see their existence threatened from falling catches, state regulation of the waterman livelihood on the Bay, constant erosion, and increasingly frequent flooding. [35]

Transportation

The Chesapeake Breeze, in port at Reedville, Virginia. Reedville-Tangier cruise boat.jpg
The Chesapeake Breeze, in port at Reedville, Virginia.

The modes of transportation off the island are boats and airplane. There is an airport, open from dawn to dusk. [36] There are two boats that travel regularly from Crisfield, Maryland, across Tangier Sound to Tangier. Passengers and mail are carried on these boats. The mail boat, the Courtney Thomas, leaves Tangier at 8:00 am and leaves Crisfield at 12:30 pm. The Steven Thomas, a 300-passenger cruise boat, leaves Crisfield at 12:30 pm during the summer season from Memorial Day weekend through mid-October and departs Tangier at 4:00 pm. In the summer season, the Chesapeake Breeze travels daily from Reedville, Virginia, on the Western Shore, leaving Reedville at 10:00 am and leaving Tangier at 2:00 pm. The ferry service to and from Onancock, Virginia on the Joyce Marie II runs daily from the first weekend of May through the first weekend of October. [37]

Transportation on the island does not rely heavily on automobiles. Some residents outfit golf carts with passenger trailers to offer "historical tours" of the island for tourists. The roads on Tangier are wide enough for two golf carts. Tourists and islanders often use golf carts, boats, mopeds, and bikes, but some have trucks and cars.

Language

A recording of a resident of Tangier Island who was born in the late 1800s, showcasing the island's unique accent

Many who live on Tangier Island speak a distinctive dialect of Southern American English, which scholars have disputed as derived from 17th and 18th-century British English (Early Modern and Modern English) lexicon and phonetics. Historical linguist David Shores has noted that, while it may sound like a British variety of English, the dialect is a creation of its own time and place off the eastern shore of Virginia, preserving certain features of its British origins in part due to isolation, but not unchanged. [38] The persistence of this dialectical variety is often attributed to the geographic isolation of the population from the mainland. Many non-scholarly sources (i.e. the popular media and press) report that they think the origin of the unique dialect came from early European settlers from Cornwall and Devon in the United Kingdom, [9] but this is disputed by Shores. [39] BBC Travel made a short film [40] on the language.

The local accent is sometimes compared to that of the "Hoi Toiders" of the Outer Banks of North Carolina. There are some similarities, but the dialects are distinct. Before bridges were built, the only form of transport between or off the ridges was by boat, allowing the islands to stay isolated from the mainland. Smith Island, Maryland, has a dialect that is more similar to that of Tangier in terms of phonetics and lexicon. [41]

Economy

Industry

Watermen returning from fishing to Tangier Island. A tourist boat is visible in the background. 2000-06-10 01 Watermen returning from lobster fishing to Tangier Island, Virginia USA.jpg
Watermen returning from fishing to Tangier Island. A tourist boat is visible in the background.

Today, the inhabitants of Tangier rely on crabbing to make a living. Tangier is often called the "soft-shell crab capital of the world", and has been referred to as one of the last waterman communities. [42] Most fishermen catch and sell crabs and oysters. North of the island are many free-standing docks not connected to land which fishermen use to hold crabs while they moult. Once a major industry on the island, oystering has returned in recent years as a supplement to the more prominent crabbing business. In 2014, a new oyster-farming company, called Tangier Island Oyster Company, was founded by a group that includes a former attorney general of Virginia, Ken Cuccinelli. [43]

The primary industry on the island besides fishing is tourism. [44] During the summer, several cruise ships come to the island each day, allowing passengers to explore and buy goods from the islanders. Two bed-and-breakfast inns can accommodate a limited number of overnight guests. There are several restaurants and gift shops for the tourist trade.[ citation needed ]

Activities

Tangier's post office Tangier Post Office.JPG
Tangier's post office

With all the means of transportation and regular telephone service, residents have regular ways of staying in touch with the mainland. The island also has cable television and internet service. The island has several restaurants, an ice cream shop, four gift shops and a hardware store. There is a wild beach without a boardwalk or concessions. There is a historical museum and interpretive cultural center. Tangier is known for its seafood dishes, especially its soft-shell crab sandwiches.[ citation needed ]

The major new addition to the island has been the Tangier Island History Museum, [45] which created historical markers that line Tangier's streets and provides a "historical tour" of the island.

Institutions and culture

The Tangier Island Health Foundation [46] runs the Nichols Health Center on Tangier, which is operated by the Riverside Health System, [47] which also operates on the Eastern Shore of Virginia and in Hampton Roads. Historically, there were two cases of Tangier disease, a recessive genetic disorder which causes high blood cholesterol, which, following discovery, was named after the island. There are very few residents with this genetic anomaly who currently live on the island. [48] [49]

The residents of Tangier enjoy regular cable television and Internet through a microwave tower installed in spring 2010. There are phone lines on the island. One physician assistant and a number of registered nurses live on the island. David Nichols treated residents for thirty years, piloting a Cessna 182 or Robinson helicopter for once-a-week visits. [50] In January 2007, he was profiled by ABC World News Tonight as its Person of the Week. [51] Nichols died at the age of 62 on December 30, 2010, after a battle with cancer. Four months earlier, a new clinic was christened in his name, as he and a few others had raised funds for its construction. [50] [52] Emergency patients travel by helicopter to Crisfield or Salisbury hospitals in Maryland. Although the island has one operational power plant, it is used mainly for emergencies. Power comes in from the Eastern Shore of Virginia through an underwater cable.

Swain Memorial United Methodist Church SwainMemorialUMC.jpg
Swain Memorial United Methodist Church

Methodism has been and remains a very strong influence on Tangier, stemming from the charismatic preaching and revival camp meetings held there in the early 1800s by Joshua Thomas, the famed "parson of the islands." Because of their ties to the Northern Methodist Church, Tangier residents in the 19th century did not support slavery and did not join Virginia in seceding from the Union during the Civil War.[ citation needed ]

A local ordinance prohibits the sale of alcohol, making the island "dry." In 1999, the Tangier town council blocked Warner Brothers from using the island to film the Kevin Costner film Message in a Bottle , objecting to the script's drinking, profanity and sex. [42]

Education

Accomack County Public Schools operates the Tangier Combined School, the sole comprehensive K–12 public school in the State of Virginia. As of 2018 it had 60 students. [53]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1910 698—
1920 96237.8%
1930 1,12016.4%
1940 1,020−8.9%
1950 915−10.3%
1960 876−4.3%
1970 814−7.1%
1980 771−5.3%
1990 659−14.5%
2000 604−8.3%
2010 72720.4%
2020 436−40.0%
U.S. Decennial Census [54]

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, there were 436 people, in 205 households, comprising 213 families residing in the town. The population density was 805.9 people per square mile. There were 271 housing units at an average density of 500.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97.9% White, with two Asian residents and seven residents of two or more races. The median age was 54.6 years. [4]

Of the 205 households, 17.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.8% were married couples living together, and 40% were non-families. Lone individuals comprised 38.5% of all households, and 26.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09. [4]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chesapeake Bay</span> Estuary in the U.S. states of Maryland and Virginia

The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. The Bay is located in the Mid-Atlantic region and is primarily separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Delmarva Peninsula, including parts of the Eastern Shore of Maryland, the Eastern Shore of Virginia, and the state of Delaware. The mouth of the Bay at its southern point is located between Cape Henry and Cape Charles. With its northern portion in Maryland and the southern part in Virginia, the Chesapeake Bay is a very important feature for the ecology and economy of those two states, as well as others surrounding within its watershed. More than 150 major rivers and streams flow into the Bay's 64,299-square-mile (166,534 km2) drainage basin, which covers parts of six states, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia, and all of Washington, D.C.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Delmarva Peninsula</span> Large peninsula on the East Coast of the US

The Delmarva Peninsula, or simply Delmarva, is a large peninsula on the East Coast of the United States, occupied by the vast majority of the state of Delaware and parts of the Eastern Shore of Maryland and Eastern Shore of Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somerset County, Maryland</span> County in Maryland, United States

Somerset County is the southernmost county in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 census, the population was 24,620, making it the second-least populous county in Maryland. The county seat is Princess Anne.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Accomack County, Virginia</span> County in Virginia, United States

Accomack County is a United States county located in the eastern edge of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Together, Accomack and Northampton counties make up the Eastern Shore of Virginia, which in turn is part of the Delmarva Peninsula, bordered by the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Accomac is the county seat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crisfield, Maryland</span> City in Maryland, United States

Crisfield is a city in Somerset County, Maryland, United States, located on the Tangier Sound, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. The population was 2,515 at the 2020 census. It is included in the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area. Crisfield has the distinction of being the southernmost incorporated city in Maryland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smith Island, Maryland</span> Census-designated place in Maryland, United States

Smith Island is a collection of three distinct island communities – Tylerton, Rhodes Point, and Ewell, Maryland – on the Chesapeake Bay, on the border of Maryland and Virginia territorial waters in the United States. The island is the last inhabited island in Maryland that is not accessible by vehicle. Most of the islands are eroding due to tidal currents and sea level rise; a study conducted in 2008 by the DNR reported that Smith Island is expected to completely erode by 2100 if no action is taken.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saxis, Virginia</span> Town in Virginia, United States

Saxis is a town in Accomack County, Virginia, United States. The population was 241 at the 2010 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Shore of Virginia</span> Region of Accomack and Northampton counties, Virginia, United States

The Eastern Shore of Virginia is the easternmost region of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It consists of two counties on the Atlantic coast. It is detached from the mainland of Virginia by the Chesapeake Bay. The 70-mile-long (110 km) region is part of the Delmarva Peninsula. Its population was 45,695 as of 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Shore of Maryland</span> Part of the U.S. state of Maryland

The Eastern Shore of Maryland is a part of the U.S. state of Maryland that lies mostly on the east side of the Chesapeake Bay. Nine counties are normally included in the region. The Eastern Shore is part of the larger Delmarva Peninsula that Maryland shares with Delaware and Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Skipjack (boat)</span> Sailboat type used on Chesapeake Bay for oyster dredging.

The skipjack is a traditional fishing boat used on the Chesapeake Bay for oyster dredging. It is a sailboat which succeeded the bugeye as the chief oystering boat on the bay, and it remains in service due to laws restricting the use of powerboats in the Maryland state oyster fishery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holland Island</span> Island in the United States of America

Holland Island was a marshy, rapidly eroding island in the Chesapeake Bay, in Dorchester County, Maryland, west of Salisbury. The island was once inhabited by watermen and farmers but has since been abandoned due to sinking of the land's surface associated with isostatic subsidence and sea level rise. It is located in the Holland Strait, between Bloodsworth Island and Smith Island, six miles west of Wenona, Maryland and Southeast of another former island, Long Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chincoteague Bay</span> Bay in Maryland & Accomack County, Virginia

Chincoteague Bay is a lagoon between the Atlantic barrier islands of Assateague and Chincoteague and the mainland of Worcester County, Maryland and northern Accomack County, Virginia. At the bay's northern end, where it narrows between Assateague and Sinepuxent Neck, it becomes Sinepuxent Bay; Chincoteague Bay's southern end drains into the Atlantic Ocean via Queen Sound and Chincoteague Inlet. No major river flows into Chincoteague Bay—its largest tributaries are Newport Creek in Worcester County and Swans Gut Creek in Accomack County.

Tylerton is an unincorporated community located on Smith Island in Somerset County, Maryland, United States. Tylerton can be accessed via a ferry from Crisfield, Maryland. It is a waterman village of 50 residents. Attractions in the community include the Inn of Silent Music and The Drum Point Market, which sells beverages, homemade Smith Island cakes, crab cakes and other Chesapeake Bay specialties. The Chesapeake Bay Foundation's Smith Island Study Center is located in Tylerton.

St. Inigoes, sometimes called St. Inigoes Shores, is a small, rural, unincorporated farming, fishing and crabbing community at the southern end of St. Mary's County in the U.S. state of Maryland that is undergoing a transition to small residential subdevelopment plots. Its western side is bordered by a number of coves and creeks that are connected to the St. Marys River, a brackish tidal tributary, near where it feeds into the mouth of the Potomac River and close to its entry point into the Chesapeake Bay.

Tangier Sound is a sound of the Chesapeake Bay bounded on the west by Tangier Island in Virginia, and Smith Island and South Marsh Island in Maryland, by Deal Island in Maryland on the north, and the mainland of the Eastern Shore of Maryland and Pocomoke Sound on the east. It stretches into Virginia as far south as Watts Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glenn Martin National Wildlife Refuge</span> Nature preserve in Maryland and Virginia

Glenn Martin National Wildlife Refuge includes the northern half of Smith Island, which lies 11 miles (18 km) west of Crisfield, Maryland, and Watts Island, which is located between the eastern shore of Virginia and Tangier Island. Both islands are situated in the lower Chesapeake Bay.

Pocomoke Sound is a bay of the Chesapeake Bay that forms part of the boundary between the Eastern Shores of Maryland and Virginia. The Pocomoke River is the largest stream feeding into the Sound, which is bounded by Somerset County, Maryland on the north, Worcester County, Maryland, Accomack County, Virginia, and Beasley Bay on the east, the Chesapeake Bay on the south, and Tangier Sound on the west. Its southwesternmost point may be considered to be Watts Island, Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pungoteague Creek</span>

Pungoteague Creek is a creek in Accomack County, Virginia, United States. Pungoteague Creek Light and Pungoteague, Virginia are named after this creek.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Chincoteague, Virginia</span>

The history of human activity in Chincoteague, on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, begins with the Native Americans. Until European explorers possessed the island in the late 17th century, the Chincoteague Indians used it as a place to gather shellfish, but are not known to have lived there; Chincoteague Island lacked suitable soil for their agriculture. The island's name derives from those early visitors: by one popular tale, chincoteague meant "Beautiful land across the water" in their language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Virginia Barrier Islands</span> Barrier islands along the coast of Virginia, United States

The Virginia Barrier Islands are a continuous chain of long, narrow, low-lying, sand and scrub barrier islands separated from one another by narrow inlets and from the mainland by a series of shallow marshy tidal bays along the entire coast of the Virginia end of the Delmarva Peninsula. Several of these islands were once significantly larger, covered with pine forests, and inhabited. After the completion of the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad in the late 19th Century, at least five lavish hunting and fishing clubs were established on Virginia's barrier islands and they became a playground for wealthy sportsmen from Northeastern cities who would arrive by train. US President Grover Cleveland visited Hog Island to hunt waterfowl and go fishing in the early 1890s.

References

  1. ↑ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
  2. 1 2 U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tangier, Virginia
  3. ↑ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. 1 2 3 "Tangier town, District 6, Accomack County, Virginia". 2020 United States Census . 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
  5. 1 2 Schulte, David M.; Dridge, Karin M.; Hudgins, Mark H. (December 10, 2015). "Climate Change and the Evolution and Fate of the Tangier Islands of Chesapeake Bay, USA". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 17890. Bibcode:2015NatSR...517890S. doi:10.1038/srep17890. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   4675185 . PMID   26657975.
  6. ↑ Mariner (1999), p. 79.
  7. ↑ Botwick and McClane (2005). "Landscapes of resistance: a view of the nineteenth-century Chesapeake Bay oyster fishery". Historical Archaeology. 39 (3): 94–112. doi:10.1007/bf03376696. S2CID   159782897.
  8. ↑ People Like Us – The CNAM Channel (February 22, 2008), The odd accent of Tangier VA – American Tongues episode #3, archived from the original on December 11, 2021, retrieved July 20, 2017
  9. 1 2 "An island in Chesapeake Bay is disappearing — and so is a British dialect and a piece of history". PRI. July 20, 2014. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  10. ↑ Shores (2000), pp. 55, 171-172.
  11. ↑ "Tangier Island Historic District". National Park Service.
  12. ↑ Mariner (1999), pp. 1–3.
  13. ↑ Mariner (1999), pp. 10–11.
  14. ↑ "Trump told the mayor of a disappearing island not to worry about sea-level rise. Here's what it's like to live there". Business Insider . October 2, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  15. ↑ "Farmer's Repository". Genealogybank.com. July 28, 1814. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
  16. ↑ Miller, John J. (August 2, 2005). "Exotic Tangier". National Review . Archived from the original on April 30, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
  17. ↑ "§334.210 Chesapeake Bay, in vicinity of Tangier Island; naval guided missiles test operations area" (PDF). Code of Federal Regulations (33 CFR Ch. II (7–1–02 Edition)). July 1, 2002. pp. 507–508. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  18. ↑ "33 CFR 334.210 - Chesapeake Bay, in vicinity of Tangier Island; naval guided missiles test operations area". GPO. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  19. ↑ Shores (2000), pp. 69-70.
  20. 1 2 Shores (2000), p. 75.
  21. ↑ Shores (2000), p. 76.
  22. ↑ Shores (2000), p. 67.
  23. ↑ Shores (2000), pp. 76–77.
  24. 1 2 Shores (2000), p. 77.
  25. ↑ "Port Isobel Island Environmental Education Center". Chesapeake Bay Foundation. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  26. ↑ Wu, Zehao; Schulte, David (2021). "Predictions of the Climate Change-Driven Exodus of the Town of Tangier, the Last Offshore Island Fishing Community in Virginia's Chesapeake Bay". Frontiers in Climate. 3. doi: 10.3389/fclim.2021.779774 . ISSN   2624-9553.
  27. ↑ Strasser, Franz (October 25, 2011). "Altered States: The disappearing island in the Chesapeake Bay". BBC. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
  28. ↑ Schulte, David M.; Dridge, Karin M.; Hudgins, Mark H. (December 10, 2015). "Climate Change and the Evolution and Fate of the Tangier Islands of Chesapeake Bay, USA". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 17890. Bibcode:2015NatSR...517890S. doi: 10.1038/srep17890 . ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   4675185 . PMID   26657975.
  29. ↑ Gertner, Jon (July 6, 2016). "Should the United States Save Tangier Island From Oblivion?". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved July 20, 2017.
  30. ↑ Andrews, Travis M. (June 14, 2017). "Trump calls mayor of shrinking Chesapeake island and tells him not to worry about it". Washington Post. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
  31. ↑ Schaad, Tom (June 14, 2017). "President Donald Trump calls mayor of Tangier Island". WAVY-TV. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
  32. ↑ U.S. island in danger of being swallowed by sea (video). CNN. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
  33. ↑ Vaughn, Carol. "Trump tells Tangier Island mayor not to worry about sea-level rise". USA Today. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
  34. 1 2 "Important Bird Areas: Chesapeake Bay Islands". National Audubon Society. September 12, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  35. ↑ Harper, Scott (May 12, 2012). "Residents of drowning Tangier Island look for lifeline". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  36. ↑ "AirNav: KTGI – Tangier Island Airport". www.airnav.com.
  37. ↑ "Tangier Onancock Ferry" . Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  38. ↑ Shores (2000), pp. 171-172.
  39. ↑ Shores (2000), p. 55.
  40. ↑ "The tiny US island with a British accent".
  41. ↑ Schilling-Estes, Natalie (1997). "Accommodation versus concentration: dialect death in two post-insular island communities". American Speech. 72 (1): 12–32. doi:10.2307/455606. JSTOR   455606.
  42. 1 2 Blakely, Stephen (August 31, 2010). "Tangier Island, Va". Soundings. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  43. ↑ Landers, Jackson (January 4, 2015). "Ken Cucinelli's post-politics endeavor". The Washington Post.
  44. ↑ Jackson, Candace (September 22, 2007). "Virginia's Time Machine – WSJ.com". The Wall Street Journal . New York: Dow Jones. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved September 1, 2011.
  45. ↑ "Coming Soon – Future home of something quite cool". Tangier History Museum.
  46. ↑ "Tangier Island Health Foundation". 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  47. ↑ "Our Commitment to the People of Tangier Island". Riverside Health System.
  48. ↑ Fournier, Arthur (April 2, 2014). "Tangier Islanders Make Medical History". History Between the Waters.
  49. ↑ "Tangier Disease". U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  50. 1 2 Miller, Alyssa J. (December 30, 2010). "Tangier Island doctor's legacy lives on". Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
  51. ↑ "Person of the Week: David Nichols". ABC News. January 19, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  52. ↑ "Dr. David Nichols, Tangier Island's angel, dies". Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. December 30, 2010. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
  53. ↑ Swift, Eric (August 19, 2018). "The Doomed Island That Loves Trump". Politico Magazine . Retrieved August 19, 2018.
  54. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.