.yu

Last updated
.yu
Introduced15 June 1989 (1989-06-15)
Removed30 March 2010 (2010-03-30)
TLD type Country code top-level domain
StatusDiscontinued
Registry nic.yu (Yugoslav Internet Domain Registry)
SponsorYUNET Association
Intended useEntities connected with the former Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg  Yugoslavia and Flag of Yugoslavia (1992-2003); Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006).svg  Serbia and Montenegro
Registration restrictionsRegistration not available since 10 March 2008.
StructureRegistrations were made at third level beneath established subdomains
Documents Policy statement
Registry website nic.yu (formerly)

.yu was the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) that was assigned to SFR Yugoslavia in 1989 and was mainly used by Serbia and Montenegro and its two successor states. After Montenegro and Serbia acquired separate .me and .rs domains in 2007, a transition period started, and the .yu domain finally expired in 2010. [1]

Contents

History

The .yu ccTLD was assigned originally to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, during the government project for the development of scientific-technological information (SNTIJ). The official registrants were the University of Maribor and the Jožef Stefan Institute, which were located in Slovenia. Computer scientist Borka Jerman Blažič registered the domain in 1989, which allowed Yugoslavia to have an Internet connection. [2]

When the SFR Yugoslavia dissolved, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and North Macedonia registered their own ccTLDs (.si, .hr, .ba and .mk). Serbia and Montenegro formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but was under international sanctions at the time because of ongoing Yugoslav wars. Between 1992 and 1994, the domain was run by ARNES who only used it for email. ARNES rejected all requests by Serbian institutions for new domains, severely limiting the country’s access to the internet. [3] The domain became a succession matter when the Slovenians refused to relinquish the domain name to the University of Belgrade in Serbia, which had requested they do so.

Following the personal intervention of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority founder Jon Postel, [3] in 1994 IANA finally decreed that the domain should pass to FR Yugoslavia. After that, the domain was managed by the YUNET Association, an organization based in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the University of Belgrade.

The FR Yugoslavia renamed itself Serbia and Montenegro in February 2003. The code YU was replaced by CS in July 2003 following the official name change, and the ccTLD .cs was reserved for Serbia and Montenegro after the name change. However, .cs was never actually used, and .yu remained one of the few ccTLDs that did not correspond to a current ISO 3166-1 two-letter code.

The state union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved in June 2006, and in September 2006, ISO accordingly proposed the replacement the codes RS for Serbia and ME for Montenegro. On 26 September 2006 the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency agreed on the change of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code CS to RS. The new domains .rs for Serbia and .me for Montenegro became active shortly thereafter.

In September 2007 ICANN resolved that the .yu domain would be operated temporarily under the Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names (RNIDS), operators of the new .rs domain registry. [4] A two-year transition period started, and the .yu domain was scheduled to expire on 30 September 2009. [5] However, the Serbian registrar requested an extension [6] and ICANN decided to extend the transition deadline another six months. Finally, the Serbian registrar declared the end of the .yu domain at 12:00 CEST on 30 March 2010. [1] [7] All .yu websites that failed to transition were deleted, including historical ones. [8] RNIDS estimated there to have been around four thousand active websites using the .yu domain at the time of its deprecation. [9]

Former use of .yu domains

All of the domains directly under .yu were reserved for legal entities only. Top level domain was reserved for federal institutions and official governmental institutions, as well as Internet service providers. The Serbian Orthodox Church was also allowed to use .yu domain.

The second-level domains under .yu included:

Montenegrin websites often used the .cg.yu subdomain which was given for free to customers of a Montenegrin ISP which controlled the domain, which made it a popular option for those who opted not to purchase a domain for their website.

In the media

The domain is part of the story in the 2013 mini-documentary film From Yu to Me. [2] [10]

See also

Related Research Articles

A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet after the root domain. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last non-empty label of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is .com. Responsibility for management of most top-level domains is delegated to specific organizations by the ICANN, an Internet multi-stakeholder community, which operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and is in charge of maintaining the DNS root zone.

ISO 3166-3 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and defines codes for country names which have been deleted from ISO 3166-1 since its first publication in 1974. The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 3: Code for formerly used names of countries. It was first published in 1999.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</span> Two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1

ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO, and are used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains. They are also used as country identifiers extending the postal code when appropriate within the international postal system for paper mail, and have replaced the previous one consisting one-letter codes. They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.

ISO 3166-2:CS was the entry for Serbia and Montenegro in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.gb</span> Reserved Internet country-code top level domain for the United Kingdom

.gb is a reserved Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United Kingdom, derived from Great Britain.

A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.an</span> Internet country code top-level domain for the former Netherlands Antilles

.an was the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the former Netherlands Antilles. It was administered by the University of the Netherlands Antilles. The domain was phased out after the Netherlands Antilles were dissolved in 2010. As of November 2010 the .an domain remained live with over 800 domains registered under .an, including secondary levels. On 31 July 2015, use of the domain was discontinued.

.ax is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Åland, Finland, introduced in 2006. Previously, most Åland websites were under the .aland.fi subdomain.

.cs was for several years the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Czechoslovakia. However, the country split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, and the two new countries were soon assigned their own ccTLDs: .cz and .sk respectively. The use of .cs was gradually phased out, and the ccTLD was deleted some time around January 1995.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.su</span> Internet country-code top level domain for the Soviet Union

.su is an Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) that was designated for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on 19 September 1990. Even though the Soviet Union itself was dissolved 15 months later, the .su top-level domain remains in use to the present day. It is administered by the Russian Institute for Public Networks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.gr</span> Internet country code top-level domain for Greece

.gr is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Greece. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars and domain names in Greek characters may also be registered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.so</span> Internet country code top-level domain for Somalia

.so is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Somalia. After a long absence, the .so domain was officially relaunched on November 1, 2010, by .SO Registry, which is regulated by the nation's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. It was launched through various accredited registrars around the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.na</span> Internet country code top-level domain for Namibia

.na is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Namibia corresponding to the two letter code from the ISO-3166 standard.

In the Domain Name System (DNS) hierarchy, a second-level domain is a domain that is directly below a top-level domain (TLD). For example, in example.com, example is the second-level domain of the .com TLD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.rs</span> Internet country code top-level domain for Serbia

.rs is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Serbia. The domain name registry that operates it is the Serbian National Internet Domain Registry (RNIDS). The letters rs stand for Republika Srbija/Република Србија.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.me</span> Internet top level domain for Montenegro

.me is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Montenegro.

A geographic top-level domain is any of an unofficial group of top-level domains in the Domain Name System of the Internet using the name of or invoking an association with a geographical, geopolitical, ethnic, linguistic or cultural community. The IANA does not recognize these domains as their own group within the Root Zone Database, rather classifying them as generic top-level domains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.срб</span> Internet internationalized country code top-level domain for Serbia

.срб is the Internationalised (Cyrillic) Internet country code top-level domain for Serbia. It has been active since May 3, 2011 while the process of registering has started on 27 January 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.sx</span> Internet country code top-level domain for Sint Maarten

.sx is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Sint Maarten.

Country codes for Serbia are short alphanumeric identification codes for country with primary use in data processing and communications.

References

  1. 1 2 "The Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names Home Page". RNIDS. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
  2. 1 2 Pirnat, Andrej J. (30 May 2016). "To je znanstvenica, ki je v Slovenijo pripeljala internet #intervju" [This is the scientist who brought the internet to Slovenia #interview]. Siol.net (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  3. 1 2 "Yugoslavia's Digital Twin". The Dial. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
  4. ↑ "Preliminary Report for Special Meeting of the ICANN Board of Directors". ICANN. 11 September 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  5. ↑ "Preliminary Report of Special Board Meeting". ICANN. 30 September 2009. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
  6. ↑ "End in sight for Yugoslav domains". BBC News. 29 September 2009. Archived from the original on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
  7. ↑ Ben-David, Anat (1 August 2016). "What does the Web remember of its deleted past? An archival reconstruction of the former Yugoslav top-level domain". New Media & Society. 18 (7): 1103–1119. doi:10.1177/1461444816643790. ISSN   1461-4448. S2CID   2906701.
  8. ↑ O'Toole, Frani (20 February 2019). "The New Museum Hits "Save" on Net Art". Hyperallergic. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  9. ↑ "YU domain becomes history". www.rnids.rs. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  10. ↑ "From yu to me". Tanya Leighton. Retrieved 2 May 2019.

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