1919 in Italy

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1919
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Events from the year 1919 in Italy .

Kingdom of Italy

Events

The years 1919 and 1920 were known as the Biennio Rosso (English: "Red Biennium"): a two-year period of intense social conflict and political unrest in Italy, following the First World War. The revolutionary period and nationalist agitation on the Mutilated victory and the failure to obtain territorial concessions in Dalmatia at the end of World War I to fulfil Italy’s irredentist claims, was followed by the violent reaction of the Fascist blackshirts militia and eventually by the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini in 1922.

Contents

The heads of the "Big Four" nations at the Paris Peace Conference, 27 May 1919. From left to right: David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson. Big four.jpg
The heads of the "Big Four" nations at the Paris Peace Conference, 27 May 1919. From left to right: David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson.

January

March

The platform of Fasci italiani di combattimento, as published in "Il Popolo d'Italia" on 6 June 1919. Fasci di combattimento.jpg
The platform of Fasci italiani di combattimento, as published in "Il Popolo d'Italia" on 6 June 1919.

April

May

June

Residents of Fiume cheering the arrival of Gabriele D'Annunzio and his Legionari in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants Fiume cheering D'Annunzio.jpg
Residents of Fiume cheering the arrival of Gabriele D'Annunzio and his Legionari in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants

July

September

Gabriele D'Annunzio (in the middle with the stick) with some legionaries in Fiume in 1919. To the right of D'Annunzio, facing him, Lt. Arturo Avolio. Foto Fiume.jpg
Gabriele D'Annunzio (in the middle with the stick) with some legionaries in Fiume in 1919. To the right of D'Annunzio, facing him, Lt. Arturo Avolio.

October

November

Births

Deaths

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)</span> Meeting of the Allied Powers after World War I

The Paris Peace Conference was a set of formal and informal diplomatic meetings in 1919 and 1920 after the end of World War I, in which the victorious Allies set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers. Dominated by the leaders of Britain, France, the United States and Italy, the conference resulted in five treaties that rearranged the maps of Europe and parts of Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands, and also imposed financial penalties. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and the other losing nations were not given a voice in the deliberations; this later gave rise to political resentments that lasted for decades. The arrangements made by this conference are considered one of the great watersheds of 20th-century geopolitical history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giovanni Giolitti</span> Italian statesman (1842–1928)

Giovanni Giolitti was an Italian statesman. He was the prime minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921. He is the longest-serving democratically elected prime minister in Italian history, and the second-longest serving overall after Benito Mussolini. A prominent leader of the Historical Left and the Liberal Union, he is widely considered one of the most powerful and important politicians in Italian history; due to his dominant position in Italian politics, Giolitti was accused by critics of being an authoritarian leader and a parliamentary dictator.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sidney Sonnino</span> Italian politician (1847–1922)

Sidney Costantino, Baron Sonnino was an Italian statesman, 19th prime minister of Italy and twice served briefly as one, in 1906 and again from 1909 to 1910. He also was the Italian minister of Foreign Affairs during the First World War, representing Italy at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.

The Treaty of Rapallo was an agreement between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in the aftermath of the First World War. It was intended to settle the Adriatic question, i.e. Italian claims over territories promised to the country, in return for its entry into the war, against Austria-Hungary; claims that were made on the basis of the 1915 Treaty of London. The wartime pact promised Italy large areas of the eastern Adriatic. The treaty, signed on 12 November 1920 in Rapallo, Italy, generally redeemed the promises of territorial gains in the former Austrian Littoral by awarding Italy territories generally corresponding to the peninsula of Istria and the former Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca, with the addition of the Snežnik Plateau, in addition to what was promised by the London treaty. The articles regarding Dalmatia were largely ignored. There Italy received the city of Zadar and several islands. Other provisions of the treaty contained safeguards for the rights of Italian nationals remaining in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and provisions for commissions to demarcate the new border, and facilitate economic and educational cooperation. The treaty also established the Free State of Fiume, the city-state consisting of the former Austro-Hungarian Corpus Separatum that consisted of Rijeka and a strip of coast giving the new state a land border with Italy at Istria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Francesco Saverio Nitti</span> Italian economist and political figure (1868–1953)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Italian irredentism</span> Italian political movement

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of London (1915)</span> World War I treaty between Italy and the Triple Entente

The Treaty of London or the Pact of London was a secret agreement concluded on 26 April 1915 by the United Kingdom, France, and Russia on the one part, and Italy on the other, in order to entice the latter to enter World War I on the side of the Triple Entente. The agreement involved promises of Italian territorial expansion against Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and in Africa where it was promised enlargement of its colonies. The Entente countries hoped to force the Central Powers – particularly Germany and Austria-Hungary – to divert some of their forces away from existing battlefields. The Entente also hoped that Romania and Bulgaria would be encouraged to join them after Italy did the same.

In diplomacy and international relations, shuttle diplomacy is the action of an outside party in serving as an intermediary between principals in a dispute, without direct principal-to-principal contact. Originally and usually, the process entails successive travel ("shuttling") by the intermediary, from the working location of one principal, to that of another.

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Tommaso Tittoni was an Italian diplomat, politician and Knight of the Annunziata. He was Italy's foreign minister from 1903 until 1909, except for a five-month period. He also was interim prime minister for about two weeks in March 1905, making him the shortest-serving prime minister in the history of Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giovanni Giuriati</span> Italian politician

Giovanni Giuriati was an Italian fascist politician.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</span> Italian politician (1860–1952)

Vittorio Emanuele Orlando was an Italian statesman, who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from October 1917 to June 1919. Orlando is best known for representing Italy in the 1919 Paris Peace Conference with his foreign minister Sidney Sonnino. He was also known as "Premier of Victory" for defeating the Central Powers along with the Entente in World War I. He was also the provisional President of the Chamber of Deputies between 1943 and 1945, and a member of the Constituent Assembly that changed the Italian form of government into a republic. Aside from his prominent political role, Orlando was a professor of law and is known for his writings on legal and judicial issues, which number over a hundred works.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Military history of Italy during World War I</span> Aspect of Italian history

Although a member of the Triple Alliance, Italy did not join the Central Powers – Germany and Austria-Hungary – when the war started with Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. In fact, the two Central Powers had taken the offensive while the Triple Alliance was supposed to be a defensive alliance. Moreover the Triple Alliance recognized that both Italy and Austria-Hungary were interested in the Balkans and required both to consult each other before changing the status quo and to provide compensation for whatever advantage in that area: Austria-Hungary did consult Germany but not Italy before issuing the ultimatum to Serbia, and refused any compensation before the end of the war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Big Four (World War I)</span> Four top Allied powers of World War I

The Big Four or the Four Nations refer to the four top Allied powers of World War I and their leaders who met at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919. The Big Four is also known as the Council of Four. It was composed of Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy, and Woodrow Wilson of the United States.

Mutilated victory is a term coined by Gabriele D’Annunzio at the end of World War I, used to describe the dissatisfaction of a part of Italian nationalists concerning territorial rewards in favor of the Kingdom of Italy after the conflict.

In the aftermath of the First World War, the Adriatic question or Adriatic problem concerned the fate of the territories along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea that formerly belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The roots of the dispute lay in the secret Treaty of London, signed during the war, and in growing nationalism, especially Italian irredentism and Yugoslavism, which led ultimately to the creation of Yugoslavia. The question was a major barrier to agreement at the Paris Peace Conference, but was partially resolved by the Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and Yugoslavia on 12 November 1920.

Events from the year 1917 in Italy.

<i>A Peace Conference at the Quai dOrsay</i> Painting by William Orpen

A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay is an oil-on-canvas painting by Irish artist William Orpen, completed in 1919. It was one of the paintings commissioned from Orpen to commemorate the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The work is held by the Imperial War Museum in London.

Events from the year 1920 in Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Italian entry into World War I</span>

Italy entered into the First World War in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity: for this reason, the Italian intervention in the First World War is also considered the Fourth Italian War of Independence, in a historiographical perspective that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the unification of Italy, whose military actions began during the revolutions of 1848 with the First Italian War of Independence.

References

  1. MacMillan, Paris 1919, p. xxviii
  2. Vittorio Emanuele Orlando. (2011). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1.
  3. MacMillan, Paris 1919, p. 274
  4. 1 2 3 Burgwyn, Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918-1940, p. 12-14
  5. 1 2 Gilbert & Nilsson, The A to Z of Modern Italy, p. 328
  6. Lauren, Power And Prejudice, p. 92
  7. 1 2 "The Peace Conference and the Adriatic Question", Edinburgh Review, 231:472 (1920), pp. 224-26
  8. Danesi, Encyclopedia of Media and Communication, p. 488
  9. Bellamy & Schecter, Gramsci and the Italian State, p. 28
  10. Cut Food Prices To Check Rioting, The New York Times, July 7, 1919
  11. "General Strike" Complete Failure; Day Set by Socialists Passes Quietly, Very Few Men Leaving Their Work, The New York Times Company, July 23, 1919
  12. D'Annunzio in Fiume With Armed Forces, The New York Times, September 14, 1919
  13. Italian 6th Corps Disobeys Orders, The New York Times, September 15, 1919
  14. Italy To Starve Out D'Annunzio; Blockade of Fiume to Bring Insurgents to Terms, The New York Times, September 18, 1919
  15. Nation To Decide Fiume Question; Italian Parliament Is Dissolved, The New York Times, September 30, 1919
  16. Elections Absorb Italy; Catholics for First Time to Have Their Own Candidates, The New York Times, October 3, 1919
  17. Italy Faces Winter With Apprehension; Coal Shortage Sends Price of Gas Up to Three Times Its Former Cost, The New York Times, October 8, 1919
  18. Cfr. Gabriele D'Annunzio, in an editorial in Corriere della Sera, October 24, 1918, Vittoria nostra, non sarai mutilata ("Our victory will not be mutilated").