Food prices

Last updated
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Food Price Index 1961-2021 in nominal and real terms. The Real Price Index is the Nominal Price Index deflated by the World Bank Manufactures Unit Value Index (MUV). Years 2014-2016 is 100. FAO Food Price Index 1961-2021.jpg
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Food Price Index 1961–2021 in nominal and real terms. The Real Price Index is the Nominal Price Index deflated by the World Bank Manufactures Unit Value Index (MUV). Years 2014–2016 is 100.

Food prices refer to the average price level for food across countries, regions and on a global scale. [1] Food prices affect producers and consumers of food. Price levels depend on the food production process, including food marketing and food distribution. Fluctuation in food prices is determined by a number of compounding factors. [2] Geopolitical events, global demand, exchange rates, [3] government policy, diseases and crop yield, energy costs, availability of natural resources for agriculture, [4] food speculation, [5] [6] [7] changes in the use of soil and weather events directly affect food prices. [8] To a certain extent, adverse price trends can be counteracted by food politics.

Contents

The consequences of food price fluctuation are multiple. Increases in food prices, or agflation, endangers food security, particularly for developing countries, and can cause social unrest. [9] [10] [11] Increases in food prices is related to disparities in diet quality and health, [12] particularly among vulnerable populations, such as women and children. [13]

Food prices will on average continue to rise due to a variety of reasons. Growing world population will put more pressure on the supply and demand. Climate change will increase extreme weather events, including droughts, storms and heavy rain, and overall increases in temperature will affect food production. [14]

An intervention to reduce food loss or waste, if sufficiently large, will affect prices upstream and downstream in the supply chain relative to where the intervention occurred. [15] "The CPI (Consumer Price Index) for all food increased 0.8% from July 2022 to August 2022, and food prices were 11.4% higher than in August 2021." [16]

Factors

Energy costs

Food production is a very energy-intensive process. Energy is used in the raw materials for fertilizers to powering the facilities needed to process the food. Increases in the price of energy leads to an increase in the price of food. [17] [18] Oil prices also affect the price of food. [19] Food distribution is also affected by increases in oil prices, [20] leading to increases in the price of food.

Weather events and climate change

Adverse weather events such as droughts or heavy rain can cause harvest failure. There is evidence that extreme weather events and natural disasters cause increased food prices.[ citation needed ] Climate change will increase extreme weather events, including droughts, storms and heavy rain, and overall increases in temperature will affect food production. [14]

Water is a necessary natural resource for organic life making it an essential component in producing goods that sustains human life. [21] For example, a continuing drought in South Africa [22] may - amongst other factors - have food inflation soar 11% until end of 2016 according to the South African Reserve Bank. [23] A drought turns fresh water into a rare commodity making it hard to come by in food production, thus inflating food prices. [21]

Global differences

Food pricing for tomatoes given in US dollars per pound Tomatos Price Per Pound.jpg
Food pricing for tomatoes given in US dollars per pound

The price of food has risen quite drastically during the 2007–08 and the 2010–2012 world food price crises. It has been most noticeable in developing countries while less so in the OECD countries and North America. [24] [25]

Consumer prices in the rich countries are massively influenced by the power of discount stores and constitute only a small part of the entire cost of living. In particular, Western pattern diet constituents like those that are processed by fast food chains are comparatively cheap in the Western hemisphere. Profits rely primarily on quantity (see mass production), less than high-price quality. For some product classes like dairy or meat, overproduction has twisted the price relations in a way utterly unknown in underdeveloped countries ("butter mountain"). The situation for poor societies is worsened by certain free trade agreements that allow easier export of food in the "southern" direction than vice versa.[ clarification needed ] A striking example can be found in tomato exports from Italy to Ghana by virtue of the Economic Partnership Agreements where the artificially cheap vegetables play a significant role in the destruction of indigenous agriculture and a corresponding further decline in the already ailing economic power. [26] [27]

Monitoring

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has developed an "early warning tool" called the Food Price and Monitoring Analysis (FPMA). [28] After the food crisis of 2008 and 2011, FAO developed an "early warning indicator to detect abnormal growth in prices in consumer markets in the developing world". [29] The FPMA uses a variety of data sources to feed their database. [30]

Fluctuating food prices have led to some initiative in the industrialized world as well. In Canada, Dalhousie University and the University of Guelph publish Canada's Food Price Report every year, since 2010. Read by millions of people every year, the report monitors and forecasts food prices for the coming year. [31] The report was created by Canadian researchers Sylvain Charlebois and Francis Tapon.

Measurements

Numbeo

The Numbeo database "allows you to see, share and compare information about food prices worldwide and gives estimation of minimum money needed for food per person per day". [32]

FAO food price index

Food, meat, dairy, cereals, vegetable oil, and sugar price indices, deflated using the World Bank Manufactures Unit Value Index (MUV). The peaks in 2008 and 2011 indicate global food crises. Annual real food price indices.svg
Food, meat, dairy, cereals, vegetable oil, and sugar price indices, deflated using the World Bank Manufactures Unit Value Index (MUV). The peaks in 2008 and 2011 indicate global food crises.

The FAO food price index is a measure of the monthly change in international prices of a market basket of food commodities. It consists of the average of five commodity group price indices, weighted with the average export shares of each of the groups. [34]

  1. FAO Cereal price index
  2. FAO Vegetable oil price index
  3. FAO Dairy price index
  4. FAO Meat price index
  5. FAO Sugar Price index
Year nominal price idx deflated price idx
1990107.2100.4
1991105.098.7
1992109.2101.1
1993105.597.1
1994110.3101.3
1995125.3105.3
1996131.1113.7
1997120.3111.3
1998108.6105.6
199993.292.6
200091.192.4
200194.6101.0
200289.696.2
200397.798.1
2004112.7105.0
2005118.0106.8
2006127.2112.7
2007161.4134.6
2008201.4155.7
2009160.3132.8
2010188.0150.7
2011229.9169.1
2012213.3158.8
2013209.8158.5
2014201.8152.0
2015164.0123.2
2016151.6112.3

World bank food price watch

The World Bank releases the quarterly Food Price Watch report which highlights trends in domestic food prices in low- and middle-income countries, and outlines the (food) policy implications of food price fluctuations. [35]

There are also some ways of measuring food prices that are more humorous. These include:

21st century price history

Food Price Index United States Food Price Index US.webp
Food Price Index United States

It is rare for price spikes to hit all major foods in most countries at once, but food prices suffered all-time peaks in 2008 and 2011, posting a 15% and 12% deflated increase year-over-year, representing prices higher than any data collected. [38] One reason for the increase in food prices may be the increase in oil prices at the same time. [39] [40]

In June 2011, food price inflation in the United Kingdom reached its highest rate in nearly two years, driven primarily by rising energy costs. According to the British Retail Consortium, food prices increased by 4.9% compared to the previous year. The inflationary pressures affected businesses across the food supply chain, including Gail's Bakery, where Managing Director Tom Molnar reported significant impacts on their operations. Economist Brian Hilliard from Societe Generale highlighted that the surge in oil prices was a key factor driving the overall increase in food costs. [41]

It is rare for the spikes to hit all major foods in most countries at once. Food prices rose 4% in the United States in 2007, the highest increase since 1990, and are expected to climb as much again in 2008. As of December 2007, 37 countries faced food crises, and 20 had imposed some sort of food-price controls. In China, the price of pork jumped 58% in 2007. In the 1980s and 1990s, farm subsidies and support programs allowed major grain exporting countries to hold large surpluses which could be tapped during food shortages to keep prices down. However, new trade policies have made agricultural production much more responsive to market demands, putting global food reserves at their lowest since 1983. [42]

Food prices are rising, wealthier Asian consumers are westernizing their diets, and farmers and nations of the third world are struggling to keep up the pace. Asian nations have contributed at a more rapid growth rate in the past five years to the global fluid and powdered milk manufacturing industry. In 2008, this accounted for more than 30% of production with China accounting for more than 10% of both production and consumption in the global fruit and vegetable processing and preserving industry. The trend is similarly evident in industries such as soft drink and bottled water manufacturing, as well as global cocoa, chocolate, and sugar confectionery manufacturing, forecast to grow by 5.7% and 10.0% respectively during 2008 in response to soaring demand in Chinese and Southeast Asian markets.

Rising food prices over recent years have been linked with social unrest around the world, including rioting in Bangladesh and Mexico, [43] and the Arab Spring. [44]

In 2013, Overseas Development Institute researchers showed that rice has more than doubled in price since 2000, rising by 120% in real terms. This was as a result of shifts in trade policy and restocking by major producers. More fundamental drivers of increased prices are the higher costs of fertilizer, diesel and labor. Parts of Asia see rural wages rise with potentially large benefits for the 1.3 billion (2008 estimate) of Asia's poor in reducing the poverty they face. However, this harms more vulnerable groups who don't share in the economic boom, especially in Asian and African coastal cities. The researchers said the threat means social-protection policies are needed to guard against price shocks. The research proposed that in the longer run, the rises present opportunities to export for Western African farmers with a high potential for rice production to replace imports with domestic production. [45]

In 2015–2020, global food prices have been more stable and relatively low, after a sizable increase in late 2017, they are back under 75% of the nominal value seen during the all-time high in the 2011 food crisis. In the long term, prices are expected to stabilize. [42] Farmers will grow more grain for both fuel and food and eventually bring prices down. [42] This has already occurred with wheat, [46] [47] with more crops planted in the United States, Canada, and Europe in 2009. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization projects that consumers still have to deal with more expensive food until at least 2018. [42]

In 2021, global food prices rose significantly in larger part due to supply chain disruptions during the COVID pandemic , [48] and in 2022, the FAO reported that the world Food Price Index reached an all-time high in February, posting a 24% year-over-year increase. Most of the data for the February report was compiled before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, but analysts said a prolonged conflict could have a major effect on grain exports catalyzing a further food crises. [49] [50] [51]

In March 2024, Nigeria's food inflation rate reached 40.01% year-on-year, driven by currency depreciation, supply chain disruptions, and rising agricultural input costs. Essential food items like garri, millet, and yam tubers saw significant price hikes. This inflation exacerbates food insecurity and reduces household purchasing power. [52]

See also

Sources

Definition of Free Cultural Works logo notext.svg  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0( license statement/permission ). Text taken from The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction, In brief​ , 24, FAO, FAO.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Canada</span>

The economy of Canada is a highly developed mixed economy, with the world's tenth-largest economy as of 2023, and a nominal GDP of approximately US$2.117 trillion. Canada is one of the world's largest trading nations, with a highly globalized economy. In 2021, Canadian trade in goods and services reached $2.016 trillion. Canada's exports totalled over $637 billion, while its imported goods were worth over $631 billion, of which approximately $391 billion originated from the United States. In 2018, Canada had a trade deficit in goods of $22 billion and a trade deficit in services of $25 billion. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the tenth-largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization, listing over 1,500 companies with a combined market capitalization of over US$3 trillion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Ecuador</span>

The economy of Ecuador is the eighth largest in Latin America and the 69th largest in the world by total GDP. Ecuador's economy is based on the export of oil, bananas, shrimp, gold, other primary agricultural products and money transfers from Ecuadorian emigrants employed abroad. In 2017, remittances constituted 2.7% of Ecuador's GDP. The total trade amounted to 42% of the Ecuador's GDP in 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inflation</span> Devaluation of currency over a period of time

In economics, inflation is a general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy. This is usually measured using the consumer price index (CPI). When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation corresponds to a reduction in the purchasing power of money. The opposite of CPI inflation is deflation, a decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index. As prices faced by households do not all increase at the same rate, the consumer price index (CPI) is often used for this purpose.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunger</span> Sustained inability to eat sufficient food

In politics, humanitarian aid, and the social sciences, hunger is defined as a condition in which a person does not have the physical or financial capability to eat sufficient food to meet basic nutritional needs for a sustained period. In the field of hunger relief, the term hunger is used in a sense that goes beyond the common desire for food that all humans experience, also known as an appetite. The most extreme form of hunger, when malnutrition is widespread, and when people have started dying of starvation through lack of access to sufficient, nutritious food, leads to a declaration of famine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food security</span> Measure of the availability and accessibility of food

Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food. The availability of food for people of any class, gender or religion is another element of food security. Similarly, household food security is considered to exist when all the members of a family, at all times, have access to enough food for an active, healthy life. Individuals who are food-secure do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. Food security includes resilience to future disruptions of food supply. Such a disruption could occur due to various risk factors such as droughts and floods, shipping disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability, and wars. Food insecurity is the opposite of food security: a state where there is only limited or uncertain availability of suitable food.

An energy crisis or energy shortage is any significant bottleneck in the supply of energy resources to an economy. In literature, it often refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time and place, in particular, those that supply national electricity grids or those used as fuel in industrial development. Population growth has led to a surge in the global demand for energy in recent years. In the 2000s, this new demand – together with Middle East tension, the falling value of the US dollar, dwindling oil reserves, concerns over peak oil, and oil price speculation – triggered the 2000s energy crisis, which saw the price of oil reach an all-time high of $147.30 per barrel ($926/m3) in 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food security in Malawi</span>

Malawi is one of the world's undeveloped countries and is ranked 170 out of 187 countries according to the 2010 Human Development Index. It has about 16 million people, 53% of whom live under the national poverty line and 90% of whom live on less than $2 per day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Price of oil</span> Spot price of a barrel of benchmark crude oil

The price of oil, or the oil price, generally refers to the spot price of a barrel of benchmark crude oil—a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent Crude, Dubai Crude, OPEC Reference Basket, Tapis crude, Bonny Light, Urals oil, Isthmus, and Western Canadian Select (WCS). Oil prices are determined by global supply and demand, rather than any country's domestic production level.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food vs. fuel</span> Debate concerning diversion of food supply for biofuels production

Food versus fuel is the dilemma regarding the risk of diverting farmland or crops for biofuels production to the detriment of the food supply. The biofuel and food price debate involves wide-ranging views and is a long-standing, controversial one in the literature. There is disagreement about the significance of the issue, what is causing it, and what can or should be done to remedy the situation. This complexity and uncertainty are due to the large number of impacts and feedback loops that can positively or negatively affect the price system. Moreover, the relative strengths of these positive and negative impacts vary in the short and long terms, and involve delayed effects. The academic side of the debate is also blurred by the use of different economic models and competing forms of statistical analysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2007–2008 world food price crisis</span> World food prices increased dramatically in 2007 and the 1st and 2nd quarter of 2008

World food prices increased dramatically in 2007 and the first and second quarter of 2008, creating a global crisis and causing political and economic instability and social unrest in both poor and developed nations. Although the media spotlight focused on the riots that ensued in the face of high prices, the ongoing crisis of food insecurity had been years in the making. Systemic causes for the worldwide increases in food prices continue to be the subject of debate. After peaking in the second quarter of 2008, prices fell dramatically during the late-2000s recession but increased during late 2009 and 2010, reaching new heights in 2011 and 2012 at a level slightly higher than the level reached in 2008. Over the next years, prices fell, reaching a low in March 2016 with the deflated Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) food price index close to pre-crisis level of 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global Hunger Index</span> Tool that measures and tracks hunger

The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a tool that attempts to measure and track hunger globally as well as by region and by country, prepared by European NGOs of Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe. The GHI is calculated annually, and its results appear in a report issued in October each year.

Inflation rate in India was 4.83% as of April 2024, as per the Indian Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. This represents a modest reduction from the previous figure of 5.69% for December 2023. CPI for the months of January, February and March 2024 are 5.10, 5.09 and 4.85 respectively. Inflation rates in India are usually quoted as changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI), for all commodities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human food</span> Substances consumed for human nutrition

Human food is food which is fit for human consumption, and which humans willingly eat. Food is a basic necessity of life, and humans typically seek food out as an instinctual response to hunger; however, not all things that are edible constitute as human food.

Agricultural expansion describes the growth of agricultural land especially in the 20th and 21st centuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 2</span> Global goal to end hunger by 2030

Sustainable Development Goal 2 aims to achieve "zero hunger". It is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording is: "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture". SDG 2 highlights the "complex inter-linkages between food security, nutrition, rural transformation and sustainable agriculture". According to the United Nations, there were up to 757 million people facing hunger in 2023 – one out of 11 people in the world, which accounts for slightly less than 10 percent of the world population. One in every nine people goes to bed hungry each night, including 20 million people currently at risk of famine in South Sudan, Somalia, Yemen and Nigeria.

A global energy crisis began in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, with much of the globe facing shortages and increased prices in oil, gas and electricity markets. The crisis was caused by a variety of economic factors, including the rapid post-pandemic economic rebound that outpaced energy supply, and escalated into a widespread global energy crisis following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The price of natural gas reached record highs, and as a result, so did electricity in some markets. Oil prices hit their highest level since 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021–2023 inflation surge</span> Ongoing global inflation above target

Following the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, a worldwide surge in inflation began in mid-2021 and lasted until mid-2022. Many countries saw their highest inflation rates in decades. It has been attributed to various causes, including pandemic-related economic dislocation, supply chain disruptions, the fiscal and monetary stimulus provided in 2020 and 2021 by governments and central banks around the world in response to the pandemic, and price gouging. Preexisting factors that may have contributed to the surge included housing shortages, climate impacts, and government budget deficits have also been cited as factors. Recovery in demand from the COVID-19 recession had, by 2021, revealed significant supply shortages across many business and consumer economic sectors. The inflation rate in the United States and the eurozone peaked in the second half of 2022 and sharply declined in 2023. Despite a worldwide decline, some economists have speculated that higher consumer prices are unlikely to return pre-pandemic levels and may remain elevated. Economists state that for prices to return to pre-pandemic levels a deflationary period would be required, which is usually associated with recession. However, as of August 2024, some average consumer prices in the United States have fallen as consumers have reduced spending while the economy continues to grow.

During 2022 and 2023 there were food crises in several regions as indicated by rising food prices. In 2022, the world experienced significant food price inflation along with major food shortages in several regions. Sub-Saharan Africa, Iran, Sri Lanka, Sudan and Iraq were most affected. Prices of wheat, maize, oil seeds, bread, pasta, flour, cooking oil, sugar, egg, chickpea and meat increased. Many factors have contributed to the ongoing world food crisis. These include supply chain disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021–2023 global energy crisis, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and floods and heatwaves during 2021. Droughts were also a factor; in early 2022, some areas of Spain and Portugal lost 60–80% of their crops due to widespread drought.

The 2020s commodities boom refers to the rise of many commodity prices in the early 2020s following the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 recession initially made commodity prices drop, but lockdowns, supply chain bottlenecks, and dovish monetary policy limited supply and created excess demand causing a commodity super cycle rise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change and food security in Africa</span> Climate change and food security

Climate change in Africa is reducing its food security. Climate change at the global, continental, and sub-continental levels has been observed to include an increase in air and ocean temperatures, sea-level rise, a decrease in snow and ice extent, an increase and decrease in precipitation, changes in terrestrial and marine biological systems, and ocean acidification. The agricultural industry is responsible for more than 60% of full time employment in Africa. Millions of people in Africa depend on the agricultural industry for their economic well-being and means of subsistence. A variety of climate change-related factors such as worsening pests and diseases that damage agriculture and livestock, altered rainfall patterns, rising temperatures, droughts, and floods are having a negative impact on the agricultural industry in Africa. Many African populations access to food is being impacted by these climate change effects on the agricultural industry, which result in a trend of decreasing crop yields, animal losses, and rising food prices.

References

  1. ↑ Roser, Max; Ritchie, Hannah (2013-10-08). "Food Prices". Our World in Data.
  2. ↑ Amadeo, Kimberly. "5 Causes of High Food Prices". The Balance. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  3. ↑ Abbott, Philip C.; Hurt, Christopher; Tyner, Wallace E., eds. (2008). What's Driving Food Prices?. Issue Report.
  4. ↑ Savary, Serge; Ficke, Andrea; Aubertot, Jean-Noël; Hollier, Clayton (2012-12-01). "Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production losses and food security". Food Security. 4 (4): 519–537. doi:10.1007/s12571-012-0200-5. ISSN   1876-4525. S2CID   3335739.
  5. ↑ "Hedge funds accused of gambling with lives of the poorest as food prices soar". The Guardian. 2010-07-18. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  6. ↑ "Food speculation". Global Justice Now. 2014-12-09. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  7. ↑ Spratt, S. (2013). "Food price volatility and financial speculation". FAC Working Paper 47. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.304.5228 .
  8. ↑ "Food Price Explained". Futures Fundamentals. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  9. ↑ Bellemare, Marc F. (2015). "Rising Food Prices, Food Price Volatility, and Social Unrest". American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 97 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1093/ajae/aau038. hdl: 10.1093/ajae/aau038 . ISSN   1467-8276. S2CID   34238445.
  10. ↑ Perez, Ines. "Climate Change and Rising Food Prices Heightened Arab Spring". Scientific American. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  11. ↑ Winecoff, Ore Koren, W. Kindred (20 May 2020). "Food Price Spikes and Social Unrest: The Dark Side of the Fed's Crisis-Fighting". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2020-09-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Darmon, Nicole; Drewnowski, Adam (2015-10-01). "Contribution of food prices and diet cost to socioeconomic disparities in diet quality and health: a systematic review and analysis". Nutrition Reviews. 73 (10): 643–660. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv027. ISSN   0029-6643. PMC   4586446 . PMID   26307238.
  13. ↑ Darnton-Hill, Ian; Cogill, Bruce (2010-01-01). "Maternal and Young Child Nutrition Adversely Affected by External Shocks Such As Increasing Global Food Prices". The Journal of Nutrition. 140 (1): 162S–169S. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.111682 . ISSN   0022-3166. PMID   19939995.
  14. 1 2 "Climate Change: The Unseen Force Behind Rising Food Prices?". World Watch Institute. 2013. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  15. ↑ The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction, In brief. Rome: FAO. 2019. p. 18.
  16. ↑ "Summary Findings Food Price Outlook, 2022 and 2023". USDA.
  17. ↑ "USDA ERS - The Relationship Between Energy Prices and Food-Related Energy Use in the United States". www.ers.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  18. ↑ "As the Cost of Energy Goes Up, Food Prices Follow". blogs.worldbank.org. 28 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  19. ↑ Canning, Patrick; Rehkamp, Sarah; Waters, Arnold; Etemadnia, Hamideh. "The Role of Fossil Fuels in the U.S. Food System and the American Diet". www.ers.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  20. ↑ "How Oil Prices Affect the Price of Food". OilPrice.com. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  21. 1 2 Biswas, Margaret R.; Biswas, Asit K. (1979). Food, Climate, and Man. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 52–53. ISBN   0471032409.
  22. ↑ "SA drought persists despite May rainfall". 30 May 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  23. ↑ Thandi Skade (29 March 2016). "SA's ticking food price bomb". Destiny Man. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  24. ↑ "Consumer food-price inflation". The Economist. 19 July 2014.
  25. ↑ "FAO Global and regional consumer food inflation monitoring". FAO.
  26. ↑ Krupa, Matthias; Lobenstein, Caterina (30 December 2015). "Afrika: Ein Mann pflückt gegen Europa". Die Zeit. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  27. ↑ https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/Economic_Partnership_Agreements_and_Food_Security.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  28. ↑ "Home | Food Price Monitoring and Analysis (FPMA) | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  29. ↑ "Developing a price warning indicator as an early warning tool - a compound growth approach | Food Price Monitoring and Analysis (FPMA) | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  30. ↑ "Data Sources | Food Price Monitoring and Analysis (FPMA) | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  31. ↑ "Canada's Food Price Report 2019". Dalhousie University.
  32. ↑ "Numbeo is the world's largest database about food prices worldwide" . Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  33. ↑ "Annual real food price indices". Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  34. ↑ "FAO Food Price Index". FAO. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  35. ↑ "Food Price Watch" . Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  36. ↑ "Big MacCurrencies". The Economist. 9 April 1998. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  37. ↑ Erezi, Dennis (2022-04-28). "Jollof Index, Chicken Republic, inflation and changing food consumption patterns". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  38. ↑ "FAO food prices index". FAO.org. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 25 Feb 2018.
  39. ↑ "The global grain bubble". Christian Science Monitor. 18 January 2008. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  40. ↑ "The World Food Crisis". The New York Times. 10 April 2008.
  41. ↑ "Price of weekly shop is rising". BBC News. 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  42. 1 2 3 4 "Food prices rising across the world", CNN. 24 March 2008
  43. ↑ "The real hunger games: How banks gamble on food prices – and the poor lose out". The Independent. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  44. ↑ "Let them eat baklava". The Economist. 17 March 2012. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  45. ↑ "The end of cheap rice: a cause for celebration?". Overseas Development Institute. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  46. ↑ Kimball, Jack (7 August 2009). "World food prices stabilize, no drop in sight: WFP". Reuters. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  47. ↑ "Inflation slows in Feb. as food prices stabilize". GMA News. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  48. ↑ "Global food prices rose 'sharply' during 2021". UN News. 6 January 2022.
  49. ↑ "World Food Situation – FAO Food Price Index". fao.org. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  50. ↑ "Food prices jump 24.1% yr/yr to hit record high in Feb, U.N. agency says". Reuters . 4 March 2022.
  51. ↑ "Food Price Index hit record high in February, UN agency reports". UN News. 4 March 2022.
  52. ↑ "Food Inflation and Its Impact on the Nigerian Market". Naijaecho.com.ng. 2024-06-25. Archived from the original on 2024-07-09. Retrieved 2024-07-09.

Literature

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.