3C 99

Last updated
3C 99
Image of 3C 99.png
3C 99 captured by SDSS
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
Constellation Taurus
Right ascension 04h 01m 07.59s [1]
Declination +00° 36′ 32.39″ [1]
Redshift 0.426000 [1]
Heliocentric radial velocity 127,712 km/s ± 0 [1]
Distance 4.625 Gly
Apparent magnitude  (V)19.01
Apparent magnitude  (B)20.20
Characteristics
Type N galaxy; HEG Sy2 [1]
Size~74,000  ly (22.68  kpc) (estimated) [1]
Other designations
0358+004, LEDA 2817528, 4C +00.14, DA 121, G4Jy 0406, NRAO 0153, NVSS J040107+003633, PAPER J060.29+00.52, OE +097, 2MASS J04010760+0036324, 87GB 035832.9+002802 [1]

3C 99 is a Seyfert type 2 galaxy located in the constellation of Taurus. Its redshift is (z) 0.426 [1] [2] and it was first discovered as an astronomical radio source in 1959 by astronomers. [3] This object has also been designated as PKS 0358+00 in the Parkes Survey [4] and categorized as a high-excitation radio galaxy (HEG) [5] or an N galaxy in literature. [6] [7]

Contents

Description

3C 99 is classified as a strong doubled-lobed source and low frequency variable object. [8] It has a radio spectrum that appears as steep. When observed with MERLIN at 408 MHz, it was shown to have two components that are connected via a radio emission bridge. [6] It's active galactic nucleus (AGN) is as radio-loud. [9]

Imaging with Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), has found both central and eastern components with a total angular resolution of around 11 x 3 milliarcseconds 2. There are also emission blob features present inside the central component, with two of them being misaligned with the source's axis. A bright radio component is found, suggesting the central component has a nucleus. [6] The jet region is polarized to a slight degree. [10]

Further studies have confirmed 3C 99 is a compact steep spectrum (CSS) source. [11] When observed on arcsecond scales, the source is found to contain a triple radio structure with further components of asymmetrical positions and of different surface brightness. [12] There is a one-sided radio jet described as straight and collimated, connecting both the core region and hotspot feature on the northeast side. The jet also has a bent appearance and it increases slightly before reaching the hotspot region. [13] The estimated dynamical age of the source is around 4 x 105 years. [11] In the galaxy's optical spectrum, there are narrow permitted lines. An extended emission-line region (EELR) was discovered in 3C 99. [14]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "NED Search results for 3C 99". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-12-20.
  2. ↑ Massaro, F.; Harris, D. E.; Liuzzo, E.; Orienti, M.; Paladino, R.; Paggi, A.; Tremblay, G. R.; Wilkes, B. J.; Kuraszkiewicz, J.; Baum, S. A.; O'Dea, C. P. (September 2015). "The Chandra Survey of Extragalactic Sources in the 3CR Catalog: X-ray Emission from Nuclei, Jets, and Hotspots in the Chandra Archival Observations". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 220 (1): 5. arXiv: 1609.07145 . Bibcode:2015ApJS..220....5M. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/5. ISSN   0067-0049.
  3. ↑ Edge, D. O.; Shakeshaft, J. R.; McAdam, W. B.; Baldwin, J. E.; Archer, S. (1959). "A survey of radio sources at a frequency of 159 Mc/s". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 68: 37–60. Bibcode:1959MmRAS..68...37E.
  4. ↑ Day, G. A.; Shimmins, A. J.; Ekers, R. D.; Cole, D. J. (February 1966). "The Parkes catalogue of radio sources, declination zone 0° to +20°". Australian Journal of Physics. 19: 35. Bibcode:1966AuJPh..19...35D. doi:10.1071/PH660035 (inactive 20 December 2025). ISSN   0004-9506.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2025 (link)
  5. ↑ Varano, S.; Chiaberge, M.; Macchetto, F. D.; Capetti, A. (December 2004). "The nuclear radio-optical properties of intermediate-redshift FR II radio galaxies and quasars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 428 (2): 401–408. arXiv: astro-ph/0407307 . Bibcode:2004A&A...428..401V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040303. ISSN   0004-6361.
  6. 1 2 3 Mantovani, F.; Saikia, D. J.; Browne, I. W. A.; Fanti, R.; Muxlow, T. W. B.; Padrielli, L. (August 1990). "The steep-spectrum low-frequency variable source 3C 99: radio and optical observations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 245 (3): 427–433. doi: 10.1093/mnras/245.3.427 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  7. ↑ Smith, H. E.; Spinrad, H.; Hunstead, R. (June 1976). "Spectrophotometric observations of N galaxies at large redshift: PKS 0353+027, 3C 99, 3C 467". The Astrophysical Journal. 206: 345–354. Bibcode:1976ApJ...206..345S. doi:10.1086/154388. ISSN   0004-637X.
  8. ↑ Mantovani, F.; Junor, W.; Fanti, R.; Padrielli, L.; Browne, I. W. A.; Muxlow, T. W. B. (July 1992). "Obervations at arcsecond resolution of steep-spectrum sources which vary at low frequencies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 257 (2): 353–367. doi: 10.1093/mnras/257.2.353 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  9. ↑ Barvainis, Richard; Lonsdale, Colin (March 1998). "Search for Free-Free Absorption Cutoffs from Tori in Three Type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astronomical Journal. 115 (3): 885–889. arXiv: astro-ph/9711247 . Bibcode:1998AJ....115..885B. doi:10.1086/300262. ISSN   0004-6256.
  10. ↑ Mantovani, F.; Junor, W.; Fanti, R.; Padrielli, L.; Saikia, D. J. (November 1997). "VLA polarimetry of compact steep spectrum sources" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 125 (3): 573–580. Bibcode:1997A&AS..125..573M. doi:10.1051/aas:1997244. ISSN   0365-0138.
  11. 1 2 Ferrari, C.; Fanti, R.; Mantovani, F. (2001). "Structure and physical characteristics of 3C 99". Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana. 72: 95–96. Bibcode:2001MmSAI..72...95F. ISSN   0037-8720.
  12. ↑ Mantovani, F.; Junor, W.; Bondi, M.; Cotton, W.; Fanti, R.; Padrielli, L.; Nicolson, G.; Salerno, E. (1997-12-05), Large bent jets in the inner region of CSSs, arXiv: astro-ph/9712084 , arXiv:astro-ph/9712084
  13. ↑ Mantovani, F.; Fanti, R.; Ferrari, C.; Cotton, W.; Muxlow, T. W. B. (2003-02-01). "Radio asymmetry in 3C 99" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 399 (2): 449–456. arXiv: astro-ph/0211318 . Bibcode:2003A&A...399..449M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021682. ISSN   0004-6361.
  14. ↑ Hes, R.; Barthel, P. D.; Fosbury, R. a. E. (September 1996). "Emission line imaging of 3CR quasars and radio galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 313: 423–438. Bibcode:1996A&A...313..423H. ISSN   0004-6361.
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