4C 31.04

Last updated
4C 31.04
Image of 4C 31.04.png
The radio galaxy 4C 31.04.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
Constellation Pisces
Right ascension 01h 19m 34.97s [1]
Declination +32° 10′ 49.83″ [1]
Redshift 0.059715 [1]
Heliocentric radial velocity 17,902 km/s [1]
Distance 812 Mly
Apparent magnitude  (V)14.5
Apparent magnitude  (B)16
Characteristics
Type WLRG Sy2
Size~335,000  ly (102.6  kpc) (estimated) [1]
Other designations
2MASX J01193495+3210495, PGC 4773, MCG +05-04-018, DA 41, OHIO C 328, WK 40, JVAS J0119+3210

4C 31.04 known as MCG +05-04-018 or CGCG 502-027 NED02, [1] is a radio galaxy [2] located in the constellation of Pisces. The estimated redshift of the galaxy is (z) 0.060 [3] and it was first discovered as an astronomical radio source in 1967 by astronomers who identified it to be associated with a close double pair of galaxies. [4] The radio spectrum of the source is known to be both compact and steep, making it a compact steep spectrum (CSS) galaxy. [5]

Contents

Description

4C 31.04 is categorized as a compact symmetrical object (CSO). [6] [7] Its host galaxy is a large elliptical galaxy residing as the brightest member of a small galaxy cluster. [8] [3] [9] The total star formation of the galaxy is estimated to be 4.9 Mʘ per year with the star population estimated to be mainly dominated by old metal-rich stars. [3] There is also a dust lane that cuts through the nuclear region of the galaxy based on Hubble Space Telescope imaging. [10] A spiral galaxy companion is found located from the host galaxy by 20 kiloparsecs with a redshift of (z) 0.054. [3]

The radio source of 4C 31.04 is known to be compact. When observed with Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), it is depicted as double with extended radio lobes that are different from one another. The eastern lobe is more compact and strong, whereas the western lobe is weak with a distorted structure. There is a faint bridge of radio emission between lobes when imaged at 1.7 GHz frequencies. [5] Earlier VLBI observations on centi-arcsecond scales found the source is elongated at the position angle of 115°. [11] A radio core is detected with an inverted spectrum. The total age of the source is estimated to be 550 years based on hot spot features shown moving at around (0.085 ± 0.016) milliarcseconds per year. [12]

In 2007 a molecular disk was found based on evidence of strong detections of both HCO line emission and absorption molecules. The total gas mass of the disk is estimated to be 0.5 x 1010 -5 x 1010 Mʘ. [13]

A study published in 2024 found the lobes of the galaxy expand outwards into a circumnuclear disk region causing the turbulence of molecular gas. Further evidence also found there is a small part of the blueshifted wing against an eastern lobe region with the gas mainly depicted as having velocity dispersion that reaches up to 40 kilometers per seconds. Gas clumps are shown around the eastern lobe, indicating it is interacting together with the gas clouds and also powering H I outflows. [9]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "NED Search results for CGCG 502-027 NED02". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-11-23.
  2. ↑ Struve, C.; Conway, J. E. (2012-10-01). "The circumnuclear cold gas environments of the powerful radio galaxies 3C 236 and 4C 31.04". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 546: A22. Bibcode:2012A&A...546A..22S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201218768. ISSN   0004-6361.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Zovaro, Henry R M; Sharp, Robert; Nesvadba, Nicole P H; Bicknell, Geoffrey V; Mukherjee, Dipanjan; Wagner, Alexander Y; Groves, Brent; Krishna, Shreyam (2019-01-23). "Jets blowing bubbles in the young radio galaxy 4C 31.04". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 484 (3): 3393–3409. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz233 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  4. ↑ Caswell, J. L.; Wills, D. (1967). "Identifications of radio sources with bright galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 135 (2): 231–242. doi: 10.1093/mnras/135.2.231 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  5. 1 2 Cotton, W. D.; Feretti, L.; Giovannini, G.; Venturi, T.; Lara, L.; Marcaide, J.; Wehrle, A. E. (October 1995). "VLBI Observations of a Complete Sample of Radio Galaxies. V. 3C 346 and 4C 31.04: Two Unusual Compact Steep Spectrum Sources". The Astrophysical Journal. 452: 605. arXiv: astro-ph/9506038 . Bibcode:1995ApJ...452..605C. doi:10.1086/176333. ISSN   0004-637X.
  6. ↑ Giroletti, M.; Giovannini, G.; Taylor, G. B.; Conway, J. E. (2003-10-01). "Ages of CSOs: the case of 4C 31.04". New Astronomy Reviews. The physics of relativistic jets in the CHANDRA and XMM era. 47 (6): 613–616. Bibcode:2003NewAR..47..613G. doi:10.1016/S1387-6473(03)00105-2. ISSN   1387-6473.
  7. ↑ Perlman, E. S.; Stocke, J. T.; Conway, J. E.; Reynolds, C.; Begelman, M. (2002-05-01). "HST imaging of nearby CSOs: obscuration and nuclear structures". New Astronomy Reviews. Lifecycles of radio galaxies. 46 (2): 279–282. Bibcode:2002NewAR..46..279P. doi:10.1016/S1387-6473(01)00193-2. ISSN   1387-6473.
  8. ↑ Sargent, Wallace L. W. (May 1973). "Redshifts for 51 Galaxies Identified with Radio Sources in the 4c Catalog". The Astrophysical Journal. 182: L13. Bibcode:1973ApJ...182L..13S. doi:10.1086/181207. ISSN   0004-637X.
  9. 1 2 Murthy, Suma; Morganti, Raffaella; Oosterloo, Tom; Schulz, Robert; Paragi, Zsolt (2024-08-01). "Turbulent circumnuclear disc and cold gas outflow in the newborn radio source 4C 31.04". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 688: A84. arXiv: 2405.17389 . Bibcode:2024A&A...688A..84M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450233. ISSN   0004-6361.
  10. ↑ Capetti, A.; de Ruiter, H. R.; Fanti, R.; Morganti, R.; Parma, P.; Ulrich, M.-H. (October 2000). "The HST snapshot survey of the B2 sample of low luminosity radio-galaxies: a picture gallery". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 362: 871–885. arXiv: astro-ph/0009056 . Bibcode:1995ApJ...452..605C. doi:10.1086/176333. ISSN   0004-6361.
  11. ↑ Altschuler, D. R.; Gurvits, L. I.; Alef, W.; Dennison, B.; Graham, D.; Trotter, A. S.; Carson, J. E. (December 1995). "The centi-arcsecond structure of 16 low-frequency variable sources at 92 cm". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 114: 197. Bibcode:1995A&AS..114..197A. ISSN   0365-0138.
  12. ↑ Giroletti, M.; Giovannini, G.; Taylor, G. B.; Conway, J. E.; Lara, L.; Venturi, T. (2003-03-01). "Lobe advance velocities in the extragalactic compact symmetric object 4C 31.04" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 399 (3): 889–897. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021821. ISSN   0004-6361.
  13. ↑ García-Burillo, S.; Combes, F.; Neri, R.; Fuente, A.; Usero, A.; Leon, S.; Lim, J. (2007-06-01). "Fueling the central engine of radio galaxies - I. The molecular/dusty disk of 4C 31.04". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 468 (3): L71 –L75. arXiv: 0704.3581 . Bibcode:2007A&A...468L..71G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077599. ISSN   0004-6361.
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