Acts 28

Last updated
Acts 28
  chapter 27
Romans 1  
Uncial 0166 (Acts 28,30-31).jpg
Acts 28:30-31 in Uncial 0166 (5th century).
Book Acts of the Apostles
Category Church history
Christian Bible part New Testament
Order in the Christian part5

Acts 28 is the twenty-eighth and final chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the journey of Paul from Malta to Italy until he is at last settled in Rome. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke. [1]

Contents

Text

The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 31 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:

Old Testament references

New Testament references

Location

Italy relief location map.jpg
Places mentioned in (blue) and related to (black) this chapter.

This chapter mentions or alludes to the following places (in order of appearance):

Miracle on Malta (verses 1–10)

Verse 1

Now when they had escaped, they then found out that the island was called Malta. [3]

The text refers to Μελίτη (melitē), [4] which is generally acknowledged to mean the island of Malta. It has also been argued that the Dalmatian island of Meleda in the Adriatic Sea, known as Melita Illyrica, was the location. This reading was first put forward in the tenth century by Constantine the Porphyrogenite, and was advocated later by a Dalmatian monk, Padre Georgi, who was a native of Meleda. [5] William Robertson Nicoll argues that "there is no need... to refute [this] view", dismissing Georgi's argument because he was "no doubt jealous for the honour of his birthplace and his monastery". [5]

Verse 2

The inhabitants of the island are called barbaroi in Greek, the standard term for non-Greek speakers. They originally came from Carthage and their native language was Punic. [6] The castaways were brought to a local landowner with the common Roman praenomen, Publius (verse 7), whose Maltese title as 'first man' is attested from ancient inscriptions found in the island. [6] The healing of Publius's sick father (verse 8) recalls Jesus' healing of Peter's mother-in-law, and as in the gospels, prompts other islanders to come for healing (verse 9), indicating that 'God whom Paul serves (Acts 27:23) is still with him' and that 'the whole shipwreck incident has served to load him with honor' (verse 10). [6]

Verse 6

But they were expecting that he was going to swell up or suddenly drop dead. So after they had waited a long time and had seen nothing unusual happen to him, they changed their minds and said he was a god (theón)." [7]

From the Biblos Interlinear Bible: [8]

hoideprosedokōnautonmelleinpimprasthaiēkatapipteinaphnōnekron
οἱδὲπροσεδόκωναὐτὸνμέλλεινπίμπρασθαικαταπίπτεινἄφνωνεκρόν
-butthey were expectinghimto be goingto become inflamedorto fall downsuddenlydead
epipolydeautōnprosdokōntōnkaitheōrountōnmēdenatoponeisautonginomenon
ἐπὶπολὺδὲαὐτῶνπροσδοκώντωνκαὶθεωρούντωνμηδὲνἄτοπονεἰςαὐτὸνγινόμενον
after a whilegreathowevertheyexpectingandseeingnothingamisstohimhappening
metabalomenoielegonautoneinaitheon
μεταβαλόμενοιἔλεγοναὐτὸνεἶναιθεόν
having changed their opinionsaidhewasa god

For comparison, see John 1:1.[ clarification needed ]

The islanders regarded "Paul's imperviousness to snakebite" as a sign of his divine status. This was a common attitude among both Greek-speaking people and 'barbarians' (Greek: barbaroi for "non-Greek speaking people"). [6] Chariton of Aphrodisias wrote in his historical novel, Callirhoe (mid first century CE, roughly contemporary with Acts), about a pirate who was saved from shipwreck, who then claimed divine intervention. [9] In this case the pirate was saved so that he could receive a just punishment for his crimes.

Verse 8

It happened that the father of Publius lay sick with fever and dysentery. And Paul visited him and prayed, and putting his hands on him, healed him. [10]

The Ethiopic version of Acts adds after "Paul went in to him and prayed", "and he entreated him to put his hand upon him" meaning either that Publius asked this favor on behalf of his father, or the Publius' father himself asked this. [12]

Journey from Malta to Rome (verses 11–16)

An Alexandrian ship wintered in the island gives weight to the identification of 'Melita' with Malta, on the usual line of sea travel from Alexandria to Italy, while the other suggestion, Meleda was far out of the way. [13] The ship stopped in the ports along the east coast of Sicily and the 'toe' of Italy (verses 12–13), featured prominently in ancient Greek writings of voyages to the area, but thereafter the account prefers the Italian names, such as "Puteoli" instead of the Greek Dicaearchia. [14] In Rome there were already 'brothers' (verse 15; NRSV: 'believers') who came out to provide Paul a ceremonial escort along the Appian Way leading into the city. Verse 16 reminds that Paul was still a prisoner with limited liberty. [6]

Verse 11

Pompeii Dioscurus Mural 1.jpg
Pompeii Dioscurus Mural 2.jpg
A pair of paintings at the entrance to the "House of the Dioscuri" in Pompeii.
After three months we sailed in an Alexandrian ship whose figurehead was the Twin Brothers, which had wintered at the island. [15]

Paul's reception in Rome (verses 17–22)

Paul finally reached Rome, after a long journey starting in Acts 20:21 and, as a faithful Jew, he started by approaching the leaders of the Jewish community in Rome to request a fair hearing on his gospel. [21] Significantly, the Jewish community in Rome shows an open-minded attitude (verse 22) with no sign of the animosity which Paul has encountered in Asia Minor (Acts 21:27–28), while Paul called the leaders of the community as 'brothers' (verse 17), and assured them that his appeal to Caesar does not imply any disloyalty to 'my nation' (verse 19), hoping to get them on his side before word arrived from Jerusalem (verse 21). The community saw Paul's teaching as related to the 'sect which is spoken against' (verse 21, cf. Luke 2:34), but they want to decide themselves (verse 22) as Paul preach to them in similar way as in all his trials, using the term 'hope of Israel' (as he said to Agrippa in Acts 26:6–8) to refer the 'waiting for the consolation of Israel' for those in the temple (Luke 2:25–38). [2]

Paul's last words (verses 23–31)

Acts 28:30-31 (end) and the Epistle of James 1:1-18 in Codex Alexandrinus (folio 76r) from 5th century CodeAlexandrinusFolio76rExplActs.jpg
Acts 28:30-31 (end) and the Epistle of James 1:1-18 in Codex Alexandrinus (folio 76r) from 5th century

The content of Paul's preaching to the local community was not recorded, but it can be inferred as a repetition of the arguments presented elsewhere in the book of Acts (verse 23). [2] Some listeners were 'convinced' (verse 24), but the overall state of the community at that time was 'disharmony' (verse 25, from Greek asymphonoi, "disagreed"). [2] The prophecy in Isaiah 6:9–10 was cited (verses 26–27) to reflect Jewish rejection of Jesus as a tragic failure of 'this people' to 'take advantage of the proffered 'salvation' (verse 28: picking up earlier allusions to Isaiah in Acts 26:12—23 ), and related to Simeon's prophecy in Luke 2:30 (cf. Luke's citation in the parable of the sower (Luke 8:10 ) with Matthew 13:14–15 ; Mark 4:12 ). [2] The final two verses of the chapter record Paul's continued witness to 'all who came' (that is, Jews as well as Gentiles, verse 30) over a two-year period with the confidence that the 'proclamation of the gospel will go on into an uncertain future with all boldness and without hindrance' (verse 31). [2]

Verse 28

[Paul said:] "Therefore let it be known to you that the salvation of God has been sent to the Gentiles, and they will hear it!" [22]

There is a repeated pattern: 'Jewish rejection of the gospel leads to an emphasis on Gentile inclusion' (Acts 13:44-47). [23]

Verse 31

The narrative of Acts ends with Paul:

preaching the kingdom of God and teaching the things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ with all confidence, no one forbidding him. [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luke 24</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Luke 24 is the twenty-fourth and final chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke the Evangelist composed this Gospel as well as the Acts of the Apostles. This chapter records the discovery of the resurrection of Jesus Christ, his appearances to his disciples and his ascension into heaven.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luke 19</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Luke 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records Jesus' arrival in Jericho and his meeting with Zacchaeus, the parable of the minas and Jesus' arrival in Jerusalem. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke the Evangelist composed this Gospel as well as the Acts of the Apostles.

Luke 20 is the twentieth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the teaching of Jesus Christ in the temple in Jerusalem, especially his responses to questions raised by the Pharisees and Sadducees. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke the Evangelist composed this Gospel as well as the Acts of the Apostles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 15</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records "the first great controversy in the records of the Christian Church", concerning the necessity of circumcision, Paul and Barnabas traveling to Jerusalem to attend the Council of Jerusalem and the beginning of Paul's second missionary journey. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 17</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It continues the second missionary journey of Paul, together with Silas and Timothy: in this chapter, the Christian gospel is preached in Thessalonica, Berea and Athens. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 1</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 1 is the first chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke. This chapter functions as a transition from the "former account" with a narrative prelude, repeated record of the ascension of Jesus Christ with more detail and the meeting of Jesus' followers, until before Pentecost.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 5</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 5 is the fifth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the growth of the early church and the obstacles it encountered. The book containing this chapter is anonymous but early Christian tradition affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke. The contents of this chapter include the history of Ananias and Sapphira, an account of the miraculous power and dignity of the Apostles, their imprisonment and liberation, examination before the Sanhedrin, and scourging, and finally Gamaliel's advice to the Sanhedrin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 6</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 6 is the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the institution of the first seven deacons, and the work of one of them, Stephen. The book containing this chapter is anonymous but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke. Joseph T. Lienhard refers to a "Stephen cycle" evident in the deliberate connection between the institution of the seven and the narrative about Stephen in this chapter and chapter 7.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 8</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 8 is the eighth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the burial of Stephen, the beginnings of Christian persecution, the spread of the Gospel of Jesus Christ to the people of Samaria and the conversion of an Ethiopian official. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke. Parts of this chapter may have been drawn from an earlier "Philip cycle of stories" used by Luke in assembling his material.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 9</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 9 is the ninth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records Saul's conversion and the works of Saint Peter. The book containing this chapter is anonymous but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 11</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records that Saint Peter defends his visit to Cornelius in Caesarea and retells his vision prior to the meeting as well as the pouring of Holy Spirit during the meeting. The book containing this chapter is anonymous but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 13</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the first missionary journey of Paul and Barnabas to Cyprus and Pisidia. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke. From this point onwards, except for the Council held in Jerusalem, Luke's narrative focusses on Paul, his ministry, and the events of his life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 16</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the start of the second missionary journey of Paul, together with Silas and Timothy. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 18</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 18 is the eighteenth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the final part of the second missionary journey of Paul, together with Silas and Timothy, and the beginning of the third missionary journey. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.

Acts 20 is the twentieth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the Christian New Testament of the Bible. It records the third missionary journey of Paul the Apostle. The narrator and his companions ("we") play an active part in the developments in this chapter. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke the Evangelist composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 21</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 21 is the twenty-first chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the end of Paul's third missionary journey and his arrival and reception in Jerusalem. The narrator and his companions ("we") play an active part in the developments in this chapter. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 22</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 22 is the twenty-second chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the events leading to Paul's imprisonment in Jerusalem. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 23</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 23 is the twenty-third chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the period of Paul's imprisonment in Jerusalem and then in Caesarea. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 24</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 24 is the twenty-fourth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the period of Paul's imprisonment in Caesarea. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acts 27</span> Chapter of the New Testament

Acts 27 is the twenty-seventh chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the journey of Paul from Caesarea heading to Rome, but stranded for a time in Malta. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.

References

  1. Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alexander 2007, p. 1061.
  3. Acts 28:1: New King James Version
  4. Acts 28:1: SBL Greek New Testament
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Nicoll, W. R., Expositor's Greek Testament on Acts 28, accessed on 13 June 2024
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alexander 2007, p. 1060.
  7. Acts 28:6: NET Bible
  8. Biblos Interlinear Bible. Acts 28:6
  9. Chariton, Callirhoe, 3.4.9–10; apud Alexander 2007, p. 1060
  10. Acts 28:8: ESV
  11. Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "Acts 28". In: The Pulpit Commentary . 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 21 October 2015.
  12. Gill, John. Exposition of the Entire Bible. Acts 28, accessed 21 October 2015.
  13. 1 2 Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. Acts 28. London : Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905-1906] Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019.
  14. cf. "Dicaearchia, which the Italians call Puteoli" in Josephus. Vita, 16; apud Alexander 2007, p. 1060.
  15. Acts 28:11: NKJV
  16. Quote: "Alford, Page, quoting from an inscription found near Lutro and given by J. Smith, in which reference is made to a Dionysius of Alexandria as gubernator navis parasemo Isopharia. Expositor's Greek Testament. Acts 28.
  17. Latin quote: puerosque Ledce (Odes i. 12, 25). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. Acts 28.
  18. Latin quote: fratres Helenœ, lucida sidera (Od. i. 3, 2). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. Acts 28
  19. Benson, Joseph. Commentary on the Old and New Testaments: Exodus 12, accessed 9 July 2019.
  20. Lucian, On Salaried Posts, 1–2; apud Alexander 2007, p. 1060.
  21. Alexander 2007, pp. 1060–1061.
  22. Acts 28:28: NKJV
  23. Note [c] on Acts 28:28 in NET Bible
  24. Acts 28:31: NKJV
  25. Acts 28:31: Greek text analysis. Biblehub.com

Sources