Alewife (fish)

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Alewife
Alosa pseudoharengus.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Clupeiformes
Family: Alosidae
Genus: Alosa
Subgenus: Pomolobus
Species:
A. pseudoharengus
Binomial name
Alosa pseudoharengus
(A. Wilson, 1811) [2]
Synonyms [3]
  • Clupea vernalisMitchill, 1815
  • Clupea megalopsRafinesque, 1818
  • Clupea parvulaMitchill, 1814
  • Clupea pseudoharengusWilson, 1811
  • Clupea virescensDeKay, 1842
  • Meletta venosaValenciennes, 1847
  • Pomolobus pseudoharengus(Wilson, 1811)
School of alewife Alewife.jpg
School of alewife
Station of alewife Alewife MBTA Red Line Station, June 2024.jpg
Station of alewife

The alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus; pl.: alewives [4] ) is an anadromous species of herring found in North America. It is one of the "typical" North American shads, attributed to the subgenus Pomolobus of the genus Alosa. [5] As an adult it is a marine species found in the northern West Atlantic Ocean, moving into estuaries before swimming upstream to breed in freshwater habitats, but some populations live entirely in fresh water. It is best known for its invasion of the Great Lakes by using the Welland Canal to bypass Niagara Falls. Here, its population surged, peaking between the 1950s and 1980s to the detriment of many native species of fish. In an effort to control it biologically, Pacific salmon were introduced, only partially successfully. As a marine fish, the alewife is a US National Marine Fisheries Service "Species of Concern".

Contents

Description

Alewife reach a maximum standard length (SL) of about 40 centimetres (16 in), but have a typical SL of about 30 centimetres (12 in). [2] The front of the body is deep and larger than other fish found in the same waters.

Alewife have bronze-colored heads and a grey-blue [6] to greyish green [7] dorsum. A humeral spot is often present. [7] The tongue does not bear teeth. [8] The peritoneum is light-colored with spots [6] to dusky-appearing, [7] an internal feature that distinguishes alewife from blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), which have a dark peritoneum. [6] The otolith is shaped like a letter "L", unlike its hooked shape in A. aestivalis. [9] Additionally, the eye is larger than that of A. aestivalis; [8] the width of the eye often exceeds the length of the snout in A. pseudoharengus. [7]

Etymology and folklore

Its common name is said to come from comparison with a corpulent female tavernkeeper ("ale-wife"), [10] or, alternatively, from the word aloofe, [11] [12] possibly of Native American origin, [13] that was used to describe this fish in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

In southwestern Nova Scotia, alewife are referred to as kiacks (or kyacks). [14] In Atlantic Canada it is known as the gaspereau, from the Acadian French word gasparot, first mentioned by Nicolas Denys. William Francis Ganong, New Brunswick biologist and historian, wrote:

Gaspereau, or Gasparot. Name of a common salt-water fish of Acadia (also called alewife), first used, so far as I can find, by Denys in 1672. Nowhere can I find any clue to its origin. It seems not to be Indian. [15]

Acadians named two rivers after the fish, the Gaspereau River in Nova Scotia and the Gaspereau River in New Brunswick.

Both anadromous and landlocked forms occur. The landlocked form is also called a sawbelly or mooneye (although this latter name is more commonly applied to Hiodon spp.) Adult alewife are caught during their spring spawning migration upstream by being scooped out of shallow, constricted areas using large dip nets. They are the preferred bait for the spring lobster fishery in Maine, [16] and are eaten by humans, usually smoked.

In the North American Great Lakes

Alewife are known for their invasion of the Great Lakes by using the Welland Canal to bypass Niagara Falls. Although the United States Department of Agriculture suggests they may be native to Lake Ontario, [17] alewife colonized the other Great Lakes and became abundant mostly in Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. It appears that they had spread from Lake Erie to other Great Lakes by the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair. [17] They reached their peak abundance from the 1950s through the 1980s. Alewife grew in number unchecked because the lakes lacked a top predator (lake trout were essentially wiped out around the same time by overfishing and the invasion of the sea lamprey) [18]

For a time, alewife, which often exhibit seasonal die-offs, washed up in windrows on the shorelines of the Great Lakes. Various species of Pacific salmon (first coho, and later the Chinook salmon) were introduced as predators. Though marginally successful, this led to the development of a salmon/alewife fishery popular with many sport anglers.[ citation needed ]

In spite of such biological control methods, alewife remain implicated in the decline of many native Great Lakes species. It is also a common predator of numerous native and non-native zooplankton taxa (e.g. Bythotrephes longimanus , [19] Leptodiaptomus ashlandi ,[ citation needed ] Limnocalanus spp., [20] Leptodiaptomus minutus ,[ citation needed ] Leptodiaptomus sicilis ,[ citation needed ] and Leptodora kindtii [21] ). Wells (1970) found that increases in population of alewife in the Great Lakes between 1954 and 1966 were associated with population declines in certain larger species of zooplankton, while an alewife die-off in 1967 was temporally related to population rebound in most of those species. [21]

Conservation

Alewife populations have seen big declines throughout much of their range. Several threats have most likely contributed to their decline, including loss of habitat due to decreased access to spawning areas from the construction of dams and other impediments to migration, habitat degradation, fishing, and increased predation due to recovering striped bass populations.

In response to the declining population trend for alewives, the states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Virginia, and North Carolina have instituted moratoria on taking and possession.

In eastern Massachusetts, Alewife Brook flows through Arlington, Cambridge, and Somerville to the Mystic River. The brook gives its name to the Alewife Brook Parkway and the Alewife Brook Reservation. The Red Line (MBTA) of Boston's T ends at the Alewife station, so the name of this fish adorns the front of every northbound Red Line train. An extensive habitat restoration and education project, combined with a fish ladder with monitoring cameras, is yielding increasing numbers of alewife back in the improving Mystic River watershed. [22]

The alewife is a US National Marine Fisheries Service Species of Concern, [23] about which the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the US Endangered Species Act.

Related Research Articles

Steelhead, or occasionally steelhead trout, is the anadromous form of the coastal rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus) or Columbia River redband trout. Steelhead are native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific basin in Northeast Asia and North America. Like other sea-run (anadromous) trout and salmon, steelhead spawn in freshwater, smolts migrate to the ocean to forage for several years and adults return to their natal streams to spawn. Steelhead are iteroparous, although survival is only approximately 10–20%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic salmon</span> Species of fish

The Atlantic salmon is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. It is the third largest of the Salmonidae, behind Siberian taimen and Pacific Chinook salmon, growing up to a meter in length. Atlantic salmon are found in the northern Atlantic Ocean and in rivers that flow into it. Most populations are anadromous, hatching in streams and rivers but moving out to sea as they grow where they mature, after which the adults seasonally move upstream again to spawn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American shad</span> Species of fish

The American shad is a species of anadromous clupeid fish naturally distributed on the North American coast of the North Atlantic, from Newfoundland to Florida, and as an introduced species on the North Pacific coast. The American shad is not closely related to the other North American shads. Rather, it seems to form a lineage that diverged from a common ancestor of the European taxa before these diversified.

<i>Alosa</i> Genus of fishes

Alosa is a genus of fish, the river herrings, in the family Alosidae. Along with other genera in the subfamily Alosinae, they are generally known as shads. They are distinct from other herrings by having a deeper body and spawning in rivers. Several species can be found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Also, several taxa occur in the brackish-water Caspian Sea and the Black Sea basin. Many are found in fresh water during spawning and some are only found in landlocked fresh water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saginaw Bay</span> Bay in Lake Huron, Lower Peninsula of Michigan

Saginaw Bay is a bay within Lake Huron located on the eastern side of the U.S. state of Michigan. It forms the space between Michigan's Thumb region and the rest of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Saginaw Bay is 1,143 square miles (2,960 km2) in area. It is located in parts of five Michigan counties: Arenac, Bay, Huron, Iosco, and Tuscola.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blackfin cisco</span> Species of fish

The blackfin cisco was a North American salmonid fish in the freshwater whitefish sub-family Coregoninae. This silvery, deep-bodied fish with black fins, large eyes, a blunt snout and a terminal mouth, was one of the largest forms of ciscoes. The blackfin cisco used to inhabit the Great Lakes of North America until recently, but has been reported to have gone extinct. The blackfin cisco is a member of the C. artedi complex, whose taxonomy has not yet been resolved, and it may not represent a valid species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rainbow smelt</span> Species of fish

The rainbow smelt is a North American species of fish of the family Osmeridae. Walleye, trout, and other larger fish prey on these smelt. The rainbow smelt prefer juvenile ciscoes, zooplankton such as calanoid copepods, and other small organisms, but are aggressive and will eat almost any fish they find. They are anadromous spring spawners and prefer clean streams with light flow and light siltation. The rainbow smelt face several barriers. They are weak swimmers and struggle to navigate fish ladders preventing them from making it past dams to the headwater streams where they spawn. The rise in erosion and dams helped to decimate the smelt population in the 1980s. There are currently plans to try to reduce damming and to help control erosion.

<i>Coregonus hoyi</i> Species of fish

Coregonus hoyi, also known as the bloater, is a species or form of freshwater whitefish in the family Salmonidae. It is a silvery-coloured herring-like fish, 25.5 centimetres (10.0 in) long. It is found in most of the Great Lakes and in Lake Nipigon, and inhabits underwater slopes. This fish is not to be confused with the extinct deepwater cisco, a large fish that shared a common name with the bloater.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lessepsian migration</span> Unintended migration of marine species across the Suez Canal

The Lessepsian migration is the migration of marine species along the Suez Canal, usually from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, and more rarely in the opposite direction. When the canal was completed in 1869, fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and other marine animals and plants were exposed to an artificial passage between the two naturally separate bodies of water, and cross-contamination was made possible between formerly isolated ecosystems. The phenomenon is still occurring today. It is named after Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French diplomat in charge of the canal's construction. The term was coined by Francis Dov Por in his 1978 book.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naugatuck River</span> River in Connecticut, United States

The Naugatuck River is a 40.2-mile-long (64.7 km) river in the U.S. state of Connecticut. Its waters carve out the Naugatuck River Valley in the western reaches of the state, flowing generally due south and eventually emptying into the Housatonic River at Derby, Connecticut and thence 11 miles (18 km) to Long Island Sound. The Plume and Atwood Dam in Thomaston, completed in 1960 following the Great Flood of 1955, creates a reservoir on the river and is the last barrier to salmon and trout migrating up from the sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shortjaw cisco</span> Species of fish

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<i>Coregonus artedi</i> Species of fish

Coregonus artedi, commonly known as the cisco, is a North American species of freshwater whitefish in the family Salmonidae. The number of species and definition of species limits in North American ciscoes is a matter of debate. Accordingly, Coregonus artedi may refer either in a narrow sense to one of the several types of cisco found e.g. in the Great Lakes, or in a broad sense to the complex of all ciscoes in continental North American lakes, Coregonus artedi sensu lato.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Bay (New Jersey)</span> Bay in New Jersey, U.S.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">American gizzard shad</span> Species of fish

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medomak River</span> River in the United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blueback herring</span> Species of fish

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References

  1. ↑ NatureServe (2013). "Alosa pseudoharengus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2013: e.T201948A18235694. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T201948A18235694.en . Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  2. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Alosa pseudoharengus". FishBase . February 2023 version.
  3. ↑ "Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson, 1811)". Global Biodiversity Information Facility . Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  4. ↑ "alewife". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . Merriam-Webster.
  5. ↑ Faria, R.; Weiss, S.; Alexandrino, P. (July 2006). "A molecular phylogenetic perspective on the evolutionary history of Alosa spp. (Clupeidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 40 (1): 298–304. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40..298F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.008. PMID   16581269.
  6. 1 2 3 "Alewife". Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources . 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) - Native". Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental Protection . 2023 [Adapted from A Pictorial Guide to Freshwater Fishes of Connecticut (R.P. Jacobs & E.B. O'Donnell, 2009)]. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  8. 1 2 Fuller, P.; Maynard, E.; Raikow, D.; Larson, J.; Fusaro, A.; Neilson, M.; Bartos, A. (5 July 2022) [Peer reviewed 4 August 2021]. "Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson, 1811)". Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database . Gainesville, FL: U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  9. ↑ Dennis, Claire (2002). Schulz, Kimberly (ed.). "Alosa aestivalis". Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  10. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition
  11. ↑ Winthorp (1678). "The Description, Culture, and Use of Maiz". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 12 (142): 1065–1069. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  12. ↑ Winthorp (1739). "The Culture of Maize". In Baddam (ed.). Memoirs of the Royal Society; Being a New Abridgment of the Philosophical Transactions. Vol. 2. London. pp. 129–133. hdl: 2027/nyp.33433009958483 . Retrieved 10 January 2023– via HathiTrust.
  13. ↑ Bartlett, John Russell (1848). "Alewife". Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States. New York: Bartlett and Welford. p. 6. ISBN   9781404705005 . Retrieved 10 January 2023– via Google Books.
  14. ↑ "Nova Scotia Fisheries: Alewife". Archived from the original on August 24, 2007.
  15. ↑ Ganong, W. F. (1910). "The Identity of the Animals and Plants Mentioned by the Early Voyagers to Eastern Canada and Newfoundland". Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. III. Royal Society of Canada: 218. OL   7061668M . Retrieved June 27, 2013.
  16. ↑ Maine Dept of Marine Resources. "Maine River Herring Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on 2011-09-07.
  17. 1 2 "Alewife". National Invasive Species Information Center. United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  18. ↑ "Sanctuaries for lake trout in the Great Lakes | U.S. Geological Survey".
  19. ↑ Storch, Adam J.; Schulz, Kimberly L.; Cáceres, Carla E.; Smyntek, Peter M.; Dettmers, John M.; Teece, Mark A. (2007). "Consumption of two exotic zooplankton by alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in three Laurentian Great Lakes". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 64 (10): 1314–1328. Bibcode:2007CJFAS..64.1314S. doi:10.1139/f07-096.
  20. ↑ Riha, Milan; Walsh, Maureen G.; Connerton, Michael J.; Holden, Jeremy; Weidel, Brian C.; Sullivan, Patrick J.; Holda, Toby J.; Rudstam, Lars G. (2017). "Vertical distribution of alewife in the Lake Ontario offshore: Implications for resource use". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 43 (5): 823–837. Bibcode:2017JGLR...43..823R. doi: 10.1016/j.jglr.2017.07.007 .
  21. 1 2 Wells, LaRue (1970). "Effects of Alewife Predation on Zooplankton in Lake Michigan". Limnology and Oceanography. 15 (4): 556–565. doi: 10.4319/lo.1970.15.4.0556 .
  22. ↑ Mystic River Herring Monitoring Project, mysticriver.org. Accessed September 4, 2022.
  23. ↑ Fisheries, NOAA (2021-08-18). "Endangered Species Conservation | NOAA Fisheries". NOAA. Retrieved 2021-09-18.

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