Alstroemerieae

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Alstroemerieae
Alstroemeria revoluta 2.jpg
Alstroemeria revoluta
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Alstroemeriaceae
Tribe: Alstroemerieae
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Genus

(The monotypic genera Schickendantzia and Taltalia have been included within Alstroemeria , the monotypic Leontochir was included in Bomarea )

Contents

Alstroemerieae is the name of a tribe of monocotyledonous, herbaceous, perennial plants belonging to the Alstroemeriaceae family. They are native to Central and South America. They have very vivid flowers, relatively large and of various colors. Because of the beauty of their flowers, they are often used as ornamental plants and, especially, as cut flowers. [1] [2] [3]

The tribe consists of around 230 species distributed in two genera: Bomarea and Alstroemeria . Until a few years ago, this family was considered part of a broad circumscription of the Liliaceae, but DNA molecular analyses and phylogenetic analyses based on both molecular data as well as morphology and anatomy, have shown that they belong to a separate family. [4]

Description

Herbaceous, erect plants or supporting lianas, with sympodial rhizomes. Some of the roots are thickened and contain starch. The stem is foliose. Leaves are linear to lanceolate or oblong, rather broad in relation to other monocots, entire, narrowing towards the base, usually resupinated, that is, twisted in such a way that the upper surface during its development becomes lower at maturity.

The inflorescences are terminal and umbelliform, forming helical cymes, usually surrounded by a bract involucre, rarely reduced to a single flower.

The flowers are very bright, relatively large, hermaphrodite, trimerous, actinomorphic to slightly zygomorphic. The perigonium consists of 6 free tepals at the base, arranged in two cycles. The color of the flowers can be yellow, red, pink, orange or green, depending on the species and variety; generally with dark spots. They have nectaries at the base of two of the inner tepals. The androecium is formed by 6 stamens, arranged in two cycles, with the filaments free from each other and free from the tepals, narrow, alternating with the pieces of the perianth. The anthers are basifixed, not versatile, with introrse and longitudinal dehiscence. Microsporogenesis is successive and the tapetum is glandular. Pollen grains are sulcate, usually plano-convex and composed of two cells. The gynoecium has an inferoid, trilocular ovary with numerous anatropic ovules with axillary placentation. The fruit is a loculicidal capsule, umbonate or truncate apically, with 6 longitudinal ribs.

The seeds are round or spheroidal, with the embryo small in relation to the endosperm, at maturity with dry tegument in Alstroemeria and sarcotesta in Bomarea .

Calcium oxalate raphides are present in different organs. [1] [2] [5] [6]

Cytology

Diploid Bomarea species have one chromosome pair more (2n=18) than Alstroemeria species (2n=16); however, they have a shorter total chromosome length. Another difference between the two genera is that Bomarea species have more symmetrical karyotypes. Karyotypic analyses on these species indicate that there are considerable karyological differences between the two genera. [7] [8]

Distribution

Bomarea is distributed from central Mexico and the Antilles (24°N) to Argentina (29°S) and Chile (40°S). [7]

Alstroemeria is strictly South American, with species occurring from Venezuela (3°N) to Tierra del Fuego in Argentina (53°S). [7]

Phylogeny and taxonomy

Alstroemerieae is related to Luzuriageae (a tribe with 2 genera and 5 species), native to South America ( Luzuriaga ) and Australia and New Zealand ( Drymophila ). The two tribes share vegetative characters such as being vines with resupinate leaves. Both should perhaps be combined into a single family, although APWeb still (January 2009) keeps them separate. [4]

Colchicaceae is also related to Alstroemerieae and Luzuriageae. Some genera of Colchicaceae have twisted leaves, as do Alstroemerieae and Luzuriageae. Petermannia was included in Colchicaceae in APG (1998 [9] ) and APG II (2003 [10] ), although it was later determined that this genus (considered a family by APW) is also related to the three families mentioned. [4] [11]

The complete cladogram is given below (APW, [4] updated to January 2009, based mainly on the analysis of Fay et al. 2006, [12] the relationships suggested by the rbcL study of Janssen and Bremer 2004 [13] are quite different, but did not include Petermanniaceae and Corsiaceae):

Liliales

Corsiaceae

Campynemataceae

branch with  support of 50‑80%

Melanthiaceae

branch with  50‑80% support

Petermanniaceae

Colchicaceae

Luzuriagaceae

Alstroemeriaceae

Rhipogonaceae

Philesiaceae

Smilacaceae

Liliaceae

The genera of Alstroemeriaceae

Inflorescence of Alstroemeria psittacina, known as "parrot lily", a species native to Brazil and northeastern Argentina. Parrot Lilly (Alstroemeria psittacina).jpg
Inflorescence of Alstroemeria psittacina , known as "parrot lily", a species native to Brazil and northeastern Argentina.
Inflorescence of Alstroemeria aurantiaca, a species native to southern Chile and Argentina. Alstroemieria aurantiaca0.jpg
Inflorescence of Alstroemeria aurantiaca , a species native to southern Chile and Argentina.
Alstroemeria revoluta, photograph taken at the botanical gardens of the University of British Columbia. Alstroemeria revoluta 1.jpg
Alstroemeria revoluta , photograph taken at the botanical gardens of the University of British Columbia.
A modern cultivar of Alstroemeria. Alstroemeria01.jpg
A modern cultivar of Alstroemeria.
Inflorescence of a Bomarea species photographed in southern Ecuador. Bomarea Southern Ecuador.jpg
Inflorescence of a Bomarea species photographed in southern Ecuador.
Inflorescence of Bomarea caldasii. Bomarea.jpg
Inflorescence of Bomarea caldasii .

Several revisions of Alstroemeriaceae list four genera within the family: Alstroemeria , Bomarea , Schickendantzia and Leontochir , [14] with the addition of the genus Taltalia in 1998. [15] However, the monotypic genera Schikendantzia and Taltalia have been included within Alstroemeria on the basis of detailed morphological, anatomical and chromosomal studies. [8] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] On the other hand, Leontochir ovallei, the only representative of its genus, has been shown in molecular and morphological analyses to be associated and interbred with Bomarea species, so it cannot be recognized as a separate genus. [16] It was transferred in 2000 to Bomarea, as Bomarea ovallei . [21] [22]

The exact number of species in both genera is difficult to pinpoint exactly since new species are constantly being discovered for science [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] and there are also nomenclatural problems. [21] [30] [31] [32]

Economic and cultural importance

As food

Bomarea edulis is distributed from Mexico to Argentina, its tuberous roots have been used since pre-Columbian times as food. In fact, a well-developed plant can have up to 20 root tubers up to 5 cm in diameter. [21] [33]

As ornamental plants

Some of the alstroemeria species cultivated as ornamental plants are:

Hybrid alstroemerias: origin and genetic improvement

Most modern cultivars of alstroemeria do not belong to a particular species but are the result of interspecific hybridization programs. For that reason, modern cultivars, which cannot be ascribed to any particular species, are collectively referred to as Alstroemeria hybrida . The vast majority of modern cultivars, whose breeding was initiated at the Dutch company Van Straaveren in Aslsmeer, are intended to supply the cut flower market. However, some of them can also be used as excellent garden plants.

Originally, these cultivars came from hybridization between Alstroemeria aurea (used in breeding to incorporate strong, tall stems in hybrid cultivars), Alstroemeria pelegrina (its value in breeding programs lies in its large flowers) and A. ligtu (used for their different colors). As the decades passed, many other species were added to these initial three, such as: A. pelegrina alba, A. angutifolia, A. diluta, A. hookeri, A. kingii, A. magenta, A. magnifica, A. pulchra, A. revoluta, and A. werdermannii. [35] [36] There are barriers to hybridization between Alstroemeria species from Chile and those from Brazil. Successful interspecific hybrids have been obtained by in vitro culture of immature hybrid embryos. The cultivars 'Patriot', 'Freedom', 'Redcoat' and 'Liberty' have been produced using this technique. [37] [38] [39] In addition, tetraploids (2n=4x=32) of several sterile hybrids have been successfully produced using in vitro chromosome duplication techniques. [40] [41]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liliales</span> Order of monocot flowering plants, including lilies

Liliales is an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae. The APG III system (2009) places this order in the monocot clade. In APG III, the family Luzuriagaceae is combined with the family Alstroemeriaceae and the family Petermanniaceae is recognized. Both the order Lililiales and the family Liliaceae have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another. Previous members of this order, which at one stage included most monocots with conspicuous tepals and lacking starch in the endosperm are now distributed over three orders, Liliales, Dioscoreales and Asparagales, using predominantly molecular phylogenetics. The newly delimited Liliales is monophyletic, with ten families. Well known plants from the order include Lilium (lily), tulip, the North American wildflower Trillium, and greenbrier.

<i>Alstroemeria</i> Genus of South American flowering plants

Alstroemeria, commonly called the Peruvian lily or lily of the Incas, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Alstroemeriaceae. They are all native to South America, although some have become naturalized in the United States, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Almost all of the species are restricted to one of two distinct centers of diversity; one in central Chile, the other in eastern Brazil. Species of Alstroemeria from Chile are winter-growing plants, while those of Brazil are summer growing. All are long-lived perennials except A. graminea, a diminutive annual from the Atacama Desert of Chile.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alstroemeriaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 254 known species in four genera, almost entirely native to the Americas, from Central America to southern South America. One species of Luzuriaga occurs in New Zealand, and the genus Drymophila is endemic to south-eastern Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colchicaceae</span> Family of monocot flowering plants, in order Liliales

Colchicaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes 15 genera with a total of about 285 known species according to Christenhusz and Byng in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scilloideae</span> Subfamily of bulbous monocot plants

Scilloideae is a subfamily of bulbous plants within the family Asparagaceae. Scilloideae is sometimes treated as a separate family Hyacinthaceae, named after the genus Hyacinthus. Scilloideae or Hyacinthaceae include many familiar garden plants such as Hyacinthus (hyacinths), Hyacinthoides (bluebells), Muscari and Scilla and Puschkinia. Some are important as cut flowers.

<i>Bomarea</i> Genus of flowering plants

Bomarea is one of the two major genera in the plant family Alstroemeriaceae. Most occur in the Andes, but some occur well into Central America, Mexico and the West Indies. Some species are grown as ornamental plants.

<i>Schizanthus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Schizanthus, also called butterfly flower, fringeflower, poor-man's-orchid, is a genus of plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae.

<i>Alstroemeria psittacina</i> Species of flowering plant

Alstroemeria psittacina, with the common names Peruvian lily, parrot flower, parrot lily, lily of the Incas, princess lily and New Zealand Christmas bell. It is found in cerrado and pantanal vegetation in Brazil and Argentina.

<i>Salvia involucrata</i> Species of flowering plant

Salvia involucrata, the roseleaf sage, is a species of flowering plant in the sage family Lamiaceae. This herbaceous perennial is native to the Mexican states of Puebla, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz, growing in shady places such as the edge of forests. Its specific epithet involucrata refers to the prominent flower bracts, which are large and colorful.

<i>Calydorea</i> Genus of flowering plants

Calydorea is a small genus of perennial, herbaceous and bulbous plants in the family Iridaceae native to Mexico and South America. The plants in the genus are small with tunicated bulbs. The flowers are light blue, violet, white, or yellow, depending on the species, of which there are around twenty. Taxonomists considered that the already known genera Salpingostylis, Cardiostigma, Catila and Itysa are not enough different from each other to justify their taxonomic segregation and, for this reason, all of them are now included in Calydorea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gilliesieae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

Gilliesieae is a tribe of herbaceous geophyte plants belonging to the subfamily Allioideae of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). Described in 1826, it contains fifteen genera and about eighty species. It has been variously treated as a subfamily or tribe. It is native to the Southern United States, Central and South America, predominantly Chile. Of the three tribes of genera that make up the subfamily Allioideae, Gilliesieae is the largest and most variable. The tribe was divided into two tribes in 2014, Gilliesiae s.s. and Leucocoryneae, based on differences in floral symmetry and septal nectaries.

Alstroemeria achirae is a flowering plant, a herbaceous, perennial and rhizomatous species belonging to the family Alstroemeriaceae. It is endemic to Chile, particularly the Maule Region.

<i>Berberis empetrifolia</i> Species of shrub

Berberis empetrifolia, sometimes called heath barberry, is a low, somewhat spiny shrub belonging to the barberries in the family Berberidaceae. The local names in Chile are zarcilla, monte negro and uva de la cordillera. It has small narrow entire leaves, and small yolk-colored flowers and later globose blue-black berries. The species originates south of 30ºS in Argentina and Chili, where it grows on sunny, often gravelly soils, and is sometimes planted as an ornamental elsewhere in temperate climates.

<i>Bomarea edulis</i> Species of flowering plant

Bomarea edulis, common name salsilla, is a species of flowering plant in the alstroemeria family Alstroemeriaceae, that is native to the tropics of Mexico and the United States. A deciduous climber growing to 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) tall and wide, it has lanceolate leaves and clusters of trumpet-shaped flowers in shades of pink, yellow and green, with variable spotting, that are produced throughout the summer.

<i>Alstroemeria pelegrina</i> Species of flowering plant in Inca-lily family

Alstroemeria pelegrina, the Peruvian lily, is a species of flowering plant in the large genus Alstroemeria of the family Alstroemeriaceae (Inca-lilies), part of the monocot order Liliales. It is the type-species of that genus, originally described by Linnaeus in 1762 as one of three species of Alstroemeria. It is a herbaceous rhizomatous perennial endemic to Chile.

<i>Alstroemeria aurea</i> Species of plant

Alstroemeria aurea is a species of flowering plant in the family Alstroemeriaceae, native to Chile and Argentina, but naturalised in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luzuriageae</span> Tribe of plants

Luzuriageae is a tribe of monocotyledonous plants belonging to the family Alstroemeriaceae. It consists of very few species of perennial plants native to South America (Luzuriaga) and Australia and New Zealand (Drymophila). They are climbing plants with more or less woody stems and can be recognised by their distichous leaves which are turned "upside down" at the base, and their polysymmetrical white flowers with plain-coloured tepals and a succulent ovary.

References

  1. 1 2 Sanso, A.M.; Xifreda, C.C. (2003), « Flora fanerogámica Argentina: fasciculo 85. 40b. Alstroemeriaceae », Cordoba, Argentina: ProFlora Conicet 14p.-. En Chromosome numbers, Anatomy and morphology, Keys. Geog4. (broken link available at Internet Archive; see history, first version and latest version).
  2. 1 2 Xifreda, C.C.; Sanso, A.M. (1996), « Flora del valle de Lerma: Alstroemeriaceae Dumortier », Aportes Bot. Salta Ser. Flor4 (7): 11p. (broken link available at Internet Archive; see history, first version and latest version).
  3. ↑ Dimitri, M. 1987. Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería. Volume I. Descripción de plantas cultivadas. Editorial ACME S.A.C.I., Buenos Aires.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). «Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (Version 9, June 2008, and updated since)». Accessed on January 4, 2009.
  5. ↑ Harling, G.; Neuendorf, M. (2003), «0. Alstroemeriaceae», Flora of Ecuador: 3-108. (broken link available at Internet Archive; see history, first version and latest version).
  6. ↑ Sanso, A.M. (1996), «El género Alstroemeria (Alstroemeriaceae) en Argentina», Darwiniana34 (1-4): 349-382, archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Accessed on December 27, 2008.
  7. 1 2 3 Sanso, A.M. & Juan H. Hunziker. 1998. Karyological Studies in Alstroemeria and Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae). Hereditas 129, 1: 67-74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1998.t01-1-00067.x
  8. 1 2 Sanso, A.M. (2002), «Chromosome studies in Andean taxa of Alstroemeria (Alstroemeriaceae)», Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society138 (4): 451-459, doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00019.x.
  9. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. (1998). «An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants.». Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.85: 531-553.
  10. ↑ APG II (2003). «An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II.» (pdf). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (141): 399-436. Accessed on June 6, 2008. (broken link available at Internet Archive; see history, first version and latest version).
  11. ↑ M. W. Chase, unpublished data, cited in Soltis et al. 2005: p.104).
  12. ↑ Fay, M. F.; Chase, M. W., Ronsted, N., Devey, D. S., Pillon, Y., Pires, J. C., Petersen, G., Seberg, O., y Davis, J. I. (2006). «Phylogenetics of Liliales: summarized evidence from combined analyses of five plstid and one mitochondrial loci.». Aliso (22): 559-565.
  13. ↑ Janssen, T.; Bremer, K. (2004). «The age of major monocot groups inferred from 800+ rbcL sequences.». Bot. J. Linnean Soc.146: 385-398.
  14. ↑ Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M. J. «Alstroemeriaceae». The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 1st June 2007. Archived from the original on April 24, 2006. Accessed on November 4, 2008.
  15. ↑ Bayer, E. (1998), « Taltalia-eine neue Gattung in der Familie der Alstroemeriaceae », Sendtnera5: 5-14. (broken link available at Internet Archive; see history, first version and last version).
  16. 1 2 Lone Aagesen & A. Mariel Sanso. 2003. The Phylogeny of the Alstroemeriaceae, Based on Morphology, rps16 Intron, and rbcL Sequence Data. Archived on February 24, 2016 on Wayback Machine. Systematic Botany Volume 28, Issue 1 pp. 47–69
  17. ↑ Sanso, A. M.; Xifreda, C. C. (2001), «Generic Delimitation between Alstroemeria and Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae)», Annals of Botany88 (6): 1057, doi:10.1006/anbo.2001.1548 .
  18. ↑ Sanso, A.M.; Xifreda, C.C. (2007), The Synonymy of Schickendantzia with Alstroemeria (Alstroemeriaceae).
  19. ↑ Xifreda, C.C.; Sanso, A.M. (1993), Kew Monocotyledons Symposium.
  20. ↑ Sanso, A.M.; Xifreda, C.C. (1998), Poster presented at Monocots II, Second International Symposium on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons. Sydney. Australia.
  21. 1 2 3 Hofreiter, A. (2006), «Leontochir: A Synonym of Bomarea (alstroemeriaceae)?», Harvard Papers in Botany11 (1): 53-60, doi :10.3100/1043-4534(2006)11[53:LASOBA]2.0.CO;2 .
  22. ↑ Ravenna, P.F. 2000. Onira 5: 45.
  23. ↑ Gereau, R.E. (1989), «Three new species of Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) from Mesoamerica», Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden76 (2): 598-601, doi:10.2307/2399503, archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Accessed on December 27, 2008.
  24. ↑ F. (2005), «Three new species of Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) from the Andean region of Colombia», Novon15: 253-258. (broken link available at Internet Archive; see history, first version and last version)
  25. ↑ Hofreiter, A.; Rodriguez Rodriguez, E.F. (2004), «A new unusual Bomarea species in northern Peru (Alstroemeriaceae)», Arnaldoa11 (2): 21-28. (broken link available at Internet Archive; see history, first version and last version)
  26. ↑ M.C. (2004), «New Species of Alstroemeria (Alstroemeriaceae) from the Brazilian Savannas», Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature14 (1): 17-19. (broken link available at Internet Archive; see history, first version and last version).
  27. ↑ Meerow, A.W.; Tombolato, A.F.C.; Meyer, F. (1999), «Two new species of Alstroemeria L.(Alstroemeriaceae) from Brazil», Brittonia51 (4): 439-444, doi:10.2307/2666527 .
  28. ↑ M. (2000), « Novedades En La Familia Alstroemeriaceae », Gayana Bot57 (1): 55-59.
  29. ↑ Assis, M.C. (2002), «Novas especies de Alstroemeria L», Rev. Brasil. Bot. 252: 177-182. (broken link available at Internet Archive; see history, first version and last version)
  30. ↑ Xifreda, C.C.; Sanso, A.M. (1992), «Bomarea stricta is a synonym of Alstroemeria isabellana (Alstroemeriaceae)», Darwiniana31: 355-356. (broken link available at Internet Archive; see history, first version and last version).
  31. ↑ De Assis, M.C.; De Mello-silva, R. (2004), «Typifications and a new name in Alstroemeria L.(Alstroemeriaceae)», Taxon53 (1): 182-184, doi:10.2307/4135510 .
  32. ↑ Hofreiter, A.; Tillich, H.J. (2002), «Delimitation, infrageneric subdivision, ecology and distribution of Bomarea Mirbel (Alstroemeriaceae)», Feddes Repertorium113 (7/8): 528-544, doi :10.1002/fedr.200290005 .
  33. ↑ Reference, C.; Van Den Eynden, V.; Cueva, E.; Cabrera, O. (2003), «Wild Foods from Southern Ecuador», Economic Botany57 (4).
  34. 1 2 3 4 Phillips, R. y Rix, M. 1991. The Random House Book of Late Perennials. Random House, New York. ISBN 0679 73797 9
  35. ↑ Bridgen, M.P. 1997. Alstroemeria. "n: V. Ball, ed., Ball Red Book, 16th ed., pp. 341-348, Geo. J.Ball Publishing Co., W. Chicago, IL.
  36. ↑ Bridgen, M.P. 1994a. Flowering geophytes of Chile have ornamental potential. Seminario Panamericano de Semillas, p.: 216-230
  37. ↑ Bridgen, M. 2000. Mejoramiento genético del género Alstroemeria. En: Los Geófitos Nativos y su importancia en la Floricultura. Patricio Peñailillo B. and Flavi Schiappacasse C., Eds. Universidad de Talca. pp. 55-63.
  38. ↑ Bridgen, M. 1999. Cultivo de Alstroemeria. En: Seemann, P. y Andrade, N. (Eds.). Cultivo y Manejo de Plantas Bulbosas Ornamentales. Universidad Austral de Chile. Pp. 75-83.
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  40. ↑ Bridgen, M.P. 1994a. A review of plant embryo culture. HortScience 29(1):1243-1246.
  41. ↑ Chiari, A. y M.P. Bridgen. 2000. Rhizome splitting: A new micropropagation technique to increase in vitro propagule yield in Alstroemeria. Journal of Plant Cell, Organ and Tissue Culture. 62:39-46.
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