Americano (song)

Last updated

"Americano"
Song by Lady Gaga
from the album Born This Way
ReleasedMay 23, 2011
RecordedAugust 2010
Studio
  • Studio Bus (Europe)
  • The Mix Room (Burbank)
Genre
Length4:06
Label
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)
  • Lady Gaga
  • Fernando Garibay
  • DJ White Shadow
Audio video
"Americano" on YouTube

"Americano" is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga, taken from her second studio album, Born This Way (2011). The song was written and produced by Gaga with DJ White Shadow, Fernando Garibay, and Brian Lee. "Americano" was influenced by the events surrounding the repeal of the controversial California Proposition 8—a ballot proposition that defined marriage as a union between opposite-sex couples, thereby prohibiting and invalidating same-sex marriage throughout the state—as well as the growing struggles of Mexican immigrants. It combines mariachi, house, and techno genres with elements from Latin music. Lyrically, the song talks about Lady Gaga's infatuation with a woman.

Contents

Critical response to "Americano" was mixed, and the song charted at number 17 on the US Dance/Electronic Digital Songs and number 98 on the South Korean Gaon International Download Chart. Gaga debuted the song in Guadalajara, Mexico on May 3, 2011, during her Monster Ball Tour performance. She later sang it on her Born This Way Ball tour (2012–2013), wearing an artificial replica of her infamous meat dress. It was also featured at the end of DreamWorks Animation's 2011 film, Puss in Boots .

Writing and development

The California Proposition 8 was the inspiration behind the track. Supreme Court Prop8.jpg
The California Proposition 8 was the inspiration behind the track.

While performing in Mexico as part of The Monster Ball Tour (2009–2011), Gaga announced the track "Americano" from Born This Way , her second studio album. [2] [3] "Americano" was influenced by the events surrounding the repeal of the controversial California Proposition 8, a California ballot proposition and a state constitutional amendment passed in the November 2008 California state elections. [4] The proposition was created by opponents of same-sex marriage, thereby prohibiting and invalidating the marriages throughout the state. The proposition was also linked to the growing struggles of Mexican immigrants. [3]

Gaga had previously experimented with Latin music on the track "Alejandro" from The Fame Monster (2009), but with "Americano" she took the musical composition to another direction. One of the producers of the track, Fernando Garibay, recalled that the inspiration came from the events that took place in August 2010, when Proposition 8 was overturned in California. [4] Coupled with the immigration related troubles faced by Mexicans living in the United States, Gaga had the idea to put all the incidents as direct inspiration for the track. [5] She had even messaged on her Twitter account about the ruling, noting that she wrote "Americano" around that time only. Garibay experimented with sounds on his guitar while Gaga played the piano, and they wrote the song. [4]

Recording and composition

French chanson singer Edith Piaf was an influence in the song's composition. Edith Piaf zingt in ons land, Bestanddeelnr 914-6444.jpg
French chanson singer Édith Piaf was an influence in the song's composition.

"Americano" was written and produced by Gaga with Garibay and DJ White Shadow. [6] The song was the first collaboration between Gaga, Garibay and White Shadow. [7] It is composed in the key of F minor with a free tempo of 72 beats per minute. Gaga's vocals range from the notes of E3 to D♭5 and the song follows a basic sequence of Fm–B♭m6/C–C7 as its chord progression. [8] "Americano" is a mariachi, house, and techno track, [9] [10] [11] with elements of Latin music. [12] Featuring instrumentation from flamenco guitar and castanet, [13] the track has a "disco-ready" beat accompanied by horns [4] and a classical violin and rave bass. [9] [13] The tune of "Mambo Italiano" is featured in the beginning of the song. [14]

Lyrically it talks about the Prop 8 and the immigration laws, and sounds like a pop song comparable to the work of Judy Garland, [15] with Gaga claiming that she sees influence from French chanson singer Édith Piaf. [16] The singer wanted to "go big" with the composition including genres like mariachi as well as Latin percussions. She wanted to rebuke the claim in the music industry that Latin music was "a bit cheesy" and so the song took on a full Mexican form. [4] The campy nature of the track had allusions to the disco version of "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" (1964) by Santa Esmeralda. [9] The lyrics also have allusions to a lesbian-themed marriage in Mexico, with the pro-immigrant message told through a love story set in California. [7] [11]

Reception

The track received a mixed response from music critics. Dan Martin from NME gave a positive review, saying that the bilingual language song proved that the overstylization of the composition worked in its favor, making it one of Gaga's best outputs. [9] Jody Rosen from Rolling Stone found "Americano" hilarious, noting it as the "campiest song Gaga's recorded yet". She deciphered the location of the song's storyline as being in East Los Angeles. [13] In their 2011 ranking of Gaga's music catalog, "Americano" was listed at number 18, with the description as "The greatest Anglo-Latina lesbian marriage story ever set to a disco-cabaret beat". [17] Billboard 's Keri Mason found the composition to be Gaga's way of trying to imitate the chart success of "Alejandro". [15] Ian White from BBC Music found essences of musical theatre in the futuristic composition of "Americano". [18] Vulture , an online blog associated with New York Magazine regarded "Americano" as "an initially dizzying listen, though there’s a tenderness in the eye of the storm." [19] Prefixmag's Craig Jen deemed the "Latin-tinged" track inferior to Gaga's earlier "Alejandro". [20]

"Americano" debuted and peaked at 17 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Digital Songs on the week ending on June 11, 2011. The song stayed on the chart for five weeks. [21] On the South Korean Gaon International Downloads chart, "Americano" debuted at number 98—the week Born This Way was released there—with sales of 4,434 copies. [22]

Live performances and media usage

Gaga and her dancers during the performance of "Americano" on the Born This Way Ball tour, wearing artificial recreations of Gaga's "meat dress" LadyGagaAmericanoTBTWB (cropped).jpg
Gaga and her dancers during the performance of "Americano" on the Born This Way Ball tour, wearing artificial recreations of Gaga's "meat dress"

Gaga debuted the song in Guadalajara, Mexico on May 3, 2011, during The Monster Ball Tour, where she performed it in an acoustic version. [2] She later included "Americano" on the set list of her Born This Way Ball tour (2012–2013). During the performance the singer wore a modified version of her famous meat dress and sang the song while faux meat carcasses hung around her. [23] Gaga was surrounded by her dancers who were semi-nude onstage. [24] The sequence portrayed a wedding with an extended Spanish guitar intro and Gaga appearing on the meat counter as the bride in the meat dress. It ends with the singer shooting her husband onstage. [25] After finishing the song, Gaga told the audience "In 1970, women would no longer be treated like meat. On the cover of Hustler magazine or at the Born This Way Ball, meat is precisely how we treat them." [26]

American television series, Glee , covered the song in the episode "The New Rachel". Sung by Kate Hudson, it was used a mashup with Jennifer Lopez's song "Dance Again". [27] The sequence showed Hudson as a dance teacher, showing choreographed moves to the mash-up. [28] The mash-up was also released as a single to the iTunes Store. [29] In 2011, "Americano" was used in the trailer [30] as well as the end credits scenes of the computer-animated fantasy action comedy film, Puss in Boots . [31]

Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Born This Way. [6]

Charts

Weekly chart performance for "Americano"
Chart (2011)Peak
position
South Korea International Tracks (GAON) [22] 98
US Dance/Electronic Digital Songs ( Billboard ) [21] 17

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lady Gaga</span> American singer-songwriter and actress (born 1986)

Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta, known professionally as Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter and actress. Known for reinventing her image and showcasing versatility in entertainment, she started performing as a teenager by singing at open mic nights and acting in school plays. She studied Collaborative Arts Project 21 before leaving to pursue a music career. After a contract cancellation by Def Jam Recordings, Gaga worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing. In 2007, she signed with Interscope Records and KonLive Distribution. Her breakthrough came the following year with her debut studio album, The Fame, and its singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face". The album was later reissued along with The Fame Monster (2009), which yielded the successful singles "Bad Romance", "Alejandro" and "Telephone".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Just Dance (song)</span> 2008 single by Lady Gaga

"Just Dance" is the debut single by American singer Lady Gaga. She co-wrote the song with Akon and his producer RedOne. It also features vocals from Colby O'Donis and was released on April 8, 2008, as the lead single from Gaga's debut studio album, The Fame. The song was written by Gaga in 10 minutes as "a happy record". "Just Dance" lyrically speaks about being intoxicated at a club.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poker Face (song)</span> 2008 single by Lady Gaga

"Poker Face" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her debut studio album, The Fame (2008). It was released on September 23, 2008, as the album's second single. It is a synth-pop song in the key of G♯ minor, following in the footsteps of her previous single "Just Dance", but with a darker musical tone. The main idea behind the song is bisexuality and was a tribute by Gaga to her rock and roll boyfriends. The song's lyrics feature various sexual innuendos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lady Gaga discography</span>

American singer Lady Gaga has released five solo studio albums, two collaborative studio albums, two film soundtracks, three remix albums, two compilation albums, four EPs, two live albums, 39 singles, and 14 promotional singles. Gaga made her debut in August 2008 with the studio album The Fame, which peaked at number two in the United States, where it was subsequently certified triple Platinum, while topping the charts in Austria, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Its first two singles, "Just Dance" and "Poker Face", reached number one in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and for the latter, becoming the world's biggest single of the 2009 calendar year. The album spawned three more singles: "Eh, Eh ", "LoveGame" and "Paparazzi". The latter reached the top ten in many countries worldwide, and number one in Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paparazzi (Lady Gaga song)</span> 2009 single by Lady Gaga

"Paparazzi" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her debut studio album, The Fame (2008). It was released as the album's fifth and final single by Interscope Records. Gaga wrote and produced the song with Rob Fusari. The song portrays Gaga's struggles in her quest for fame, as well as balancing success and love. Musically, it is an uptempo techno-pop and dance-pop ballad whose lyrics describe a stalker following somebody to grab attention and fame.

<i>The Fame Monster</i> 2009 studio album reissue by Lady Gaga

The Fame Monster is a reissue of American singer Lady Gaga's debut studio album, The Fame (2008), and was released on November 18, 2009, through Interscope Records. Initially planned solely as a deluxe edition reissue of The Fame, Interscope later decided to release the eight new songs as a standalone EP in some territories. The decision was also because Gaga believed the re-release was too expensive and that the albums were conceptually different, describing them as yin and yang. The deluxe edition is a double album featuring the eight new songs on the first disc and The Fame on the second disc. A super deluxe edition was released on December 15, 2009, holding additional merchandise, including a lock from Gaga's wig.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dance in the Dark</span> 2010 single by Lady Gaga

"Dance in the Dark" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her third extended play (EP), The Fame Monster (2009)—the reissue of her debut studio album, The Fame (2008). It is about a woman who prefers to have sex in the dark as she is insecure in her body. Having met such women while working on the MAC AIDS Fund, Gaga said that the song is not about freedom, but rather the assurance that she understood their feelings. A Europop track, it contains retro and new wave music influences, and begins with a stuttering introduction. It includes a spoken interlude, where Gaga lists famous dead people.

<i>Born This Way</i> (album) 2011 studio album by Lady Gaga

Born This Way is the second studio album by American singer Lady Gaga, released by Interscope Records on May 23, 2011. It was co-written and co-produced by Gaga with other producers, including Fernando Garibay and RedOne, who had previously worked with her. She also worked with artists such as E Street Band saxophonist Clarence Clemons and Queen guitarist Brian May. Gaga and Garibay are the album's musical directors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Born This Way (song)</span> 2011 single by Lady Gaga

"Born This Way" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga, and the lead single from her second studio album of the same name. Written by Gaga and Jeppe Laursen, who produced it along with Fernando Garibay and DJ White Shadow, the track was developed while Gaga was on the road with the Monster Ball Tour. Inspired by 1990s music which empowered women, minorities, and the LGBT community, Gaga explained that "Born This Way" was her freedom song. It was also inspired by Carl Bean and his song "I Was Born This Way", released in 1977. She sang part of the chorus at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards and announced it as the lead single from the album, released on February 11, 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">You and I (Lady Gaga song)</span> 2011 single by Lady Gaga

"You and I" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga, taken from her second studio album, Born This Way (2011). She also co-produced it with Robert John "Mutt" Lange. The track samples Queen's "We Will Rock You" (1977) and features electric guitar by Queen's Brian May. Gaga debuted "You and I" in June 2010 during her performance at Elton John's White Tie and Tiara Ball. Footage of the performance appeared on the Internet, and positive response encouraged her to include the song on her setlist for The Monster Ball Tour. She later performed the song on Today to a record crowd in July 2010, and on The Oprah Winfrey Show in May 2011. On August 23, 2011, Interscope Records released the song as the fourth single from the album.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Edge of Glory</span> 2011 single by Lady Gaga

"The Edge of Glory" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her second studio album, Born This Way (2011). The song was released on May 9, 2011, as the album's third single. Initially released as one of two promotional singles for Born This Way, it shortly became a single following its success in digital outlets worldwide. The song was written and produced by Gaga and Fernando Garibay, and is a pop, electro-rock, and disco song that speaks of the last moments of life. According to Gaga, lyrical inspiration came from the death of her grandfather, who died in September 2010. Along with a saxophone solo played by Clarence Clemons, the melody of the song resembles much of the musical works of Bruce Springsteen, and contains several qualities similar to that of 1980s adult contemporary musical works.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marry the Night</span> 2011 single by Lady Gaga

"Marry the Night" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Lady Gaga for her second studio album, Born This Way (2011). The track was initially released for promotion on FarmVille, six days before the release of Born This Way. It was released as the fifth and initially final single from the album before "Bloody Mary" in 2022 on November 11, 2011, by Interscope Records. The song was written and produced by Gaga and Fernando Garibay, and was recorded on the tour bus during The Monster Ball Tour. Revealed in February 2011, "Marry the Night" was inspired by the energy of Gaga's previous songs like "Dance in the Dark" and her love for her hometown, New York City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hair (Lady Gaga song)</span> 2011 promotional single by Lady Gaga

"Hair" is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga for her second studio album, Born This Way (2011). Written and produced by herself and Nadir "RedOne" Khayat, "Hair" was released worldwide digitally on May 16, 2011, as a promotional single from the album, as part of the iTunes Store's "Countdown to Born This Way" release. This was after the previous promotional release, "The Edge of Glory", was made the third single from the album.

"Government Hooker" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her second studio album, Born This Way (2011). Gaga co-wrote and co-produced the song with Fernando Garibay and DJ White Shadow, with additional production of DJ Snake. "Government Hooker" was a previously unused demo track Shadow had produced with DJ Snake. Recording sessions took place in 2010 at the Studio at the Palms in Las Vegas, Nevada.

"Scheiße" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her second studio album, Born This Way (2011). The song was written and produced by Lady Gaga and Nadir "RedOne" Khayat, and was recorded in Europe on the tour bus during the Monster Ball Tour. "Scheiße" was first introduced as a remix during a Thierry Mugler fashion show held on January 19, 2011. A dance-pop song with heavy, pounding synths, it also has a fast techno beat with electroclash and Eurodisco influences. Gaga speaks the first verse and parts of the chorus of the song in faux-German, as the name of the song is German. The lyrics have a feminist tone, speaking of female empowerment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Born This Way Ball</span> 2012–13 concert tour by Lady Gaga

The Born This Way Ball was the third concert tour by American singer Lady Gaga, in support of her second studio album Born This Way (2011). The tour visited every populated continent, and was ranked as the fifth highest-grossing tour of 2012 by Pollstar. The tour grossed $22.5 million in 2013 according to Pollstar's year-end chart from the 18 dates played, bringing the Born This Way Ball Tour's total gross to $183.9 million from 98 dates. The tour was well received by critics who praised the stage design, Gaga's vocal abilities and different expressive messages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bloody Mary (song)</span> 2022 single by Lady Gaga

"Bloody Mary" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga recorded for her second studio album Born This Way (2011). Gaga, Fernando Garibay, and Paul "DJ White Shadow" Blair wrote and produced it; Clinton Sparks also received a producer credit. "Bloody Mary" is an electropop song with elements of synth-pop and trance, and features Gregorian chants. Although the song's title is an epithet mostly associated with the English queen Mary Tudor, Gaga assumes the role of biblical figure Mary Magdalene in its lyrics, whom she considered a "feminine force" she had worshiped since her childhood in a Catholic girls school. It is one of several tracks on the album with religious themes.

<i>Born This Way: The Remix</i> 2011 remix album by Lady Gaga

Born This Way: The Remix is the second remix album by American singer Lady Gaga, released on November 18, 2011, by Interscope. This album contains remixes of multiple songs from Gaga's second studio album, Born This Way. It was also released as part of the Born This Way: The Collection, a special edition release including the 17-track version of Gaga's second studio album and a DVD release of the HBO concert special Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden. Most of the remixes had been available in the remix EPs released alongside each single from Born This Way. Musically, the album is an electronic and dance record; there are also influences of Europop, techno and dubstep within the composition.

"Electric Chapel" is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga for her second studio album, Born This Way (2011). Written and produced by Gaga and DJ White Shadow, the recording premiered on Facebook gaming app FarmVille, as did the album's fifth single, "Marry the Night". Gaga revealed on Twitter that "Electric Chapel" was written in Australia and finished on her tour bus in Europe. She recorded it channeling the vocals of bands like Duran Duran, and singers Cher and Billy Idol.

References

  1. ↑ ACE. "ACE Repertory". ASCAP. Archived from the original on March 27, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  2. 1 2 Mapes, Jillian (May 4, 2011). "Lady Gaga Debuts 'Americano' Song in Mexico: Watch". Billboard . Archived from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  3. 1 2 Sheffrin, Alexander J. (April 5, 2008). "Pro-Family Group Says Effort to Ban Calif. Gay 'Marriage' Looks 'Strong'". The Christian Post . Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Vena, Jocelyn (May 24, 2011). "Lady Gaga Wanted To Go 'Full Mexicano' On 'Americano'". MTV News. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  5. ↑ Wass, Mike (October 5, 2015). "Behind The Boards: Fernando Garibay On His Collaborations With Kylie Minogue & Lady Gaga". Idolator. Archived from the original on October 13, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  6. 1 2 Born This Way (liner notes). Lady Gaga. Interscope Records. 2011. B0015374-72.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  7. 1 2 Wilkinson, Matt (April 19, 2011). "Lady Gaga: 'If you want me to be a manufactured act you can fuck off'" . NME . Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  8. ↑ Germanotta, Stefani (2011). "Lady Gaga 'Americano' Sheet Music". Musicnotes.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Martin, Dan (May 17, 2011). "Lady Gaga, 'Born This Way' - Track-By-Track Album Review". NME. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
  10. ↑ Corner, Lewis (May 4, 2011). "Lady GaGa performs new track 'Americano'". Digital Spy . Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
  11. 1 2 McCormick, Neil (May 19, 2011). "Lady Gaga's Born This Way: track-by-track review". The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  12. ↑ Jonze, Tim (May 18, 2011). "Lady Gaga: Born This Way — Review". The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 Rosen, Jody (May 18, 2011). "Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way': A Track-by-Track Breakdown". Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 19, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  14. ↑ Wright, Joseph (July 15, 2015). "Five Good Covers: Mambo Italiano (Rosemary Clooney)". Cover Me. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  15. 1 2 Mason, Keri (September 14, 2009). "Lady Gaga 'Born This Way': Track-By-Track Review". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
  16. ↑ Van Meter, Jonathan (February 10, 2011). "Lady Gaga: Our Lady of Pop". Vogue . Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
  17. ↑ "'Americano'". Rolling Stone. May 25, 2011. Archived from the original on July 23, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  18. ↑ White, Ian (May 21, 2011). "Lady Gaga Born This Way Review". BBC Music. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  19. ↑ "Every Lady Gaga Song, Ranked. A deep dive into a star who almost single-handedly raised the bar for pop music". Vulture . Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  20. ↑ Jenkins, Craig (May 23, 2011). "Lady GaGa Born This Way". Prefixmag. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  21. 1 2 "Lady Gaga – Chart history". Billboard. Dance/Electronic Digital Songs. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  22. 1 2 "South Korea 2011년 23주차 Download Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  23. ↑ Harp, Justin (May 14, 2012). "Lady GaGa reveals new meat dress for 'Born This Way Ball' tour". Digital Spy . Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  24. ↑ Mossman, Kate (August 31, 2012). "Lady Gaga – review". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  25. ↑ Cuffe, Aidan (September 17, 2012). "Lady Gaga at The Aviva Stadium Born This Way Ball". The Golden Plec. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  26. ↑ "Lady Gaga Dives into Meat Grinder, a la Hustler Mag Cover". Heavy.com. October 2, 2012. Archived from the original on December 19, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  27. ↑ Gratereaux, Alexander J. (September 10, 2012). "Kate Hudson Channels JLO, Lady Gaga in New 'Glee' Episode". FOX News . Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  28. ↑ Busis, Hillary (September 10, 2012). "Kate Hudson's first 'Glee' performance". Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  29. ↑ "Americano / Dance Again – Glee Cast version feat. Kate Hudson". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  30. ↑ Beard, Lanford (October 21, 2011). "Lady Gaga's 'Americano' scores latest 'Puss in Boots' trailer". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  31. ↑ Vena, Jocelyn (October 28, 2011). "'Puss In Boots' and Lady Gaga's 'Americano': The Story Behind The Track". MTV News. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.