Ancient East Eurasians

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The term Ancient East Eurasian, alternatively also known as East Eurasian or Eastern Eurasian, is used in population genomics to describe the genetic ancestry and phylogenetic relationship of diverse populations primarily living in the Asia-Pacific region, belonging to the "Eastern Eurasian clade" of human genetic diversity, [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] and which can be associated with the Initial Upper Paleolithic (IUP) wave, following the Out of Africa migration (>60kya). [4] [6]

Contents

Dispersal

Repetitive expansions into Eurasia from a population Hub OoA. Representative samples dated between 45 and 40 ka across Eurasia can be ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture consistent with an IUP affiliation. Repetitive expansions into Eurasia from a population Hub OoA.jpg
Repetitive expansions into Eurasia from a population Hub OoA. Representative samples dated between 45 and 40 ka across Eurasia can be ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture consistent with an IUP affiliation.

Modern humans of the Initial Upper Paleolithic wave (IUP) are suggested to have expanded from a population hub through a star-like expansion pattern (>45kya), and are linked to the "East Eurasian" lineage, broadly ancestral to modern populations in Eastern Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas, notably East Asians, Southeast Asians, Indigenous Siberians, Aboriginal Australians, Papuans, Pacific Islanders, and partly Indigenous Americans, South Asians and Central Asians. While certain Initial Upper Paleolithic populations represented by specimens found in Central Asia and Europe, such as the Ust'-Ishim man, Bacho Kiro or Oase 2, are inferred to have used inland routes, the ancestors of all modern East Eurasian populations are inferred to have used a Southern dispersal route through South Asia, where they subsequently diverged rapidly. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Inferred model for the phylogenetic substructure of Eastern Eurasian populations. Phylogenetic structure of Eastern Eurasians.png
Inferred model for the phylogenetic substructure of Eastern Eurasian populations.

Lineages

Major East Eurasian ancestry lineages which contributed to modern human populations include the following: [8]

Estimated ancestry components among selected modern populations per Changmai et al. (2022). K6 human genetic ancestries.png
Estimated ancestry components among selected modern populations per Changmai et al. (2022).

The Australasian, Ancient Ancestral South Indian, and East and Southeast Asian lineages display a closer genetic relationship to each other than to any non-Asian lineages, and together represent the main branches of "Asian-related ancestry", which diverged from each other >40kya. [8] The Australasian lineage however received higher archaic admixture in the Oceania region, and may also harbor some small amounts of "xOoA" admixture from an earlier human dispersal, which did not contribute to any other human population. Alternatively, Australasians can be described as nearly equally admixture between a "Basal East Asian" source (represented by Tianyuan) and a deeper East Eurasian lineage not sampled yet. [7] [1] [8] : 11 

Traces of an unsampled deeply diverged East Eurasian lineage can be observed in the genome of ancient and modern inhabitants of the Tibetan Plateau. While modern Tibetans mostly derive their ancestry from a northern East Asian source (specifically Yellow River farmers), a minor, but significant contribution stems from a deeply diverged East Eurasian local "Ghost population" that was distinct from other deeply diverged lineages such as Ust'Ishim, Hoabinhian/Onge or Tianyuan, representing the local Paleolithic population of the Tibetan Plateau. [17] [18]

Deeper IUP-associated East Eurasian lineages have been associated with the remains of the Ust'-Ishim man from Siberia, and the Oase and Bacho Kiro cave specimens in southeastern Europe, and represent early inland migrations, deeply diverged from all other East Eurasian populations. These deep East Eurasian populations did not contribute to later Eurasian populations, except small contributions to the Goyet Caves specimen of Europe. The exact substructure and relationship between these deeper East Eurasian lineages is not well resolved yet. [7] [19]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient Southern East Asian</span> Archaeogenetic name for an ancestral genetic component

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References

  1. 1 2 Lipson, Mark; Reich, David (2017). "A working model of the deep relationships of diverse modern human genetic lineages outside of Africa". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (4): 889–902. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw293. ISSN   0737-4038. PMC   5400393 . PMID   28074030.
  2. ↑ Skoglund, Pontus; Mathieson, Iain (2018-08-31). "Ancient Genomics of Modern Humans: The First Decade". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 19 (1): 381–404. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021749 . ISSN   1527-8204. PMID   29709204. S2CID   19933330.
  3. ↑ Zhang, Ming; Fu, Qiaomei (2020-06-01). "Human evolutionary history in Eastern Eurasia using insights from ancient DNA". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origin. 62: 78–84. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.009. ISSN   0959-437X. PMID   32688244. S2CID   220671047.
  4. 1 2 Vallini, Leonardo; Pagani, Luca (2022). "The future of the Eurasian past: highlighting plotholes and pillars of human population movements in the Late Pleistocene". Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 100 (100): 231–241. doi:10.4436/JASS.10013. ISSN   1827-4765. PMID   36565457.
  5. ↑ Nägele, Kathrin; Rivollat, Maite; Yu, He; Wang, Ke (2022). "Ancient genomic research - From broad strokes to nuanced reconstructions of the past". Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 100 (100): 193–230. doi:10.4436/jass.10017. PMID   36576953.
  6. 1 2 Vallini, Leonardo; Zampieri, Carlo; Shoaee, Mohamed Javad; Bortolini, Eugenio; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Pievani, Telmo; Benazzi, Stefano; Barausse, Alberto; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Petraglia, Michael D.; Pagani, Luca (2024-03-25). "The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 1882. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7. ISSN   2041-1723.
  7. 1 2 3 Vallini et al. 2022 (2022-07-04). "Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa" . Retrieved 2023-04-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. 1 2 3 4 Yang, Melinda A. (2022-01-06). "A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia". Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2 (1): 1–32. doi: 10.47248/hpgg2202010001 . ISSN   2770-5005.
  9. ↑ Sato, Takehiro; Adachi, Noboru; Kimura, Ryosuke; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Yoneda, Minoru; Oota, Hiroki; Tajima, Atsushi; Toyoda, Atsushi; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae (2021-09-01). "Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan". Genome Biology and Evolution. 13 (9): evab192. doi:10.1093/gbe/evab192. ISSN   1759-6653. PMC   8449830 . PMID   34410389. the southern migration wave seems to have diversified into the local populations in East Asia (defined in this paper as a region including China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Taiwan and Southeast Asia), and the northern wave, which probably runs through the Siberian and Eurasian steppe regions and mixed with the southern wave, probably in Siberia.
  10. ↑ Osada, Naoki; Kawai, Yosuke (2021). "Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data". Anthropological Science. 129 (1): 45–58. doi: 10.1537/ase.201215 . S2CID   234247309. Via the southern route, ancestors of current Asian populations reached Southeast Asia and a part of Oceania around 70000–50000 years ago, probably through a coastal dispersal route (Bae et al., 2017). The oldest samples providing the genetic evidence of the northern migration route come from a high-coverage genome sequence of individuals excavated from the Yana RHS site in northeastern Siberia (Figure 2), which is about 31600 years old (Sikora et al., 2019).
  11. ↑ Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro; Kondo, Osamu; Shigehara, Nobuo; Yoneda, Minoru; Kimura, Ryosuke (2020-08-25). "Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations". Communications Biology. 3 (1): 437. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2. ISSN   2399-3642. PMC   7447786 . PMID   32843717. Population genomic studies on present-day humans7,8 have exclusively supported the southern route origin of East Asian populations.
  12. ↑ Aoki, Kenichi; Takahata, Naoyuki; Oota, Hiroki; Wakano, Joe Yuichiro; Feldman, Marcus W. (2023-08-30). "Infectious diseases may have arrested the southward advance of microblades in Upper Palaeolithic East Asia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 290 (2005). doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.1262. ISSN   0962-8452. PMC   10465978 . PMID   37644833. A single major migration of modern humans into the continents of Asia and Sahul was strongly supported by earlier studies using mitochondrial DNA, the non-recombining portion of Y chromosomes, and autosomal SNP data [42–45]. Ancestral Ancient South Indians with no West Eurasian relatedness, East Asians, Onge (Andamanese hunter–gatherers) and Papuans all derive in a short evolutionary time from the eastward dispersal of an out-of-Africa population [46,47]. The HUGO (Human Genome Organization) Pan-Asian SNP consortium [44] investigated haplotype diversity within present-day Asian populations and found a strong correlation with latitude, with diversity decreasing from south to north. The correlation continues to hold when only mainland Southeast Asian and East Asian populations are considered, and is perhaps attributable to a serial founder effect [50]. These observations are consistent with the view that soon after the single eastward migration of modern humans, East Asians diverged in southern East Asia and dispersed northward across the continent.
  13. ↑ Demeter, Fabrice; Shackelford, Laura L.; Bacon, Anne-Marie; Duringer, Philippe; Westaway, Kira; Sayavongkhamdy, Thongsa; Braga, José; Sichanthongtip, Phonephanh; Khamdalavong, Phimmasaeng; Ponche, Jean-Luc; Wang, Hong; Lundstrom, Craig; Patole-Edoumba, Elise; Karpoff, Anne-Marie (2012-09-04). "Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (36): 14375–14380. doi:10.1073/pnas.1208104109. ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   3437904 . PMID   22908291. Inferences from nuclear (51), Y chromosome (52), and mitochondrial genome (53) data support an early migration of modern humans out of Africa and into Southeast Asia using a southern route by at least 60 ka. Patterns of genetic variation in recent human populations (11, 54, 55) recognize Southeast Asia as an important source for the peopling of East Asia and Australasia via a rapid, early settlement.
  14. ↑ Yelmen, Burak; Mondal, Mayukh; Marnetto, Davide; Pathak, Ajai K; Montinaro, Francesco; Gallego Romero, Irene; Kivisild, Toomas; Metspalu, Mait; Pagani, Luca (2019-04-05). "Ancestry-Specific Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (8): 1628–1642. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz037. ISSN   0737-4038. PMC   6657728 . PMID   30952160.
  15. ↑ Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Cox, Murray P.; Barker, Graeme; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J. Stephen; Jacobs, Guy S. (November 1, 2023). "Deep ancestry of Bornean hunter-gatherers supports long-term local ancestry dynamics". Cell Reports. 42 (11): 113346. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113346 . ISSN   2211-1247.
  16. ↑ Changmai, Piya; Pinhasi, Ron; Pietrusewsky, Michael; Stark, Miriam T.; Ikehara-Quebral, Rona Michi; Reich, David; Flegontov, Pavel (2022-12-29). "Ancient DNA from Protohistoric Period Cambodia indicates that South Asians admixed with local populations as early as 1st–3rd centuries CE". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 22507. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1222507C. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26799-3. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   9800559 . PMID   36581666.
  17. ↑ Liu, Chi-Chun; Witonsky, David; Gosling, Anna; Lee, Ju Hyeon; Ringbauer, Harald; Hagan, Richard; Patel, Nisha; Stahl, Raphaela; Novembre, John; Aldenderfer, Mark; Warinner, Christina; Di Rienzo, Anna; Jeong, Choongwon (2022-03-08). "Ancient genomes from the Himalayas illuminate the genetic history of Tibetans and their Tibeto-Burman speaking neighbors". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 1203. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.1203L. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28827-2. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   8904508 . PMID   35260549. our results reject previously suggested sources of gene flow into the Tibetan lineage13,35,36, including deeply branching Eastern Eurasian lineages, such as the 45,000-year-old Ust'-Ishim individual from southern Siberia, the 40,000-year-old Tianyuan individual from northern China, and Hoabinhian/Onge-related lineages in southeast Asia (Supplementary Fig. 10), suggesting instead that it represents yet another unsampled lineage within early Eurasian genetic diversity. This deep Eurasian lineage is likely to represent the Paleolithic genetic substratum of the Plateau populations.
  18. ↑ Wang, Hongru; Yang, Melinda A.; Wangdue, Shargan; Lu, Hongliang; Chen, Honghai; Li, Linhui; Dong, Guanghui; Tsring, Tinley; Yuan, Haibing; He, Wei; Ding, Manyu; Wu, Xiaohong; Li, Shuai; Tashi, Norbu; Yang, Tsho (2023-03-15). "Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years". Science Advances. 9 (11): eadd5582. Bibcode:2023SciA....9D5582W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.add5582. ISSN   2375-2548. PMC   10022901 . PMID   36930720.
  19. ↑ Vallini, Pagani, Leonardo, Luca (December 2022). "The future of the Eurasian past: highlighting plotholes and pillars of human population movements in the Late Pleistocene". Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 100 (100): 231–241. doi:10.4436/JASS.10013. PMID   36565457.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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