Brazilian presidential election, 1989

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Brazilian presidential election, 1989
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←  1985 15 November 1989 1994  →

  Fernando Collor 1992 B&W.jpg Dep. lula.jpg
Candidate Fernando Collor de Mello Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Party PRN PT
Home state Alagoas Pernambuco / São Paulo
Running mate Itamar Franco José Paulo Bisol
States carried233 + DF
Popular vote35,085,45731,070,734
Percentage53.0%47.0%
President before election

José Sarney
PMDB

Elected President

Fernando Collor de Mello
PRN

Brazil
Coat of arms of Brazil.svg
This article is part of a series on the
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Presidential elections were held in Brazil in 1989. They were the first direct presidential elections since 1960, the first to be held using the two-round system and the first to take place under the 1988 constitution.

Brazil Federal republic in South America

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers and with over 208 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the fifth most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populated city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states, the Federal District, and the 5,570 municipalities. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world.

Two-round system voting system used to elect a single winner where a second round of voting is used if no candidate wins an absolute majority in the first round

The two-round system is a voting method used to elect a single winner, where the voter casts a single vote for their chosen candidate. However, if no candidate receives the required number of votes, then those candidates having less than a certain proportion of the votes, or all but the two candidates receiving the most votes, are eliminated, and a second round of voting is held.

Contents

In the first round, Fernando Collor de Mello led the field, but came up well short of the required majority. After receiving 453,800 (0.6% of the total votes) more votes than Leonel Brizola from the Democratic Labour Party, a symbol of the old left-wing, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva from the Workers' Party proceeded to the second round against Collor. Collor won the second round by a margin of 6%, making them the closest presidential elections in Brazilian history until 2014.

Fernando Collor de Mello Brazilian politician, former president of Brazil (1990-1992)

Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello is a Brazilian politician who served as the 32nd President of Brazil from 1990 to 1992, when he resigned in a failed attempt to stop his impeachment trial by the Brazilian Senate. Collor was the first President directly elected by the people after the end of the Brazilian military government. He became the youngest president in Brazilian history, taking office at the age of 40. After he resigned from the presidency, the impeachment trial on charges of corruption continued. Collor was found guilty by the Senate and disqualified from holding elected office for eight years (1992–2000). He was later acquitted of ordinary criminal charges in his judicial trial before Brazil's Supreme Federal Court, for lack of valid evidence.

Leonel Brizola Brazilian politician

Leonel de Moura Brizola was a Brazilian politician. Launched in politics by Getúlio Vargas, Brizola was the only politician to serve as elected governor of two Brazilian states, before and after the 1964-1985 military dictatorship. In 1958 he was elected governor of Rio Grande do Sul, and in 1982 and 1990 he was elected governor of Rio de Janeiro. He was also vice-president of the Socialist International and served as Honorary President of that organization from October 2003 until his death in June 2004. One of the few Brazilian major political figures able to overcome the dictatorship's twenty-years ban on his political activity, Brizola was a non-Marxist Left nationalist who successfully recycled his political agenda to cope with a post-Cold War setting. His later party, the Democratic Labour Party, practiced a form of social democratic, left-wing politics based on a form of populism derived from earlier Varguism, a highly nationalistic social democratic mass movement.

Democratic Labour Party (Brazil) Brazilian political party

The Democratic Labour Party is a social democratic political party in Brazil.

Historical context

On January 15, 1985, Tancredo Neves won the electoral college election for president, putting an end to the 21-year-old military dictatorship. However, Neves died and José Sarney, the Vice-President-elect, took office. Sarney was seen with suspicion by the civilian population, since he had been a member of the military regime's official party, the National Renewal Alliance/Democratic Social Party. There were some questioning of the legitimacy of Sarney's appointment since Neves had died as President-elect without ever taking office. The support of General Leônidas Pires Gonçalves, appointed by Neves as Minister of the Army, was decisive for Sarney taking office, drawing even more suspicion.

Tancredo Neves Brazilian politician

Tancredo de Almeida NevesSFO was a Brazilian politician, lawyer, and entrepreneur. He served as Minister of Justice and Interior Minister from 1953 to 1954, Prime Minister from 1961 to 1962, Finance Minister in 1962, and as Governor of Minas Gerais from 1983 to 1984. He was elected President of Brazil in 1985, but died before he took office.

Electoral college subset of an electoral body, based on a territorial or non-territorial criteria

An electoral college is a set of electors who are selected to elect a candidate to a particular office. Often these represent different organizations, political parties, or entities, with each organization, political party or entity represented by a particular number of electors or with votes weighted in a particular way. The system can ignore the wishes of a general membership.

José Sarney Brazilian politician

José Sarney de Araújo Costa is a Brazilian politician, lawyer, and writer who served as 31st President of Brazil from April 21, 1985 to March 14, 1990. At age 88, he is the oldest living former Brazilian president, and, as of the death of João Figueiredo in 1999, the only living former president not elected by direct vote.

Nevertheless, as promised by Neves, Sarney's government was responsible for the gradual redemocratization of the country. In 1986, he called an election to form the National Constituent Assembly, which promulgated a new Constitution on November 5, 1988. The new document claimed for direct elections for President, Governors and Deputies in the following year. Also during Sarney's term as president, formerly clandestine parties such as the Brazilian Communist Party and the Brazilian Socialist Party were legalized. Sarney also established the Mercosul. Aside from considerable progress towards democracy, Sarney's government is remembered for employing old members of the regime. Actress and Deputy Bete Mendes claimed that one of her torturers from the DOI-CODI, Colonel Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra, was a military attaché in the Brazilian Embassy in Uruguay at the time [ citation needed ].

A constituent assembly or constitutional assembly is a body or assembly of popularly elected representatives composed for the purpose of drafting or adopting a constitutional-type document. The constituent assembly is a subset of a constitutional convention elected entirely by popular vote; that is, all constituent assemblies are constitutional conventions, but a constitutional convention is not necessarily a constituent assembly. As the fundamental document constituting a state, a constitution cannot normally be modified or amended by the state's normal legislative procedures; instead a constitutional convention or a constituent assembly, the rules for which are normally laid down in the constitution, must be set up. A constituent assembly is usually set up for its specific purpose, which it carries out in a relatively short time, after which the assembly is dissolved. A constituent assembly is a form of representative democracy.

Brazilian Communist Party

The Brazilian Communist Party, originally Partido Comunista do Brasil until 1958, is, disputedly, the oldest political party still active in Brazil, founded in 1922. It played an important role in the country's 20th-century history. It was one of the biggest parties in the country, maintaining, with PCdoB, an unified resistance against the dictatorship, but with the fall of the Soviet Union and the collapse of communism, the party lost power, and an internal coup in 1992 divided the party and formed a new party, called Socialist People's Party, using the former identification number of the PCB, 23.

Brazilian Socialist Party political party in Brazil

The Brazilian Socialist Party is a political party in Brazil. It was founded in 1947, before being abolished by the military regime in 1965 and re-organised in 1985 with the re-democratisation of Brazil. It elected six Governors in 2010, becoming the second largest party in number of state governments, behind only PSDB. In addition to that, it won 34 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and three seats in the Senate, besides having been a member of the For Brazil to Keep on Changing coalition, which elected Dilma Rousseff as President of Brazil.

The election

The 1989 elections were the first in almost 30 years in which eligible Brazilian citizens were able to directly vote for President. The political parties were relatively new but managed to actively mobilise the population five years after massive demonstrations for direct elections had helped to put an end to the military regime.

Sarney was barred from running for the presidency in his own right. In Brazil, when a vice president serves part of a president's term, it counts as a full term; at the time the Brazilian constitution barred a president from immediate reelection.

Twenty-two candidates entered the race were launched, establishing a record number of candidates in a single presidential election in Brazil. Since no candidate managed to obtain the majority of valid votes (excluding blank and void votes), a second round was held, as mandated by the new electoral law. The first round took place on November 15, 1989, the same date of the Brazilian Republic's 100th anniversary. The second round was held on December 17 of the same year, featuring the top finishers in the first round Fernando Collor de Mello of the now-defunct National Reconstruction Party and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of the Workers' Party.

Spoilt vote

In voting, a ballot is considered spoilt, spoiled, void, null, informal, invalid or stray if a law declares or an election authority determines that it is invalid and thus not included in the vote count. This may occur accidentally or deliberately. The total number of spoilt votes in a United States election has been called the residual vote. In Australia, such votes are generally referred to as informal votes, and in Canada they are referred to as rejected votes.

Christian Labour Party political party in Brazil

The Christian Labour Party, formerly named National Reconstruction Party, is a liberal-conservative political party in Brazil.

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Brazilian politician, 35th president of Brazil

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, popularly known simply as Lula, is a Brazilian politician, and former union leader who served as the 35th President of Brazil from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2010. Lula was a founding member of the Workers' Party (PT) and ran unsuccessfully for President three times before achieving victory in the 2002 election, being re-elected in the 2006 election.

The level of enthusiasm in Lula's campaign was huge, with big rallies around the country and several artists participating in the music video for the famous jingle "Lula Lá", aired during his free television canvass which became a classic tune of Brazilian politics. Other artists, like actress Marília Pêra, preferred to support Collor and sustain his discourse, stating that they feared what could happen in Brazil if the leftist union leader Lula was victorious.

A music video is a short film that integrates a song with imagery, and is produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie-in marketing campaigns that allow them to become more than just a song. Tie-ins and merchandising can be used for toys or for food or other products. Although the origins of the music video date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they again came into prominence in the 1980s when the channel MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these kinds of videos were described by various terms including "illustrated song", "filmed insert", "promotional (promo) film", "promotional clip", "promotional video", "song video", "song clip" or "film clip".

Marília Pêra Brazilian actress

Marília Pêra was a Brazilian actress. Hailed as "one of the decade's [1980s] ten best actresses" by Pauline Kael, Pêra won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress in 1982 for her role in Hector Babenco's acclaimed Pixote, and received Best Actress awards at the Gramado Film Festival and at the Cartegena Film Festival for Carlos Diegues' Better Days Ahead. Other films include Bar Esperança, Angels of the Night and Diegues' Tieta do Agreste.

The candidates discourse and biased coverage

During the second round, Rede Globo aired a debate between Lula and Collor. In the broadcast of Jornal Nacional on the following day, Globo aired an edited version of the debate highlighting Collor's best moments and Lula's worst ones. This broadcast was seen by many as bias by Globo in favor of Collor, of whom Globo CEO Roberto Marinho was a friend. This event was explored on Channel 4's documentary Beyond Citizen Kane, where the head of journalism of Globo at the time, Armando Nogueira, explained how his edit of the debate shown at the lunchtime news program was altered to favor Collor on the evening news. After complaining to Marinho about the biased edit he was dismissed from the company.

Some people attribute Collor's victory to this particular event, although other media coverage have influenced voters, such as an article at Jornal do Brasil accusing Lula of having a bastard daughter. Later, Collor's campaign contacted Lula's ex-girlfriend and mother of the child in question to reveal that Lula asked her to perform an abortion. Many, however, argue that Lula was inexperienced and naïve with politics, which led to a high level of enthusiasm from his supporters but some difficulty in passing his message across to many potential voters. Despite being a charismatic left wing union leader running for the presidency of a country with a rather small middle class, he failed to attract the majority of the votes from the poor – who would, later on, form the basis of his electorate – who voted predominantly for the candidate most associated with the old economic elite of the poor Northeastern region. As it was, Lula support was bigger among intellectuals, catholic activists, skilled workers and the educated middle class of the South and Southeast regions, despite the fact that he was himself originally a poor immigrant from the Northeast.

Collor, on the other hand, argued that Lula would destroy Brazil's already fragile economy at the time, harming the poor people he claimed to champion. At the same time, Collor appealed to his young age and looks to assert that he was a new type of politician, apart from the old "sons of the dictatorship" as well as the newer economic and political elites who had supported Sarney's government and the Plano Cruzado economic program. His crusade against corruption and patrimonialism gained him a lot of support, which quickly vanished as his involvement with a corruption scandal led to an impeachment midway through his presidency.

Opinion polls

The elections were the first in which that the president and vice-president were elected together. From the twenty-two candidates, only two already had previously run for the presidency; Ulysses Guimarães, and Paulo Maluf (although it would have been three if Jânio Quadros had not renounced his candidacy). Aureliano Chaves had previously served as vice-president. Orestes Quercia, a member of Sarney's party, led the polls until he decided to drop out of the contest. [1] .

First round

Polling firm/linkDate(s)
administered		Sample
size		 PMDB PRN PDT PT PSDB PDS PFL PL Not
affiliated/
PMB 		OthersAbst.
Undec.
Datafolha November 1510,6454%
(Ulysses)		30%
(Collor)		14%
(Brizola)		18%
(Lula)		10%
(Covas)		8%
(Maluf)		0%
(Chaves)		4%
(Afif)		--6%
Datafolha November 14No information5%
(Ulysses)		26%
(Collor)		14%
(Brizola)		15%
(Lula)		11%
(Covas)		9%
(Maluf)		0%
(Chaves)		5%
(Afif)		-4%11%
Datafolha November 10No information4%
(Ulysses)		27%
(Collor)		14%
(Brizola)		15%
(Lula)		11%
(Covas)		9%
(Maluf)		0%
(Chaves)		5%
(Afif)		-5%10%
On November 9, the Superior Electoral Court votes to officially reject Sílvio Santos' candidacy
Datafolha 6-7 NovemberNo information4%
(Ulysses)		25%
(Collor)		14%
(Brizola)		15%
(Lula)		9%
(Covas)		7%
(Maluf)		0%
(Chaves)		4%
(Afif)		10%
(Sílvio)		3%9%
Datafolha 1-3 NovemberNo information4%
(Ulysses)		21%
(Collor)		13%
(Brizola)		14%
(Lula)		9%
(Covas)		7%
(Maluf)		1%
(Chaves)		4%
(Afif)		14%
(Sílvio)		3%10%
Datafolha 25-26 October5,2514%
(Ulysses)		26%
(Collor)		15%
(Brizola)		14%
(Lula)		9%
(Covas)		9%
(Maluf)		1%
(Chaves)		5%
(Afif)		-4%13%
Datafolha 18-19 October5,2613%
(Ulysses)		26%
(Collor)		15%
(Brizola)		14%
(Lula)		8%
(Covas)		9%
(Maluf)		1%
(Chaves)		7%
(Afif)		-4%13%
Datafolha 7-8 October4,8933%
(Ulysses)		29%
(Collor)		13%
(Brizola)		10%
(Lula)		7%
(Covas)		8%
(Maluf)		1%
(Chaves)		8%
(Afif)		-3%17%
Datafolha 23-24 September5,0573%
(Ulysses)		33%
(Collor)		15%
(Brizola)		7%
(Lula)		6%
(Covas)		7%
(Maluf)		1%
(Chaves)		7%
(Afif)		-4%17%
Datafolha 2-3 September4,9812%
(Ulysses)		40%
(Collor)		14%
(Brizola)		6%
(Lula)		5%
(Covas)		8%
(Maluf)		1%
(Chaves)		5%
(Afif)		-3%16%
Datafolha 19-20 August5,0793%
(Ulysses)		41%
(Collor)		14%
(Brizola)		5%
(Lula)		5%
(Covas)		7%
(Maluf)		1%
(Chaves)		3%
(Afif)		-3%18%
Datafolha 22-23 July5,1564%
(Ulysses)		38%
(Collor)		12%
(Brizola)		6%
(Lula)		6%
(Covas)		7%
(Maluf)		1%
(Chaves)		2%
(Afif)		-3%21%
Datafolha 1-2 July10,2125%
(Ulysses)		40%
(Collor)		12%
(Brizola)		7%
(Lula)		6%
(Covas)		5%
(Maluf)		2%
(Chaves)		2%
(Afif)		-3%18%
Datafolha 3-4 June10,4475%
(Ulysses)		42%
(Collor)		11%
(Brizola)		7%
(Lula)		5%
(Covas)		4%
(Maluf)		2%
(Chaves)		1%
(Afif)		-2%21%
Datafolha 23-24 April10,42118%
(Quércia)		14%
(Collor)		13%
(Brizola)		12%
(Lula)		6%
(Covas)		5%
(Maluf)		4%
(Chaves)		1%
(Afif)		4%
(Jânio)		2%21%

Second round

Polling firm/linkDate(s)
administered		Sample
size		 PRN PT Abst.
Undec.
Datafolha December 1711,99551,5%
(Collor)		48,5
(Lula)		-
Datafolha December 1611,99547%
(Collor)		44
(Lula)		10
Datafolha 12-13 December5,25046%
(Collor)		45
(Lula)		9
Datafolha 8 December5,25047%
(Collor)		44
(Lula)		9
Datafolha December 45,25049%
(Collor)		41
(Lula)		10
Datafolha November 305,25050%
(Collor)		40
(Lula)		10
Datafolha November 225,71648%
(Collor)		39
(Lula)		13

Results

Collor received the most votes in most states, with Lula the leading candidate in the Federal District and Brizola in Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. In the second round, Lula had the largest vote share in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco, along with the Federal District, whilst Collor won the most votes in each of the other states. [2]

CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Fernando Collor de Mello National Reconstruction Party 20,607,93630.535,085,45753.0
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Workers' Party 11,619,81617.231,070,73447.0
Leonel Brizola Democratic Labour Party 11,166,01616.5
Mário Covas Brazilian Social Democracy Party 7,786,93911.5
Paulo Salim Maluf Democratic Social Party 5,986,0128.9
Guilherme Afif Domingos Liberal Party 3,271,9864.8
Ulysses Guimarães Brazilian Democratic Movement Party 3,204,8534.7
Roberto Freire Brazilian Communist Party 768,8031.1
Aureliano Chaves Liberal Front Party 600,7300.9
Ronaldo Caiado Social Democratic Party488,8720.7
Affonso Camargo Neto Brazilian Labour Party 379,2620.6
Enéas Ferreira Carneiro Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order 1,732,1122.6
José Alcides Marronzinho de Oliveira Social Progressive Party
Paulo Gontijo Progressive Party
Zamir José TeixeiraNational Communitarian Party
Lívia Maria de AbreuNationalist Party
Eudes Oliveira MattarLiberal Progressive Party
Fernando Gabeira Green Party
Celso Brant Party of National Mobilization
Antônio dos Santos Pedreira Progressive Party
Manoel de Oliveira HortaChristian Democratic Party
Invalid/blank votes4,664,071–4,094,003–
Total72,277,40810070,250,194100
Registered voters/turnout82,056,22688.182,056,22685.6
Source: Nohlen [3]

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References

  1. ↑ https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/a-eleicao-de-2018-sera-como-a-de-1989-sim-e-nao-segundo-o-ubs/
  2. ↑ Brazil. Presidential Election 1989 Electoral Geography
  3. ↑ Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p233 ISBN   978-0-19-928358-3
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