A bunion, also known as hallux valgus, is an outward deformity of the foot's metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint which connects the big toe to the foot.[2] The rear tarsametatarsal joint that holds the metatarsal bone in a straight-ahead position weakens, the metatarsal moves outward plus rotates 90 degrees bringing the sesamoids up against the adjacent toe. This results in the head of the metatarsal bulging outward, and the big toe then bends inward toward the other toes. The joint often becomes red and painful due to rubbing in a cramped shoe.[2] The onset of bunions is typically gradual.[2] Joint complications may include bursitis or arthritis.[2] A similar condition of the little toe is referred to as a bunionette.[2]
Treatment may include proper shoes, orthotics, or NSAIDs.[2] If this is not effective for improving symptoms, surgery may be performed.[2] It affects about 23% of adults.[1] Females are affected more often than males.[2] Usual age of onset is between 20 and 50 years old.[1] The condition also becomes more common with age.[1] It was first clearly described in 1870.[1] Archaeologists have identified a high incidence of bunions in skeletons from 14th- and 15th-century England, coinciding with a fashion for pointy shoes.[5][6]
Signs and symptoms
Drawing of a bunion
Symptoms may include irritation of the skin around the bunion, and blisters may form more easily at the site. Pain may be worse when walking.
Bunions can lead to difficulties finding properly fitting footwear and may force a person to buy a larger size shoe to accommodate the width of the bunion. If the bunion deformity becomes severe enough, the foot can hurt in different places even without the constriction of shoes. It is then considered as being a mechanical function problem of the forefoot.
Cause
High heels are associated with developing bunions.
The exact cause is unclear.[1]It can be due to a combination of internal and external causes.[7] Proposed factors include wearing overly tight shoes, high-heeled shoes, family history, and rheumatoid arthritis.[2][3] The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons states that footwear only worsens a problem caused by genetics.[8]Diagnosis is based upon simple viewing of the foot, symptoms of pain, and by X-rays.[2] Excessive low arch to a flat foot inward anke pronation of the foot also can cause increased pressure on the inside of the big toe that can result in a deformation of the medial capsular structures of the joint subsequently increasing the risk of developing a bunion.[7][9]
Pathophysiology
The bump itself is due to the head of the metatarsal partly due to the swollen bursal sac or an osseous (bony) anomaly on the metatarsophalangeal joint. The larger part of the bump is a normal part of the head of the first metatarsal bone that has tilted sideways to stick out at its distal (far) end (metatarsus primus varus).
Bunions are commonly associated with a deviated position of the big toe toward the second toe, and the deviation in the angle between the first and second metatarsal bones of the foot. The small sesamoid bones found beneath the first metatarsal (which help the flexor tendon bend the big toe downwards) may also become deviated over time as the first metatarsal bone drifts away from its normal position. Osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, diminished or altered range of motion, and discomfort with pressure applied to the bump or with motion of the joint, may all accompany bunion development. Atop of the first metatarsal head either medially or dorso-medially, there can also arise a bursa that when inflamed (bursitis), can be the most painful aspect of the process.
Diagnosis
X-ray showing measurements of HV and IM angles of hallux valgus.
Bunions can be diagnosed and analyzed with a simple x-ray, which should be taken with the weight on the foot.[10] The hallux valgus angle (HVA) is the angle between the long axes of the proximal phalanx and the first metatarsal bone of the big toe. It is considered abnormal if greater than 15–18°.[11] The following HV angles can also be used to grade the severity of hallux valgus:[12][unreliable medical source?]
Mild: 15–20°
Moderate: 21–39°
Severe: ≥ 40°
The intermetatarsal angle (IMA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the first and second metatarsal bones, and is normally less than 9°.[11] The IM angle can also grade the severity of hallux valgus as:[12]
Mild: 9–11°
Moderate: 12–17°
Severe: ≥ 18°
Treatment
Conservative treatment for bunions include changes in footwear, the use of orthotics (accommodative padding and shielding), rest, ice, and pain medications such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These treatments address symptoms but do not correct the actual deformity.[13] If the discomfort persists and is severe or when aesthetic correction of the deformity is desired, surgical correction by an orthopedic surgeon or a podiatricsurgeon may be necessary.
Orthotics
Gel toe spacers come in a variety of sizes and shapes.
Orthotics are splints or regulators while conservative measures include various footwear like toe spacers, valgus splints, and bunion shields. Toe spacers seem to be effective in reducing pain, but there is no evidence that any of these techniques reduces the physical deformity. There are a variety of available orthotics including off-the-shelf commercial products and custom-molded orthotics, which may be prescribed medical devices.[14]
Surgery
Procedures are designed and chosen to correct a variety of pathologies that may be associated with the bunion. For instance, procedures may address some combination of:
removing the abnormal bony enlargement of the first metatarsal,
realigning the first metatarsal bone relative to the adjacent metatarsal bone,
straightening the great toe relative to the first metatarsal and adjacent toes,
realigning the cartilaginous surfaces of the great toe joint,
addressing arthritic changes associated with the great toe joint,
repositioning the sesamoid bones beneath the first metatarsal bone,
shortening, lengthening, raising, or lowering the first metatarsal bone,
correcting any abnormal bowing or misalignment within the great toe,
At present there are many different bunion surgeries for different effects. The age, health, lifestyle and activity level of the patient may also play a role in the choice of procedure.
Traditional bunion surgery can be performed under local, spinal or general anesthetic. A person who has undergone bunion surgery can expect a 6- to 8-week recovery period during which crutches are usually required to aid mobility. An orthopedic cast is much less common today as newer, more stable procedures and better forms of fixation (stabilizing the bone with screws and other hardware) are used. Hardware may even include absorbable pins that perform their function and are then broken down by the body over the course of months. After recovery long term stiffness or limited range of motion may occur in some patients. Visible or limited scarring may also occur for patients.
↑ Page 533 in: Sam W. Wiesel, John N. Delahay (2007). Essentials of Orthopedic Surgery (3ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9780387383286.
1 2 Rebecca Cerrato, Nicholas Cheney. "Hallux Valgus". American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society. Archived from the original on 2016-12-30. Retrieved 2016-12-30. Last reviewed June 2015
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