Cauliflower ear

Last updated
Cauliflower ear
Erckscauliflowerear.jpg
Cauliflower ear
Specialty Otorhinolaryngology

Cauliflower ear is an irreversible condition that occurs when the external portion of the ear is hit and develops a blood clot or other collection of fluid under the perichondrium. This separates the cartilage from the overlying perichondrium that supplies its nutrients, causing it to die and resulting in the formation of fibrous tissue in the overlying skin. As a result, the outer ear becomes permanently swollen and deformed, resembling a cauliflower, hence the name.

Contents

The condition is common in martial arts such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu, wrestling, boxing, kickboxing, judo, sumo, or mixed martial arts, and in full-contact sports such as rugby league or rugby union.

Presentation

People presenting with possible auricular hematoma often have additional injuries (for example, head/neck lacerations) due to the frequently traumatic causes of auricular hematoma. The ear itself is often tense, fluctuant, and tender with throbbing pain. However, because of potentially more remarkable injuries often associated with auricular hematoma, auricular hematoma can easily be overlooked without directed attention. [1]

Diagnosis

Perichondral hematoma and consequently cauliflower ear are diagnosed clinically. This means that the medical provider will make the diagnosis by using elements of the history of the injury (examples: participation in contact sports, trauma to the ear, previous similar episodes) and combine this with findings on physical exam (examples: tenderness to the area, bruising, deformation of the ear contours) to confirm the diagnosis and decide on the appropriate treatment for the patient. [2]

Cauliflower ear in an MMA fighter Shawn's cauliflower ear.jpg
Cauliflower ear in an MMA fighter

To assist with settling on the best form of treatment for cauliflower ear, Yotsuyanagi et al. created a classification system for deciding when surgery is needed and as a guide to what the best approach would be. [3]

Classification of cauliflower ear [3]
Type 1: Minimal deformity with no or slight changes to the outline of the earType 2: Substantial deformity of the outline of the ear
Type 1ADeformity is restricted to the concha of the earType 2AThe structural integrity of the ear is intact
Type 1BDeformity that extends from the antihelix to the helix of the earType 2BPoor structural integrity of the ear
Type 1CDeformity that extends throughout the outer ear

Causes

The most common cause of cauliflower ear is blunt trauma to the ear leading to a hematoma which, if left untreated, eventually heals to give the distinct appearance of cauliflower ear. Participating in contact sports and martial arts is a typical source of such trauma. The structure of the ear is supported by a cartilaginous scaffold consisting of the following distinct components: the helix, antihelix, concha, tragus, and antitragus. [1] The skin that covers this cartilage is extremely thin with virtually no subcutaneous fat while also strongly attached to the perichondrium, which is richly vascularized to supply the avascular cartilage. [1]

Cauliflower ear can also present in the setting of nontraumatic inflammatory injury of auricular connective tissue such as in relapsing polychondritis (RP), a rare rheumatologic disorder in which recurrent episodes of inflammation result in destruction of cartilage of the ears and nose. [4] Joints, eyes, audiovestibular system, cardiovascular system, and respiratory tract can also be involved. [4]

Mechanism

The components of the ear involved in cauliflower ear are the outer skin, the perichondrium, and the cartilage. [2] The outer ear skin is tightly adherent to the perichondrium because there is almost no subcutaneous fat on the anterior of the ear. [2] This leaves the perichondrium relatively exposed to damage from direct trauma and shear forces, created by a force pushing across the ear like a punch, and increasing the risk of hematoma formation. [2] In an auricular hematoma, blood accumulates between the perichondrium and cartilage. The hematoma mechanically obstructs blood flow from the perichondrium to the avascular cartilage. [1] This lack of perfusion puts the cartilage at risk for becoming necrotic and/or infected. [1] If left untreated, disorganized fibrosis and cartilage formation will occur around the aforementioned cartilaginous components. [1]

Consequently, the concave pinna fills with disorganized connective tissue. [1] The cartilage then deforms and kinks, resulting in the distinctive appearance somewhat resembling a cauliflower. [1] Rapid evacuation of the hematoma restores close contact between the cartilage and perichondrium, thereby reducing the likelihood of deformity by minimizing the ischemia that would otherwise result from a remaining hematoma. [1]

Auricular hematoma most often occurs in the potential space between the helix and the antihelix (scapha) and extends anteriorly into the fossa triangularis. [1] Less frequently, the hematoma may form in the concha or the area in and around the external auditory meatus. [1] Importantly, an auricular hematoma can also occur on the posterior ear surface, or even both surfaces. [1] Risk of necrotic tissue is greatest when both posterior and anterior surfaces are involved, although posterior surface involvement is less likely given its increased quantity of impact-dampening subcutaneous tissue. [1] [2]

Preventions

A rugby union player wearing a tiger-print scrum cap, a form of headgear used for shock absorption and protection to the head. Tiger-print scrum cap.jpg
A rugby union player wearing a tiger-print scrum cap, a form of headgear used for shock absorption and protection to the head.

Headgear called a "scrum cap" in rugby, or simply "headgear" or ear guard in wrestling and other martial arts, that protects the ears is worn to help prevent this condition. A specialty ear splint can also be made to keep the ear compressed, so that the damaged ear is unable to fill thus preventing cauliflower ear. For some athletes, however, a cauliflower ear is considered a badge of courage or experience. [5]

Treatment

A mild auricular hematoma after drainage AuricularHematoma.jpg
A mild auricular hematoma after drainage

There are many types of treatment for the perichondral hematoma that can lead to cauliflower ear, but the current body of research is unable to identify a single best treatment or protocol. [6] There is definitive evidence that the drainage of this hematoma is better for the prevention of cauliflower deformity when compared to conservative treatment, but the use of bandages and/or splinting after drainage requires more research. [6]

Because an acute hematoma can lead to cauliflower ear, prompt evacuation of the blood can prevent permanent deformity. [7] There are many described techniques for the drainage of blood in the acute stage to prevent hematoma, including aspiration and drainage, [8] incision and drainage, use of continuous suction devices and placing a wick. [2] After the blood has been drained, the prevention of re-accumulation becomes the most pressing issue. This has been achieved with many techniques including: direct pressure dressings, in and out mattress sutures, buttons placed on sutures, thermoplastic splints, sutured cotton balls, and absorbable mattress sutures. [2] The use of simple drainage becomes less useful after six hours from the injury and when there is recurrent trauma. In these cases it has been suggested that open surgical treatment is more effective in returning the cosmetic appearance and prevention of recurrence. [2] The outer ear is prone to infections, so antibiotics are usually prescribed. [2] Pressure can be applied by bandaging which helps the skin and the cartilage to reconnect. Clothes pegs, magnets, and custom molded ear splints [9] can also be used to ensure adequate pressure is applied to the damaged area [10] Without medical intervention the ear can sustain serious damage. Disruption of the ear canal is possible. The outer ear may wrinkle and can become slightly pale due to reduced blood flow; hence the common term "cauliflower ear". [11] Cosmetic procedures are available that can possibly improve the appearance of the ear. [12]

History

Depiction of cauliflower ear in the Boxer of Quirinal, circa 100-50 BC Boxer of Quirinal, Greek Hellenistic bronze sculpture of a sitting nude boxer at rest, 100-50 BC, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome (13332971383).jpg
Depiction of cauliflower ear in the Boxer of Quirinal, circa 100–50 BC

The presentation of cauliflower ear was recorded in ancient Greece. [13]

In 19th-century Hong Kong opium dens, opium users would develop cauliflower ear from long periods sleeping on hard wooden pillows. [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhinoplasty</span> Surgical procedure to enhance or reconstruct a human nose

Rhinoplasty, commonly called nose job, medically called nasal reconstruction, is a plastic surgery procedure for altering and reconstructing the nose. There are two types of plastic surgery used – reconstructive surgery that restores the form and functions of the nose and cosmetic surgery that changes the appearance of the nose. Reconstructive surgery seeks to resolve nasal injuries caused by various traumas including blunt, and penetrating trauma and trauma caused by blast injury. Reconstructive surgery can also treat birth defects, breathing problems, and failed primary rhinoplasties. Rhinoplasty may remove a bump, narrow nostril width, change the angle between the nose and the mouth, or address injuries, birth defects, or other problems that affect breathing, such as a deviated nasal septum or a sinus condition. Surgery only on the septum is called a septoplasty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hematoma</span> Localized bleeding outside of blood vessels

A hematoma, also spelled haematoma, or blood suffusion is a localized bleeding outside of blood vessels, due to either disease or trauma including injury or surgery and may involve blood continuing to seep from broken capillaries. A hematoma is benign and is initially in liquid form spread among the tissues including in sacs between tissues where it may coagulate and solidify before blood is reabsorbed into blood vessels. An ecchymosis is a hematoma of the skin larger than 10 mm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subdural hematoma</span> Hematoma usually associated with traumatic brain injury

A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a type of bleeding in which a collection of blood—usually but not always associated with a traumatic brain injury—gathers between the inner layer of the dura mater and the arachnoid mater of the meninges surrounding the brain. It usually results from tears in bridging veins that cross the subdural space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Septoplasty</span> Corrective surgical procedure

Septoplasty, or alternatively submucous septal resection and septal reconstruction, is a corrective surgical procedure done to straighten a deviated nasal septum – the nasal septum being the partition between the two nasal cavities. Ideally, the septum should run down the center of the nose. When it deviates into one of the cavities, it narrows that cavity and impedes airflow. Deviated nasal septum or “crooked” internal nose can occur at childbirth or as the result of an injury or other trauma. If the wall that functions as a separator of both sides of the nose is tilted towards one side at a degree greater than 50%, it might cause difficulty breathing. Often the inferior turbinate on the opposite side enlarges, which is termed compensatory hypertrophy. Deviations of the septum can lead to nasal obstruction. Most surgeries are completed in 60 minutes or less, while the recovery time could be up to several weeks. Put simply, septoplasty is a surgery that helps repair the passageways in the nose making it easier to breathe. This surgery is usually performed on patients with a deviated septum, recurrent rhinitis, or sinus issues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auricle (anatomy)</span> Visible part of the ear that is outside the head

The auricle or auricula is the visible part of the ear that is outside the head. It is also called the pinna, a term that is used more in zoology.

Otoplasty is a procedure for correcting the deformities and defects of the auricle, whether these defects are congenital conditions or caused by trauma. Otoplastic surgeons may reshape, move, or augment the cartilaginous support framework of the auricle to correct these defects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ear pain</span> Pain in the ear

Ear pain, also known as earache or otalgia, is pain in the ear. Primary ear pain is pain that originates from the ear. Secondary ear pain is a type of referred pain, meaning that the source of the pain differs from the location where the pain is felt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Relapsing polychondritis</span> Medical condition

Relapsing polychondritis is a systemic disease characterized by repeated episodes of inflammation and in some cases deterioration of cartilage. The disease can be life-threatening if the respiratory tract, heart valves, or blood vessels are affected. The exact mechanism is poorly understood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nasal septal hematoma</span> Medical condition

Nasal septal hematoma is a condition affecting the nasal septum. It can be associated with trauma.

Pseudocyst of the auricle, also known as auricular pseudocyst, endochondral pseudocyst, cystic chondromalacia, intracartilaginous auricular seroma cyst, and benign idiopathic cystic chondromalacia, is a cutaneous condition characterized by a fluctuant, tense, noninflammatory swelling on the upper half of the ear, known as the auricle or pinna. Pseudocysts of the auricle are nontender, noninflammatory cystic lesions that progress over a 4- to 12-week period, ranging from 1 to 5 cm in diameter. They are usually unilateral, often on the right ear, but can also present bilaterally.

Burt Brent is a retired reconstructive plastic surgeon best known for his work in reconstructing the absent outer ear. He built upon the techniques of his mentor, Dr. Radford Tanzer of the Mary Hitchcock Clinic at Dartmouth Medical School and repaired ear defects in 1,800 patients, most of them children born with ear deformities such as microtia. He also reconstructed ears lost or due to some form of trauma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red ear syndrome</span> Medical condition

Red ear syndrome (RES) is a rare disorder of unknown etiology which was originally described in 1994. The defining symptom of red ear syndrome is redness of one or both external ears, accompanied by a burning sensation. A variety of treatments have been tried with limited success.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cryptotia</span> Medical condition

Cryptotia is the condition where an ear appears to have its upper portion buried underneath the side of the head. The condition also involves underdeveloped scapha and antihelical crura. Cryptotia is also known as buried ear or hidden ear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protruding ear</span>

Protruding ear, otapostasis or bat ear is an abnormally prominent human ear. It may be unilateral or bilateral. The concha is large with poorly developed antihelix and scapha. It is the result of malformation of cartilage during primitive ear development in intrauterine life. The deformity can be corrected anytime after five years of age. The surgery is preferably done at the earliest possible age in order to avoid psychological distress. Correction by otoplasty involves changing the shape of the ear cartilage so that the ear is brought closer to the side of the head. The skin is not removed, but the shape of the cartilage is altered. The surgery does not affect hearing. It is done for cosmetic purposes only. The complications of the surgery, though rare, are keloid formation, hematoma formation, infection and asymmetry between the ears.

The Mustardé technique is an otoplastic surgery (otoplasty) for pinning protruding ears. The method belongs together with the Stenström and Converse methods to the traditional otoplasties. It is antihelix plastic surgery performed with the suturing technique.

The Stenström technique or method is otoplastic surgery (otoplasty) for pinning protruding ears. The method belongs together with the Mustardé technique and the Converse technique to the traditional or conventional otoplasties.

The Converse technique, together with the Mustardé technique and Stenström technique, belongs to the standard methods of traditional otoplasty. Numerous variations for pinning ears have been derived from them.

The incisionless Fritsch otoplasty is a minimally invasive procedure for pinning protruding ears.

EarFold or EarFold method is a surgical method for pinning protruding ears. In contrast to all the other ear-pinning procedures (otoplasty), metal implants are used instead of sutures. As far as the invasiveness of the surgery is concerned, the Earfold method ranks between the open, invasive conventional ear-pinning procedures, and the closed, minimally invasive stitch method or other variations of minimally invasive procedures. The ears are cut open and the skin is detached from the cartilage as in conventional ear-pinning operations, but to a lesser extent. Occasionally, the cartilage under the detached skin is also scored or perforated with a needle to weaken it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auricular splint</span>

An auricular splint (AS) or ear splint is a custom-made medical device that is used to maintain auricular projection and dimensions following second stage auricular reconstruction. The AS is made from ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), which is typically used to make custom-made mouthguards and was developed by a team from Great Ormond Street Hospital in the United Kingdom.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ingvaldsen, Christoffer A.; Tønseth, Kim A. (2017). "Auricular haematoma". Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening. 137 (2): 105–107. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.1279 . PMID   28127072.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Greywoode, Jewel; Pribitkin, Edmund; Krein, Howard (2010-11-17). "Management of Auricular Hematoma and the Cauliflower Ear". Facial Plastic Surgery. 26 (6): 451–455. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1267719. ISSN   0736-6825. PMID   21086231. S2CID   260133952.
  3. 1 2 Yotsuyanagi, Takatoshi; Yamashita, Ken; Urushidate, Satoshi; Yokoi, Katsunori; Sawada, Yukimasa; Miyazaki, Souichiro (July 2002). "Surgical correction of cauliflower ear". British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 55 (5): 380–386. doi:10.1054/bjps.2002.3854. ISSN   0007-1226. PMID   12372365.
  4. 1 2 Rapini (2006). "Relapsing polychondritis". Clin. Dermatol. 24 (6): 482–5. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.018. PMID   17113965.
  5. ↑ Williams, Preston (2008-03-06). "For Wrestlers a Swelled Sense of Pride". The Washington Post. p. 14. Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  6. 1 2 Jones, Stephen EM; Mahendran, Suresh (2004-04-19). "Interventions for acute auricular haematoma". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004 (2): CD004166. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004166.pub2. ISSN   1465-1858. PMC   8078643 . PMID   15106240.
  7. ↑ Inna Leybell (May 10, 2018). "Auricular Hematoma Drainage". Medscape. Archived from the original on September 6, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
  8. ↑ Brickman, Kris; Adams, Daniel Z.; Akpunonu, Peter; Adams, Samuel S.; Zohn, Stephen F.; Guinness, Michael (July 2013). "Acute management of auricular hematoma: a novel approach and retrospective review". Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 23 (4): 321–323. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31825c4623. ISSN   1536-3724. PMID   22695406.
  9. ↑ Keating, Thomas M.; Mason, John (October 27, 1992). "A Simple Splint for Wrestler's Ear". Journal of Athletic Training. 27 (3): 273–274. PMC   1317260 . PMID   16558175.
  10. ↑ "Cauliflower ear – How to avoid and treat". 2019-01-28. Archived from the original on 2019-01-30. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
  11. ↑ "Cauliflower Ear Article". Nationwide Children's Hospital: Sports Med Articles. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  12. ↑ Lukash, Frederick (21 August 2013). The Safe and Sane Guide to Teenage Plastic Surgery. BenBella Books, Inc. p. 103. ISBN   978-1-935618-63-8.
  13. ↑ Smith, R. R. R. (1991). Hellenistic Sculpture . London. pp.  54–55. ISBN   9780500202494.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ↑ Vogelin, E; Grobbelaar, AO; Chana, JS; Gault, DT (1998). "Surgical correction of the cauliflower ear". British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 51 (5): 359–62. doi: 10.1054/bjps.1997.0033 . PMID   9771361.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.