Bush moa

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Bush moa
Temporal range: Pleistocene-Holocene
Anomalopteryx.jpg
skeleton
Status NZTCS EX.svg
Extinct  (~1400s) (NZ TCS) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Infraclass: Palaeognathae
Order:† Dinornithiformes
Family:† Emeidae
Genus:† Anomalopteryx
Reichenbach 1852
Species:
†A. didiformis
Binomial name
†Anomalopteryx didiformis
(Owen 1844) Reichenbach 1853 [2] [3]
Synonyms
List
  • Dinornis didiformis Owen, 1844
  • Anomalopteryx didiformis(Owen 1844) Lydekker 1891
  • Anomalornis didiformis(Owen 1844) Hutton 1897
  • Dinornis dromioides Owen, 1846 non Oliver 1930
  • Anomalopteryx dromaeoides(Owen 1846) Lydekker 1891
  • Dinornis parvus Owen, 1883
  • Anomalopteryx parva(Owen 1883) Lydekker 1891
  • Dinornis oweni Haast, 1886
  • Anomalornis owenii(Haast 1886) Hutton 1897
  • Pachyornis owenii(Haast 1886) Archey 1941
  • Anomalopteryx oweni(Haast 1886) Oliver 1949
  • Anomalopteryx antiquus Hutton, 1892 (may be a valid predecessor species)
  • Anomalopteryx fortis Hutton, 1893
  • Anomalornis gracilis Hutton, 1897, non Dinornis gracilis Owen 1854
  • Anomalornis(Hutton, 1897)
  • Graya(Bonaparte, 1956)

The bush moa, little bush moa, or lesser moa (Anomalopteryx didiformis) is an extinct species of moa from the family Emeidae (lesser moa) endemic to New Zealand.

Contents

Taxonomy

The bush moa was first scientifically described as Dinornis didiformis by Richard Owen in 1844. He chose the specific name didiformis because of the apparent similarity in the shape and size of the bush moas' tarsometatarsus to that of the dodo (then Didus ineptus). [4]

Description

The bush moa is the smallest known species of moa, [5] having only been slightly taller than a turkey (approx. 1.3 metres (51 in) tall). A slender bird, it is estimated to have weighed around 30 kilograms (66 lb). [6] As with all moa, Anomalopteryx possesses a sternum, but no keel. They also have a distinctive palate. [7] The animal inhabited much of New Zealand's North Island, along with some small sections of the South Island. Its habitat consisted of dense lowland conifer forests, broad-leafed southern beech forests and scrubland. [6] [7] It possessed a sturdy, sharp-edged beak, suggesting that its diet was made up of twigs and other tough plant material. [5] Bush moa coprolites indicate ferns were a crucial food source for them. [8]

Threats and extinction

Native predators included the Haast's eagle and Eyles' harrier. [6] The species went extinct alongside other native New Zealand wildlife around 500-600 years ago, following the arrival and proliferation of the Māori people in New Zealand (who called them "moariki"), [1] as well as the introduction of Polynesian dogs. [6]

Remains

Skeleton Anomalopteryx didiformis.jpg
Skeleton

The most complete remains, a partially articulated skeleton with substantial mummified tissue and feathers, were discovered in 1980 in Lake Echo Valley, east of Te Anau, Southland. [9] It is now housed in the Southland Museum and Art Gallery in Invercargill. Anomalopteryx fossils made up the bulk of moa fossils discovered in a swamp in 1912 in Clevedon. [10]

Possible de-extinction

Scientists at Harvard University assembled the first nearly complete genome of the species from toe bones, [11] [12] [13] thus bringing the species a step closer to being "resurrected" in the future, likely by using the emu as a proxy. [11]

References

  1. 1 2 "Anomalopteryx didiformis". NZTCS (nztcs.org.nz). Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  2. ↑ Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). "Classification genus Anomalopteryx". The Taxonomicon Project (taxonomy.nl). Systema Naturae 2000. Retrieved 4 February 2009.[ permanent dead link ]
  3. ↑ Gill, B.J.; Bell, B.D.; Chambers, G.K.; Medway, D.G.; Palma, R.L.; Scofield, R.P.; et al. (2010). Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk, and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica (PDF) (4th ed.). Wellington, NZ: Te Papa Press. ISBN   978-1-877385-59-9.
  4. ↑ Owen, Richard (1844). "On Dinornis, an extinct genus of tridactyle struthious birds, with descriptions of portions of the skeleton of five species which formerly existed in New Zealand". Transactions of the Zoological Society of London . 3: 235–275. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  5. 1 2 Tennyson, Alan J.D. (2006). Extinct Birds of New Zealand. Martinson, Paul (illustrator). Wellington, NZ: Te Papa Press. p. 32. ISBN   978-0-909010-21-8. OCLC   80016906.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Little bush moa". New Zealand birds online (nzbirdsonline.org.nz). Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  7. 1 2 Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Moas". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 – Birds I – Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 95–98. ISBN   0-7876-5784-0.
  8. ↑ Wood, Jamie R.; Vermeulen, Melanie J.; Bolstridge, Nicola; Briden, Shar; Cole, Theresa L.; Rivera-Perez, Jessica; et al. (July 2021). "Mid-Holocene coprolites from southern New Zealand provide new insights into the diet and ecology of the extinct little bush moa (Anomalopteryx didiformis)". Quaternary Science Reviews . 263: 106992. Bibcode:2021QSRv..26306992W. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106992 . Retrieved 23 April 2024– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  9. ↑ Forrest, R.M. (1987). "A partially mummified skeleton of Anomalopteryx didiformis from Southland". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand . 17 (4): 399–408. Bibcode:1987JRSNZ..17..399F. doi: 10.1080/03036758.1987.10426481 . Retrieved 8 July 2015– via Google books.
  10. ↑ Gill, B. J. (2003). "Historical Moa Bone Collections (Aves: Dinornithiformes) at Auckland Museum — Clevedon and Kia Ora". Papahou: Records of the Auckland Museum . 40: 39–53. ISSN   1174-9202. JSTOR   42905862. Wikidata   Q58623335.
  11. 1 2 "Scientists reconstruct the genome of a moa, a bird extinct for 700 years". STAT News. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  12. ↑ "Anomalopteryx didiformis". Genome. U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Institutes of Health. ID 124.
  13. ↑ Edwards, Scott V.; Cloutier, Alison; Cockburn, Glenn; Driver, Robert; Grayson, Phil; Katoh, Kazutaka; Baldwin, Maude W.; Sackton, Timothy B.; Baker, Allan J. (24 May 2024). "A nuclear genome assembly of an extinct flightless bird, the little bush moa". Science Advances. 10 (21): eadj6823. Bibcode:2024SciA...10J6823E. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6823 . ISSN   2375-2548. PMID   38781323.
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