Caja del Rio (Spanish: "box of the river") is a dissected plateau, of volcanic origin, which covers approximately 84,000 acres of land in northern Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. The region is also known as the Caja, Caja del Rio Plateau, and Cerros del Rio. The center of the area is approximately 15 miles (23km) west of Santa Fe, New Mexico. Most of the Caja is owned by the United States Forest Service and managed by the Santa Fe National Forest. Access is through New Mexico Highway 599, Santa Fe County Road 62, and Forest Service Road 24.
The landscape of the Caja del Rio Plateau is generally flat to rolling terrain, with numerous steep cones rising up to 800 feet above the plains. The highest points in the immediate area are the unnamed high point (7,472 feet), Cerro Micho (7,326 feet), Montoso Peak (7,315 feet), Ortiz Mountain (7,188 feet),[1] and Cerro Rito (7,296 feet) The entire plateau is within the watershed of the Rio Grande; portions of the Caja drain into the larger river through two tributaries: the Santa Fe River and Cañada Ancha.
Virtually the entire perimeter of the Caja is ringed by cliffs or escarpments. White Rock Canyon forms the northwestern edge of the plateau. This canyon, through which the Rio Grande flows, has a maximum depth of over 1000 feet. Bandelier National Monument lies directly across the river to the west of the plateau. Along the eastern edge is Canada Ancha, an ephemeral stream that flows northward into the Rio Grande near Buckman. Another deep canyon (approximately 400 feet in depth) runs along the southern edge of the Caja, cut by the Santa Fe River. The canyon of the Santa Fe River separates the Caja land grant from another land grant to the south: the Mesita de Juana Lopez Grant.
At the southern part of the Caja is La Bajada Mesa, dominated by Tetilla Peak (7,203 feet). The western edge of the mesa is a large escarpment known as La Bajada (Spanish: "the descent"), which is easily visible to highway traffic traveling north on Interstate 25 from Albuquerque to Santa Fe. After crossing the Santo Domingo Basin and the reservations of Cochiti and Santo Domingo Pueblo, the freeway makes a steep climb up the escarpment. Further north along La Bajada, at La Bajada Hill, is the site of the old route of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, the road from Mexico City to Santa Fe, which was also the original path of Route 66; it involves a tortuous series of 23 switchbacks up the bajada road, which is now closed.[2] La Bajada traditionally forms the southern boundary of the río arriba or upper river area of New Mexico, also known as Northern New Mexico.[3]
Geology
The Caja del Rio plateau is a monogeneticvolcanic field, which includes approximately 60 cinder cones, spatter cones, and basalt outflows. The volcanism can be explained by the field's location, which is very close to the intersection of the Rio Grande rift and the Jemez Lineament. These structural weaknesses create a thinned crust, and pathways for intrusion by magma originating in the mantle. The result has been a series of intracontinental basaltic eruptions.[4]
The Rio Grande rift is a result of extensional, (or divergent) tectonic forces exerted upon the American Southwest. This feature runs southward from the vicinity of Leadville, Colorado, through the entire state of New Mexico, through the vicinity of El Paso, Texas, and into Chihuahua, Mexico. The rift began forming approximately 30 million years ago during the late Oligocene Epoch.[4] The Rio Grande rift takes the form of a series of basins, each offset to the right from the previous basin as one travels along the rift. The Caja del Rio volcanic field lies almost on top of the Bajada Constriction Zone, which is the zone of offset between the Albuquerque Basin to the southwest and the Espanola Basin to the northeast.[5]
The lavas erupted in the Caja are diverse in their characteristics, ranging from basalt with a silica content of 49% to dacite with a silica content of 63%. Most are alkali basalts and hawaiites, which are basaltic lavas low in silica and mildly enriched in alkali metal oxides. These originated in the Earth's mantle but mingled with melted crust on their way to the surface. The more silica-rich lavas incorporated more melted crust and are described as evolved magmas. The hawaiites have unusual trace element compositions, suggesting they originated in the remnants of the Farallon plate known to lie below western North America.[6]
Eruptions came in three phases. The first and most voluminous phase lasted from about 2.7 to 2.6 million years ago. The lavas erupted during this phase were mostly basalt and basaltic andesite. Because of their low silica content, these lavas were highly fluid, and spread out to form most of the plateau. The eruptive centers, which included Cerro Montoso, Cerro Colorado, and Tetilla Peak, are mostly large composite cinder cones. The second phase, which lasted from about 2.5 to 2.2 million years ago, was more prolonged but much less voluminous and included a wide range of compositions, including andesite that makes up much of the higher terrain of the Caja del Rio. The final phase, from 1.5 to 1.1 million years ago, was restricted to a small area in lower White Rock Canyon east of the Rio Grande. These flows were basaltic andesite and dacite, and all overlie the lower Bandelier Tuff (Otowi Member) and the youngest overlies the upper Bandelier Tuff (Tsherige Member).[7]
Basalt flows on the west side of White Rock Canyon, across from the Caja, are considered geologically part of the Caja del Rio volcanic field. These are mostly composed of tholeiitic basalt, which is similar to the basalt erupted at mid-ocean ridges.[6]
Many of the flows of the Caja del Rio are covered with a mantle of sand, probably originating in the Rio Grande floodplain to the southwest and brought in by prevailing winds.[9]
The Caja is not the only volcanic feature in this part of New Mexico. Approximately 20 miles (32km) to its northwest is the Valles Caldera, a spectacular caldera which lies at the heart of the Jemez Mountains. This mountain range has been created by a series of eruptions since the Miocene. The ages of the first eruptions are difficult to determine, since the older rocks have been almost entirely buried by the material from younger eruptions. The oldest exposed volcanic rocks in the vicinity are approximately 16 million years old. The Jemez area experienced an intense pulse of basalt volcanism between 9 and 11 million years ago. The lavas from this cycle had little silica, and originated in the mantle. Additional pulses of volcanism occurred between 7-10 million years ago, between 6-7 million years ago, between 3-6 million years ago, and between 2-3 million years ago.[10] The last of these pulses is believed to have created the Cerros del Rio volcanic field, which covers the entire Caja del Rio Plateau.
Climate
The climate of the Caja del Rio is arid and continental. The average daily maximum temperature at White Rock, New Mexico varies from 39.7 degrees Fahrenheit in January to 80.5 degrees in July. The average daily minimum temperature varies from 18.8 degrees in January to 54.4 degrees in July. That average annual maximum temperature is 60.0 degrees, with the average annual minimum at 35.8. The average annual precipitation is approximately 10-12inches. Most of the annual precipitation is associated with summer thunderstorms, although the area also receives winter snow.
Ecology
Soils in the Caja del Rio are derived from Tertiary volcanic basalt flows and cinder cone eruptions. Most are best characterized as stony or cindery loam, with shallow horizons. Soil surveys of the Caja generally describe the soils as unsatisfactory, with a reduced potential for hydrologic and nutrient function.
Three primary plant communities are frequently found on the Caja del Rio plateau: pinon-juniper savanna, pinon-juniper woodland, and Great Basin sage scrub. The most prevalent vegetative communities consist of a pinon (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) overstory with a short grass understory. Tree densities often range between 100 and 300 trees per acre. Another large community consists of open grassland, with blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), galleta (Pleuraphis jamesii), and various species of Stipa being the most common grasses. Common woody shrubs include chamisa (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Apache plume (Fallugia paradoxa), four-wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata).
Prehistoric Puebloans built dozens of village sites across the Caja del Rio and Pajarito plateaus. In contrast to its western neighbor, however, the canyon walls of the Caja are frequently made of basalt, rather than welded tuff. The latter material is much easier to excavate, and as a result, the Pajarito contains many more cliff houses. Both areas, however, contain countless petroglyphs. Most of them have been pecked into the ubiquitous basalt.
Europeans founded Santa Fe in 1610. It is likely that use of the Caja del Rio for the grazing of domesticated livestock began shortly thereafter. From the beginning of colonization until the 19th century, subsistence users treated the plateau as common property, and used it for summer grazing and timber harvesting. During the mid-19th century, commercial livestock ranching increased throughout New Mexico. By the 1890s, grazing levels throughout the Territory were as high as 9 million animal units. This overuse, combined with severe droughts in 1891 and 1892, led to the loss of top soils and major vegetative changes. Among the vegetative changes were the replacement of more palatable forbs and grasses by woody shrubs and trees.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Forest Service began to address the problem of degraded rangelands. The new solutions included the reduction of grazing permits and the institution of range improvement programs. In 1935, the government purchased portions of the Caja del Rio Grant and the Majada Grant under the "Land Program" of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. That acreage forms what is today the Caja del Rio Unit of the Santa Fe National Forest. Range surveys, maps, and a range management plan were completed by 1939. In the same year, the Soil Conservation Service assumed administration of the federal lands pursuant to a cooperative agreement among the Indian Services, Resettlement Administration, and the SCS. Responsibility for management was passed to the Forest Service in 1953. The Caja is now managed as a geographically distinct unit of the Espanola District of the Santa Fe National Forest. This unit consists of approximately 67,197 acres in 2010. The Taos Field Office of the Bureau of Land Management manages additional acreage just outside the forest unit.
The Caja del Rio Allotment is now managed as a community grazing allotment. Beginning in 1941, most of the existing allotment improvement were repaired or reconstructed. From 1954 to 1972, the average actual use was 711 permitted cattle. In 2010, the Forest Service allows a maximum of 8,305 animal unit months. That capacity is divided among twelve permittees who graze 492 cow-calf pairs and 28 bulls on ten pastures, in a yearlong season. The allotment was restocked after 2002 due to drought, and has been below maximum rates since then.
The allotment contains 18 earth tanks, 7 wells, 31 miles of pipelines, 14 drinking troughs, 10 storage tanks, and 77 miles of fencing. In 2006, the water supply was substantially improved by the completion of the Caja del Rio Pipeline.
Points of interest
From 2004, the Caja has been the focus of a grass roots campaign to develop recreational trail uses. The purpose of this campaign is to augment use of the Caja, rather than replacing grazing. The trail system is used primarily by mountain bike and horse riders.[11]
Wild horses
The United States Forest Service has designated Caja del Rio a Wild Horse Territory,[12] and manages a herd of mustangs there. A separate band of feral horses in the vicinity is not managed; its members are thought to be domestic horses recently turned loose to fend for themselves.
Diablo Canyon
Looking down Caja del Rio Canyon
Caja del Rio Canyon (known locally as Diablo Canyon),[13] is a popular local rock climbing area on the northern section of Canada Ancha, near its confluence with the Rio Grande. This area can be accessed by Camino La Tierra and Old Buckman Road. Although the area is not marked, it has an undeveloped but very large parking area at its east end. The canyon walls include impressive trap rocks. The flat, sand bottom of the canyon is subject to spectacular flash floods during the summer monsoon season. The hike from Diablo Canyon to the Rio Grande is both scenic and easy White Rock Canyon. The wash is also popular with horse riders.[14] After passing Diablo Canyon, Old Buckman Road continues to the site of Buckman, a former logging town and depot of the narrow gaugeChili Line.[15] The Rio Grande can be forded in some seasons at Buckman. In fact, this crossing was a major transportation route between Santa Fe and the Pajarito Plateau.
Diablo Canyon was a filming location for the 2007 film 3:10 to Yuma.
Caja trails
The Caja has around 100 miles of mapped trails.[16] Some of the more notable trails include:
Chino Mesa Trail – 8 miles (one way) of two-track road running north from 1100 Well to overlook of White Rock Canyon near Pinabete Tanks
Montoso Peak Trail – 12 miles (loop) of two-track road running west from 1100 Well around north end of Montoso Peak
Frijoles Canyon Overlook – 2.6 miles (one way) of hiking trail and two-track road running west from Montoso Peak to edge of White Rock Canyon, with descent into the canyon across from Frijoles Canyon in Bandelier National Monument
Sagebrush Flats Trail – 17 miles (loop) of two-track road running north from 1100 Well (or 700 Well) into the northern section of Caja above Diablo Canyon
Soda Springs Trail – 3.1 miles (one way) of hiking trail running southwest from Buckman, and climbing up to Sagebrush Flats
Caja del Rio/Diablo Canyon Trail – 1.3 miles (one way) of hiking trail running southwest from Diablo Canyon and climbing up to Sagebrush Flats
Twin Hills Loop – 18 miles (loop) of two-track road passing through 1200 Well, Headquarters Well
Soda Springs Loop is a way to connect the recognized Soda Springs Trail with the Diablo Canyon ascent trail, which is not recognized but is being improved by local hikers, cyclists, and rock climbers. Usually better done as a CCW loop, one parks at Buckman Water Diversion Station by the Rio Grande, walks or rides South down White Rock Canyon on the old Soda Springs road (TR306), then ascends the 900' scarp of the Caja plateau, also on TR306, then takes two-track forest roads (FR24J) East across Sagebrush Flats to a marked trail at the bottom of the first arroyo crossing ~1.5 miles East of the ascent, then proceeds North on this white post marked trail to the edge of the Diablo Canyon, where an old Spanish stock trail descends back to the desert floor, and then follow the wide and sandy Arroyo 1.5 miles West and back to your cars. The route is now under continual improvement by users, and the Diablo descent is ready for aggressive off-road cyclists, while it is Moderate Off-Trail for hikers. The rest is on old roads or improved trail, granting the entire loop a ModeratePlus designation.
Rio Grande Trail
The proposed Rio Grande Trail, if it extends north of Bernalillo, may pass along the base of Caja del Rio.
The Rio Grande rift is a north-trending continental rift zone. It separates the Colorado Plateau in the west from the interior of the North American craton on the east. The rift extends from central Colorado in the north to the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, in the south. The rift zone consists of four basins that have an average width of 50 kilometres (31 mi). The rift can be observed on location at Rio Grande National Forest, White Sands National Park, Santa Fe National Forest, and Cibola National Forest, among other locations.
White Rock is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Los Alamos County, New Mexico. It is one of two major population centers in the county; the other is Los Alamos. The population was 5,725 at the 2010 census. It is largely a bedroom community for employees of Los Alamos National Laboratory and their families. Access to White Rock from the town of Los Alamos and other cities and towns in New Mexico is via New Mexico State Road 4, which forms the northwestern boundary of the community. Administratively, White Rock is a neighborhood of Los Alamos; locals refer to Los Alamos as "the Townsite," or "the Hill".
Valles Caldera is a 13.7-mile (22.0 km) wide volcanic caldera in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. Hot springs, streams, fumaroles, natural gas seeps and volcanic domes dot the caldera floor landscape. The highest point in the caldera is Redondo Peak, an 11,253-foot (3,430 m) resurgent lava dome located entirely within the caldera. Also within the caldera are several grass valleys, or valles, the largest of which is Valle Grande, the only one accessible by a paved road. In 1975, Valles Caldera was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service with much of the caldera being within the Valles Caldera National Preserve, a unit of the National Park System.
Bandelier National Monument is a 33,677-acre (13,629 ha) United States National Monument near Los Alamos in Sandoval and Los Alamos counties, New Mexico. The monument preserves the homes and territory of the Ancestral Puebloans of a later era in the Southwest. Most of the pueblo structures date to two eras, dating between 1150 and 1600 AD.
El Malpais National Monument is a National Monument located in western New Mexico, in the Southwestern United States. The name El Malpais is from the Spanish term Malpaís, meaning badlands, due to the extremely barren and dramatic volcanic field that covers much of the park's area.
The Taos Plateau volcanic field is an area of extensive volcanism in Taos County, New Mexico, United States. It is the largest volcanic field in the Rio Grande Rift, spreading over 7,000 square kilometers (2,700 sq mi). The total erupted volume is estimated at 420 cubic kilometers (100 cu mi). The age of most of the vents and associated lava flows in the field is estimated to be between 1.8 and 4 million years, with a few 22-million-year-old vents. The composition of the lavas varies from tholeiitic basalt to rhyolite. Landforms include sheet flows, cinder cones, and shield volcanoes. The sheet flows of the Servilleta Basalt are well-exposed in the Rio Grande Gorge carved by the Rio Grande. The highest point of the field is San Antonio Mountain at 10,908 feet (3,325 m).
The Jemez Mountains are a group of mountains in Rio Arriba, Sandoval, and Los Alamos counties, New Mexico, United States.
The Pajarito Plateau is a volcanic plateau in north central New Mexico, United States. The plateau, part of the Jemez Mountains, is bounded on the west by the Sierra de los Valles, the range forming the east rim of the Valles Caldera, and on the east by the Puye escarpment, which rises about 300 to 400 feet above the Rio Grande valley about a mile (1.6 km) west of the river. The Rio Grande passes through White Rock Canyon to the southeast, and the Caja del Rio across the river is sometimes regarded as part of the plateau. The plateau is occupied by several notable entities, including Bandelier National Monument, the town of Los Alamos and its remote suburb White Rock, and Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elevations range from about 5,600 feet at the river to about 7,800 feet where the plateau merges into the mountain range.
San Felipe volcanic field is a monogenetic volcanic field located just north of the confluence of the Jemez River and the Rio Grande in New Mexico, US.
New Mexico State Road 4 (NM 4) is a 67.946-mile-long (109.348 km) state highway in Sandoval, Los Alamos, and Santa Fe counties in New Mexico, United States. It is significant as the main access route connecting the remote town of Los Alamos, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Bandelier National Monument to other, more major highways in New Mexico.
The Rio Grande Trail is a proposed long distance trail along the Rio Grande in the U.S. state of New Mexico. The river extends over 1,800 total miles, some 700 miles (1,100 km) of which pass through the heart of New Mexico. It is the state's primary drainage feature and most valuable natural and cultural resource. The river and its bosque provide a wide variety of recreation, including hunting and fishing, birdwatching, river rafting, hiking, biking, and horseback riding. The river also flows through or beside numerous spectacular and geologically interesting landforms, the result of extensive volcanism and erosion of the valley within the Rio Grande Rift. Although some trail advocates would like to see the trail extended the full distance through New Mexico, from the Colorado border to the United States–Mexico border, the portion proposed for initial development extends 300 miles (480 km), from Bernalillo south to Las Cruces.
Aden Crater is a small shield volcano located in Doña Ana County, about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Las Cruces, New Mexico. It is located in the northwest part of the Aden-Afton basalt field, which is part of the central area of the Potrillo volcanic field.
The Rio Grande del Norte National Monument is an approximately 242,555-acre (98,159 ha) area of public lands in Taos County, New Mexico, proclaimed as a national monument on March 25, 2013, by President Barack Obama under the provisions of the Antiquities Act. It consists of the Rio Grande Gorge and surrounding lands, managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).
San Antonio Mountain is a free-standing volcanic peak in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. With an elevation of 10,908 feet, San Antonio Mountain is the highest peak within the Taos Plateau volcanic field, the largest volcanic field within the Rio Grande Rift valley.
Wild Rivers Recreation Area is located in north central New Mexico within the Rio Grande del Norte National Monument. Two rivers that run through the park, the Rio Grande and Red River are National Wild and Scenic Rivers. NM 378 that traverses the recreation area is designated a New Mexico Scenic Byway. Recreational opportunities include whitewater rafting, hiking, biking, fishing and camping.
The Polvadera Group is a group of geologic formations exposed in and around the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. Radiometric dating gives it an age of 13 to 2.2 million years, corresponding to the Miocene through early Quaternary.
The Keres Group is a group of geologic formations exposed in and around the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. Radiometric dating gives it an age of 13 to 6 million years, corresponding to the Miocene epoch.
The Puye Formation is a geologic formation exposed east of the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. Radiometric dating constrains its age to between 5 and 2 million years, corresponding to the Pliocene epoch.
The Tewa Group is a group of geologic formations exposed in and around the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. Radiometric dating gives it an age of 1.85 million to 72 thousand years, corresponding to the Pleistocene epoch.
The Servilleta Basalt or Servilleta Formation is a geologic formation that underlies most of the Taos Plateau of northern New Mexico. It has a radiometric age of 3.6 to 4.5 million years, corresponding to the Pliocene epoch.
References
↑ Ortiz Mountain is a volcano northwest of Santa Fe, not to be confused with the Ortiz Mountains to the south of Santa Fe. Although shown with an elevation of 7,219 ft. on the 1993 Montoso Peak, N. Mex., USGS topographic map, it has been resurveyed at 7,188 ft. "Ortiz Mountain Summit – New Mexico Mountain Peak Information".
↑ "La Bajada"(PDF). usga.gov. U.S. Forest Service. p.11. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
1 2 3 Sawyer, David A., Ralph R. Shroba, Scott A. Minor, and Ren A. Thompson (2002) U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2352, Geologic Map of the Tetilla Peak Quadrangle, Santa Fe and Sandoval Counties, New Mexico Version 1.0 download
1 2 Duncker, K. E.; Wolff, J. A.; Harmon, R. S.; Leat, P. T.; Dickin, A. P.; Thompson, R. N. (September 1991). "Diverse mantle and crustal components in lavas of the NW Cerros del Rio volcanic field, Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 108 (3): 331–345. Bibcode:1991CoMP..108..331D. doi:10.1007/BF00285941. S2CID129255926.
↑ Thompson et al. 2006, p.52. The authors have reversed the Otowi and Tsherige Members, but the correct relationships are shown in the accompanying geological map.
↑ Martin, Craig (2002) 100 Hikes in New Mexico, pages 28–30.
↑ Monroe, Deirdre C. (2006) Caja del Rio, Santa Fe, New Mexico: Equestrian, Riding and Hiking Trails, Santa Fe National Forest, Otowi Crossing Press, Los Alamos, New Mexico.
Bibliography
Brayer, Herbert Oliver (1979). Pueblo Indian Land Grants of the "Rio Abajo," New Mexico. Ayer Publishing. pp.118–120. ISBN0-405-11320-X.
Allred, Kelly W. (1997). A Field Guide to the Grasses of New Mexico (2d Ed.). Las Cruces: New Mexico State University.
Carter, Jack L. (1997). Trees and Shrubs of New Mexico. Mimbres Publishing.
Degenhardt, William G.; etal. (1996). Amphibians and Reptiles of New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Dick-Peddie, William A. (2000). New Mexico Vegetation Past, Present, and Future. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Findley, James S. (1987). The Natural History of New Mexico Mammals. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Hawley, JW (1978). Guidebook to Rio Grande rift in New Mexico and Colorado. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources. p.55.
Kempter, Kirt (2007). "Valles Caldera:Map and Geologic History of the Southwest's Youngest Caldera". Santa Fe: High Desert Field Guides.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Lucero, Helen R.; Baizerman, Suzanne (1999). Chimayó weaving: the transformation of a tradition (1sted.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN9780826319760. OCLC955185451.
Monroe, Deirdre C (2006). Caja del Rio, Equestrian, Riding and Hiking Trails. Los Alamos: Otowi Crossing Press.
The Roads of New Mexico. Shearer Publishing. 1998. pp.115–16.
New Mexico Road and Recreation Atlas (3d ed.). Benchmark Maps. 1999. p.29.
United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Santa Fe National Forest, Region 3| title=Proposed Action, Alternatives, and Preliminary Effects Analysis for 30 -Day Comment for the Caja del Rio Grazing Allotment, (2008) Project No. 25902
United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Taos Field Office, City of Santa Fe Buckman Supplemental Wells Environmental Assessment (2003)
United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Taos Field Office| Camel Tracs Road Rehabilitation and Fencing Project Finding of No Significant Impact and Environmental Assessment (2003) Project No.DOI-BLM-NM-F020-2010-0048-EA.
External links
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