Canadian federal election, 1997

Canadian federal election, 1997
	← outgoing members elected members →
301 seats in the 36th Canadian Parliament ; 151 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	67.0% (3.9pp)
	Popular vote by province, with graphs indicating the number of seats won. As this is an FPTP election, seat totals are not determined by popular vote by province but instead via results by each riding.
Prime Minister before election; Jean Chrétien ; Liberal	Prime Minister-designate; Jean Chrétien ; Liberal

Last updated March 17, 2019

The Canadian federal election of 1997 was held on June 2 to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 36th Parliament of Canada. Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's Liberal Party of Canada won a second majority government. The Reform Party of Canada replaced the Bloc Québécois as the Official Opposition.

The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign and the Senate. The House of Commons currently meets in a temporary Commons chamber in the West Block of the parliament buildings on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, while the Centre Block, which houses the traditional Commons chamber, undergoes a ten-year renovation.

The 36th Canadian Parliament was in session from September 22, 1997, until October 22, 2000. The membership was set by the 1997 federal election on June 2, 1997, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 2000 election.

The Prime Minister of Canada is the primary minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and Canada's head of government. The current, and 23rd, Prime Minister of Canada is the Liberal Party's Justin Trudeau, following the 2015 Canadian federal election. Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable, a privilege maintained for life.

The election results closely followed the pattern of the 1993 election. The Liberals swept Ontario, while a divided Bloc won a reduced majority in Quebec. Reform made sufficient gains in the West to allow Preston Manning to become Leader of the Official Opposition, but lost its only seat east of Manitoba. The most significant change was major gains in Atlantic Canada by the New Democratic Party (NDP) and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. The Liberals faced major losses, including two cabinet ministers; David Dingwall, Minister of Public Works from Nova Scotia, and Doug Young, Minister of National Defence from New Brunswick, both of whom lost to NDP candidates.

Ontario is one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada and is located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province accounting for 38.3 percent of the country's population, and is the second-largest province in total area. Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto, which is also Ontario's provincial capital.

Quebec is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada.

The Liberals' victory was not in doubt, though some commentators on election night were predicting that they would be cut down to a minority government, and that Chrétien might lose his seat. Chrétien narrowly won his riding, and the Liberals maintained a four-seat majority thanks to gains in Quebec at the expense of the Bloc. Jean Charest's Tories and Alexa McDonough's NDP both regained official party status in the House of Commons.

A minority government, or minority cabinet or minority parliament, is a cabinet formed in a parliamentary system when a political party or coalition of parties does not have a majority of overall seats in the parliament. It is sworn into office, with or without the formal support of other parties, to enable a government to be formed. Under such a government, legislation can only be passed with the support of enough other members of the legislature to provide a majority, encouraging multi-partisanship. In bicameral parliaments, the term relates to the situation in chamber whose confidence is considered most crucial to the continuance in office of the government.

Jean Charest, is a Quebec politician. He was the 29th premier of Quebec, from 2003 to 2012; the deputy prime minister of Canada from June 25, 1993, until November 4, 1993; the leader of the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1993 to 1998; and the leader of the Quebec Liberal Party from 1998 to 2012. He became Premier after winning the 2003 election; after he lost the 2012 election he announced that he would be resigning as Quebec Liberal Leader and leaving politics. Charest sits as an advisor to Canada's Ecofiscal Commission.

Alexa McDonough former Canadian MP for Halifax, born 1944

Alexa Ann McDonough, is a Canadian politician who became the first woman to lead a major, recognized political party in Canada, when she was elected the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party's (NSNDP) leader in 1980. She served as a member of the Nova Scotia Legislature from 1981 to 1994, representing the Halifax Chebucto and Halifax Fairview electoral districts. She stepped down as the NSNDP's leader and as a member of the legislature in 1994. She subsequently ran for, and was elected, leader of the federal New Democratic Party (NDP) in 1995. McDonough was elected the Member of Parliament (MP) for the federal electoral district of Halifax in 1997. She stepped down as party leader in 2003, but continued to serve as an MP for two more terms, until 2008, when she retired from politics altogether. In 2009, she became the interim president of Mount Saint Vincent University and was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in December of that year.

A change of 718 votes in just five ridings (Bonavista—Trinity—Conception, Simcoe—Grey, Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte, Cardigan, and Bellechasse—Etchemins—Montmagny—L'Islet) from the Liberals to the second place candidate would have resulted in a minority government.

This was the first time that five political parties held official party status in a single session of Canada's Parliament. Voter turnout was 67.0%, generally low at the time for Canadian elections.^[1]

Campaign

Prime Minister Jean Chrétien announced his approved request by Governor General Roméo LeBlanc to dissolve Parliament on April 26, 1997, with an election to be held on June 2 of that year. Chrétien's election call was one year and a half before the mandate of the government would expire, and aside from the 1911 election, the earliest called by a party with a majority.^[2] Opinion polls at the time predicted that the Liberal Party was expected to win a landslide victory capturing at least 180 to 220 of the 301 seats in the House of Commons, with the fragmentation of the opposition meaning that one party was not expected to be able to defeat the government.^[2]

Roméo-Adrien LeBlanc was a Canadian journalist, politician, and statesman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 25th since Canadian Confederation.

The election call was controversial both for being early and for occurring during Manitoba's recovery from the Red River Flood earlier in the year. Reg Alcock and several others inside the Liberal Party had opposed the timing of the vote, and the poor results prompted Paul Martin's supporters to organize against Chrétien.

Reginald B. Alcock, was a Canadian politician. He represented the riding of Winnipeg South in the House of Commons of Canada from 1993 to 2006 and was a cabinet minister in the government of Prime Minister Paul Martin. Alcock was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.

Political Parties

Liberal Party

Liberal Party logo during the election.

The Liberal Party under Jean Chrétien campaigned on promising to continue to cut the federal deficit to allow for a budget surplus, and then to spend one half of the surplus on repaying Canada's national debt and cutting taxes while the other half of the surplus would be used to increase funding to health care, assistance for Canadian children in poverty, and job creation.^[3] The platform was called Securing Our Future Together.^[4] The Liberal Party was attacked by the opposition parties for failing to keep many of the promises that the party campaigned on in the 1993 federal election.^[5] The Liberals attacked the Progressive Conservatives and the Reform Party for prematurely calling for tax cuts while a deficit still remained while attacking the New Democratic Party for proposing to increase government spending while Canada faced a deficit.^[5]

The Liberals suffered from a number of gaffes in their campaign. In one incident, when Jean Chrétien was questioned by reporters over the cost of the Liberals' election proposal of a national pharmacare program, reporters claimed that Chrétien was unsure of what the cost would be.^[5] Chrétien also turned down invitations for interviews by Canada's national media outlet, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and MuchMusic.^[5] In the televised debates between the five major political parties, Chrétien apologized to Canadians for his government having cut funding for social programs to reduce the deficit.^[5]

On election day, the Liberals won with a significantly reduced majority. While they lost much of their support in Atlantic Canada, they won all but two seats in Ontario and improved on their numbers in Quebec. They were only assured of a majority when the final numbers came in from Western Canada.

Reform Party

The Reform Party under Preston Manning campaigned on preserving national unity through decentralization of multiple federal government powers to all of the provinces, cutting taxes, reducing the size of government, reducing spending, and strongly opposing distinct society status for Quebec. Feeling that the general acceptance of deficit reduction at the federal and provincial level had been encouraged by their party, Reform saw a chance to finally make the party a national in scope by making political inroads outside of the west, particularly in Ontario.^[6]^[7] Their platform was titled the Fresh Start for all Canadians.^[8] The Reformers ran a full slate of candidates in Quebec, making this the first and last election in which it would run candidates in every region of Canada.

Reform's campaign ran into multiple problems. The party was repeatedly accused by other parties and the media of holding intolerant views due to comments made by a number of Reform MPs during the writ period.^[6] Critics had accused the party's performance during the 1993-1997 parliament of being disorganized.^[5] Tension between the party's democratic nature and the leader-centric model of modern campaigning led to Manning's leadership abilities being questioned by a number of former members, including Stephen Harper, who accused Manning of inappropriately using a C$31,000 personal expense allowance as leader.^[9] Some Reform supporters were frustrated by the party's decision to expand its political base into Quebec, as they continued to believe that the party should represent English-speaking Canada, and others from the right-wing and populist faction of the party were angry that Manning punished MPs Bob Ringma and David Chatters for outbursts.^[10] During the campaign the Reform Party released a controversial television advertisement where the faces of four Quebecers, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe, Progressive Conservative leader Jean Charest, and Premier of Quebec Lucien Bouchard, were crossed out, followed by a message saying that Quebec politicians had dominated the federal government for too long and that the Reform Party would end this favoritism towards Quebec.^[11] The advertisement was harshly criticized by the other party leaders including accusations that Manning was "intolerant" and a "bigot" for having permitted the advertisement to be aired.^[11]

Reform began the campaign with C$1.5 million in cash on hand, and had raised a total of C$8 million. In contrast to the other parties, the vast majority of the money came from donations by individuals or small businesses.^[12]

The results for Reform were a generally considered a minor tactical success. The party won 60 seats to displace the Bloc as Official Opposition, largely by building on its already heavy concentration of support in Western Canada. Strategically, Reform failed to make inroads into eastern Canada and lost its one seat in Ontario, leaving it effectively perceived as a Western regional party, despite making their first significant inroads into rural Ontario.

Bloc Québécois

The Bloc Québécois, under the leadership of Gilles Duceppe, lost its position of Official Opposition, falling to third place. Duceppe, who lacked the charisma of his predecessor Lucien Bouchard, nonetheless made progress by emphasizing the lack of possibility of constitutional reform. The party captured 44 of Quebec's 75 seats.

New Democratic Party

The New Democratic Party under the leadership of Alexa McDonough regained official party status that the party lost in the 1993 Canadian federal election. The party won the fourth largest share of total votes and won 21 seats. Notably, the party made a substantial showing in Atlantic Canada, a region where it had only elected three MPs in its entire history prior to the election.

Progressive Conservative Party

The Progressive Conservative Party under Jean Charest campaigned on securing national unity in Canada by recognizing Quebec as being a distinct society within Canada, along with the proposal of a "New Covenant" for Canadian confederation to be negotiated between the Federal and Provincial governments.^[13] The party's platform included the novelty of being publicly distributed on CD-ROM. Charest and the PCs benefited from rapidly rising in popularity amongst all language groups in Quebec, where voters were found to have preferred Charest over Gilles Duceppe, the leader of the Bloc Québécois.^[14]

The Progressive Conservatives faced multiple difficulties, as the party was not able to apply for federal financial assistance due to it not being an official party. The party's results in their previous bastion of Western Canada remained anemic, and the Reformers remained the dominant conservative political force in the west. Reform also made inroads into rural central and southern Ontario — traditionally the heartland of the Tories' provincial counterparts.

The Progressive Conservatives won the third largest number of the total votes and improved their situation in the House of Commons, regaining official party status after winning 20 seats. Despite finishing about half a point behind Reform in the nationwide popular vote, their only heavy concentrations of support was in Atlantic Canada and Quebec. Elsewhere, like in 1993, their support was too spread out to translate into victories in individual ridings. They only won one seat each in Ontario and Manitoba. The result, a disappointment for Charest, would lead to his eventual resignation and assumption of leadership of the Liberal Party of Quebec.

Green Party

Support for the Green Party of Canada was 79% higher than at the previous election, with its greatest success in British Columbia, where it received 2% of the vote. The Green Party remained almost entirely off the national media's radar. At 0.43% of the vote, and 1.64% of the vote in the ridings it contested, the Green Party remained a small but growing movement.

Results

↓
155	60	44	21	20	1
Liberal	Reform	BQ	NDP	PC	I

e • d **Summary of the 1997 House of Commons of Canada election results**
Party		Party Leader	Candidates	Seats				Popular vote
Party		Party Leader	Candidates	1993	Dissol.	Elected	% Change	#	%	Change
	Liberal	Jean Chrétien	301	177	174	155	-12.4%	4,994,277	38.46%	-2.78pp
	Reform	Preston Manning	227	52	50	60	+15.4%	2,513,080	19.35%	+0.66pp
	Bloc Québécois	Gilles Duceppe	75	54	50	44	-18.5%	1,385,821	10.67%	-2.85pp
	New Democratic	Alexa McDonough	301	9	9	21	+133.3%	1,434,509	11.05%	+4.17pp
	Progressive Conservative	Jean Charest	301	2	2	20	+900%	2,446,705	18.84%	+2.80pp
	Independent		71	1	6	1		34,507	0.46%	-0.10pp
	Green	Joan Russow	79	-	-	-	-	55,583	0.43%	+0.18pp
	Natural Law	Neil Paterson	136	-	-	-	-	37,085	0.29%	+x
	Christian Heritage	Ron Gray	53	-	-	-	-	29,085	0.22%	+x
	No affiliation		5	-	-	-	-	26,252	0.01%	-0.08pp
	Canadian Action	Paul T. Hellyer	58	*	-	-	*	17,502	0.13%	*
	Marxist–Leninist	Hardial Bains	65	-	-	-	-	11,468	0.09%	+0.05pp
	Vacant				4
Total			1,672	295	295	301	+2.0%	12,985,974	100%
Sources: http://www.elections.ca History of Federal Ridings since 1867

Notes:

*: Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.

x: Less than 0.005% of the popular vote

Vote and seat summaries

Popular vote

Liberal			38.46%
Reform			19.35%
PC			18.84%
NDP			11.05%
Bloc Québécois			10.67%
Green			0.43%
Others			1.20%

Seat totals

Liberal			51.50%
Reform			19.93%
Bloc Québécois			14.62%
NDP			6.98%
PC			6.64%
Independents			0.33%

Results by province

Party Name			BC	AB	SK	MB	ON	QC	NB	NS	PE	NL	NT	YK	Total
	Liberal	Seats:	6	2	1	6	101	26	3		4	4	2		155
	Liberal	Popular vote:	28.8	24.0	24.7	34.3	49.5	36.7	32.9	28.4	44.8	37.9	43.1	22.0	38.5
	Reform	Seats:	25	24	8	3									60
	Reform	Vote:	43.1	54.6	36.0	23.7	19.1	0.3	13.1	9.7	1.5	2.5	11.7	25.3	19.4
	Bloc Québécois	Seats:						44							44
	Bloc Québécois	Vote:						37.9							10.7
	New Democrats	Seats:	3		5	4			2	6				1	21
	New Democrats	Vote:	18.2	5.7	30.9	23.2	10.7	2.0	18.4	30.4	15.1	22.0	20.9	28.9	11.0
	Progressive Conservative	Seats:				1	1	5	5	5		3			20
	Progressive Conservative	Vote:	6.2	14.4	7.8	17.8	18.8	22.2	35.0	30.8	38.3	36.8	16.7	13.9	18.8
	Other	Seats:					1								1
	Other	Vote:	0.6	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.6	0.4		0.4		0.5	7.6	8.9	0.5
Total seats:			34	26	14	14	103	75	10	11	4	7	2	1	301
Parties that won no seats:
	Green	Vote:	2.0	0.4			0.4	0.1				0.2			0.4
	Natural Law	Vote:	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.6	0.4	0.1	0.2			0.3
	Christian Heritage	Vote:	0.4	0.1		0.4	0.4				0.2			1.0	0.2
	Canadian Action	Vote:			0.3		0.2								0.1
	Marxist–Leninist	Vote:	0.1			0.2	0.1	0.1							0.1

Source: Elections Canada

Notes

Number of parties: 10
- First appearance: Canadian Action Party
- Final appearance: Reform Party of Canada
- Final appearance before hiatus: Christian Heritage Party of Canada (returned in 2004)
1997 was one of only three elections in Canadian history (the others were 1993 and 2008) where the official Opposition did not have the majority of the opposition's seats. 60 seats for the Reform Party, yet 86 seats for the other opposition parties and independents combined.

10 closest ridings

Sackville—Eastern Shore, NS: Peter Stoffer, NDP def. Ken Streatch, PC by 41 votes
Bellechasse—Etchemins—Montmagny—L'Islet, QC: Gilbert Normand, Lib def. François Langlois, BQ by 47 votes
Selkirk—Interlake, MB: Howard Hilstrom, Ref def. Jon Gerrard, Lib by 66 votes
Cardigan, PE: Lawrence MacAulay, Lib def. Dan Hughes, PC by 99 votes
Bonaventure—Gaspé—Îles-de-la-Madeleine—Pabok, QC: Yvan Bernier, BQ def. Patrick Gagnon, Lib by 179 votes
Saskatoon—Humboldt, SK: Jim Pankiw, Ref def. Dennis Gruending, NDP by 220 votes
Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte, NF: Gerry Byrne, Lib def. Art Bull, PC by 232 votes
Chicoutimi, QC: André Harvey, PC def. Gilbert Fillion, BQ by 317 votes
Frontenac—Mégantic, QC: Jean-Guy Chrétien, BQ def. Manon Lecours, Lib by 465 votes
Simcoe—Grey, ON: Paul Bonwick, Lib def. Paul Shaw, Ref by 481 votes

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References

↑ Pomfret, R. "Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendums". Elections Canada online. Elections Canada. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
1 2 "Chrétien sets Canadian election for June 2". CNN. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
↑ Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). The Canadian General Election of 1997. Dundurn Press Ltd, 1998. Pp. 45.
↑ Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 45.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 46.
1 2 Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 112.
↑ Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 46 and 118
↑ Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 118.
↑ Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 112
↑ Canadian Press. "Mr. George Hickes (Point Douglas), Member Statements". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
1 2 "Canada poised for vote that may deadlock parliament". CNN. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
↑ Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 120.
↑ Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 49.
↑ Clarke, Harold D.; Kornberg, Allan;Wearing, Peter. A Polity on the Edge: Canada. Pp. 246.

External links

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[1] Pomfret, R. "Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendums". Elections Canada online. Elections Canada. Retrieved 10 March 2012.

[cnn.com-2] 1 2 "Chrétien sets Canadian election for June 2". CNN. Retrieved April 28, 2010.

[3] Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). The Canadian General Election of 1997. Dundurn Press Ltd, 1998. Pp. 45.

[4] Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 45.

[Frizzell,_Alan_1998._Pp._46-5] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 46.

[Frizzell,_Alan_1998._Pp._112-6] 1 2 Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 112.

[7] Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 46 and 118

[8] Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 118.

[9] Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 112

[10] Canadian Press. "Mr. George Hickes (Point Douglas), Member Statements". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 2008-10-08.

[2cnn.com-11] 1 2 "Canada poised for vote that may deadlock parliament". CNN. Retrieved April 28, 2010.

[12] Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 120.

[13] Frizzell, Alan (ed.); Pammett, Jon H (ed.). 1998. Pp. 49.

[14] Clarke, Harold D.; Kornberg, Allan;Wearing, Peter. A Polity on the Edge: Canada. Pp. 246.

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