Casualties of the Tigray war

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15-year-old in Mekelle who lost their eye after being shot by a sniper. VOA Mekele3.jpg
15-year-old in Mekelle who lost their eye after being shot by a sniper.

Casualties of the Tigray War refers to the civilian and military deaths and injuries in the Tigray War that started in November 2020, in which rape and other sexual violence are also widespread. [1] [2] [3] Precise casualty figures are uncertain. According to researchers at Ghent University in Belgium, as many as 600,000 people had died as a result of war-related violence and famine by late 2022. [4] The scale of the death and destruction led The New York Times to describe it in November 2022 as "one of the world’s bloodiest contemporary conflicts." [5]

Contents

Breakdown

True casualties statistics have been difficult to determine, largely due to deliberate information blackouts in the region. [6] Journalists have noted the difficulty they face attempting to report on the war, as the Ethiopian government has taken steps to reduce press access to the Tigray Region, facing the risk of getting killed or imprisoned. [7] [8] It is also been reported that there is an unwillingness from either side to fully confirm precise numbers. [9] [10]

While Prime Minister of Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed initially spoke of no civilian casualties in the early days of the war, by February 2021, he described the level of death in Tigray as "hav[ing] caused much distress for me personally.” [11]

BreakdownEstimated & claimed casualtiesTime periodSource
Civilians
52,000+ killed3 November 2020 – 2 February 2021Tigrayan opposition parties [11]
Military

(all sides)

100,000+ killed3 November 2020 – 16 February 2021TPLF [12] [13] [14]
100,000 killedSeptember 2022 – October 2022 Kjetil Tronvoll [15]
TPLF allied forces
5,600+ killed, 2,300 wounded3 November 2020 – c. September 2021 [lower-alpha 1] ENDF [9]
Ethiopian and Eritrean
allied forces		3,073 killed, 4,473 wounded3 November 2020 – c. September 2021 [lower-alpha 1] TPLF [9]
90,000+ Ethiopian casualties [lower-alpha 2] September 2022 Alex de Waal [16]
Total deaths385,000–600,000 killed3 November 2020 – 21 October 2022Ghent University [4]
700,000–800,000 killed3 November 2020 – 19 October 2022Abdurahman Sayed [17]

Massacres

A mass grave of civilians in Tigray Mass grave of civilian victims in Tigray VOAT 11 June 2021.png
A mass grave of civilians in Tigray

Numerous reports have been made of extrajudicial killings and summary executions (in many cases, targeting civilians) since the war began. [18] [19] [20]

Terminology:

DatePlaceNumberPerpetratorsSourcesNotes
4-10 November 2020 Shiglil7Government-allied militias [21]
9-10 November 2020 Humera 54ENDF, Amhara militia, Fano [22] [23] [24] related: EHRC report [25]
5-19 November 2020 Dansha 25 [25] Civilians were caught in the crossfire between warring parties
9–10 November 2020 Mai Kadra 600 [18] or 1100 [20] Samri kebele youths [26] [18] [20] or Amhara militias [27] [28] [29] victim ethnicity and perpetrators disputed
13-17 November 2020 Zalambessa 86EDF [30] Killed mostly in house-to-house searches after shelling the town
14–17 November 2020 Bisober27-31TPLF & ENDF [25] [31] [32] Shelling crossfire and house-to-house search
17 November 2020 Shire 200EDF [33] Elders say people were "slaughtered like chicken"
c. 19 November 2020 Hitsats 305 TPLF [34] [35] or EDF [36] [37] [38] [35] Perpetrators disputed. EEPA claims 300 Eritrean refugees executed by EDF, HRW claims EDF, refugees claim local Tigrayan militia or EDF, Ethiopia claims TPLF; five humanitarian workers killed in battle [39] [40] [41]
21 November 2020 Idaga Hamus DozensEDF [42] after capture of town
c. 21 November 2020 Adigrat 12EDF [42] [43] after capture of town
27-28 November 2020 Wukro 220EDF, ENDF [44] killing spree accompanying the massive looting of the town
28–29 November 2020 Axum 750EDFinitial body counts; [45] [46] in-depth [47] [48] Daily killings preceded and followed the main massacre.
30 November 2020 Dengelat80–150EDF [49] [50] at Maryam Dengelat church
late November/early December 2020 Irob 52 [51] 50 men, 2 women
1 December 2020 Mekelle 27ENDF [52]
4–7 December 2020 Ziban Gedena150-300EDF [53] Also: 150 houses burnt, 90% of livestock killed, harvests burnt and stolen
13 December 2020 Kola Tembien 20ENDF [54] Soldiers kept terrorising civilians in Tembien in an effort to get the location of the leader of the TPLF.
c. 23 December 2020 Hawzen up to 70EDF [55] 70 bodies recognised by witness
5 January 2021 Gu'itelo29EDF [56] at Medhane-Alem church
8 January 2021 Bora70–187ENDF [57] [58] : 31 Killing spree after a battle with TDF
9 January 2021Ari Giyergis12ENDF [59] 12 young deacons taken out of the church and executed
mid-January 2021 Mahbere Dego50–74ENDF (Amharic speaking) [60] [61] People were executed and thrown off a cliff, according to geolocated video evidence.
January 2021Irob187ENDF, EDF [62] includes 30 Coptic priests, 50 women, 100 children
1 February 2021 Kerebera5ENDF & EDF [59] five priests were killed in the village church
10 February 2021 Wukro18EDF [63] killed in street protests
10 February 2021 Kola Tembien182ENDF, EDF [64] house-to-house killing; access to bodies permitted on 15 Feb, by which time many were partially eaten by wildlife
few days before 14 February 2021 Adwa + Shire 30 [63] killed in street protests
15 FebCheli180EDF [65]
c. 19 February 2021 Khisret, Gijet100+ENDF [66]
22 February 2021Debrekerbe9EDF [67]
23 February 2021 May Weyni 80EDF [65]
1-3 March 2021Humera250Amhara militia, Fano, EDF [68]
11 March 2021Enkikumel, near Shire100+ENDF/EDF [69] [70] Reports suggest that ENDF/EDF soldiers went door to door and kidnapped civilians in order to force militias to give up their weapons and surrender. Once the militias surrendered, they and the remaining hostages were all executed. All victims were reportedly young men.
14 March 2021 Wukro3-5ENDF [71] retaliation for attacks by TDF
23 March 2021 Inda Teka Tesfay between Mekelle and Adigrat4ENDF [72] Médecins Sans Frontières staff observed the execution of at least four men by the ENDF. They were taken off a public bus and executed.
24 March 2021Grizana, near Samre11-18EDF [73] [74]
30 March - 5 April 2021Wukro Maray~161EDF & ENDF [75] As revenge for lost battles
1 or 3 April 2021 May Atsmi, Tisha and Haddush Addi, Tahtay Maychew district~140EDF [75] As revenge for lost battles
5 April 2021Debrekerbe in Zana district116EDF [67]
5 April 2021Haruka kebele, Afar Region 30+Somali Regional State special forces [76]
8 April 2021 Freweyni 7EDF [75]
8 April 2021 Hawzen 30+EDF [75]
8 April 2021Around Wukro Maray, between Shire and Axum 200+ENDF and EDF [75]
12 April 2021 Adwa, Central Tigray3–9EDF [77] [78]
12 April 2021village near Axum11presumably EDF [79]
12 April 2021Hugumburda, Southern Tigray15Amhara militias and ENDF [79]
c. 12 April 2021Wukro Maray town near Aksum300+EDF [79]
29 April 2021 Idaga Hibret 20EDF [80]
30 April 2021(Bure, Amhara and Danchu Kebelle)21unknown [80] During the attacks, some civilians had reportedly been burnt alive.
8 May 2021 Guh village, Hawzien, Eastern Tigray19EDF [81] [82]
12 June 2021Menji and Guyya villages near the town of

Abi-Adi Tembien.

16EDF and ENDF [83] Reports indicate that cluster bombs and phosphorus gas was used in the shelling of both villages.
22 June 2021 Togoga village 50-80ENDF [84] 50-80 civilians were killed in an airstrike on the village's market area. Reports indicate that the ENDF blocked ambulances from attending to the dead and wounded in the village, possibly increasing the casualty toll.
17-19 July 2021 Yalo 20TDF or ENDF [85] Victims of shelling
~3 August 2021 Humera and elsewhere along the Tekezé River 95Amhara militia, Fano, EDF [86] The victims had been shot with their hands tied
5 August 2021 Galikoma, Afar Region 107-200TDF [87] [88] [89] Indiscriminate killing by TDF
31 August–4 September 2021 Chenna (near Dabat)120-200TDF [90] [91] [92] Extrajudicial killings; Using civilians as human shields
9 September 2021 Kobo 600TDF [93] [94] [95] [92] Extrajudicial killings
30 October 2021 Kombolcha, Amhara region 100+TDF [96] [97] [98] Extrajudicial killings, looting and ransacking WFP and UN trucks and aid essentials, private and public properties.
8 October 2021Mekelle3ENDF [99] Airstrike killing civilians, all children
21 November 2021Prison camp near Mirab Abaya, SNNPR 83 (+20 missing)Ethiopian prison guards, ENDF, lynch mob [100] Massacre of imprisoned Tigrayan soldiers; according to The Washington Post , the prisoners in question had not engaged in combat against the government.
6 January 2022Mai Aini refugee camp3Unknown [101] [102] Airstrike killing Eritrean refugees, including 2 children
7 January 2022 Dedebit 56-59ENDF [103] [104] [105] [106] [107] Airstrike hitting a camp for internally displaced people; has been called a war crime by the UN and Human Rights Watch
10–11 January 2022Mai Tsebri and Hiwane19ENDF [108] Drone strike killing civilians
23 February 2022Chenna and Kobo24+TDF [109] Extrajudicial killings
23 February 2022 Berhale 5+Unknown; suspected to be the TDF [110] [111] Extrajudicial killings of Eritrean refugees
26 August 2022 Mekelle4ENDF [112] Airstrike killing civilians, including 2 children
6–12 September 2022 Sheraro 40+EDF [113] [114] Extrajudicial killings of civilians, including Eritrean refugees
Shimblina46ENDF/EDF [115]
13–14 September 2022Mekelle10Unclear; suspected to be the ENDF [116] [117] Airstrike killing civilians,
13–15 September 2022Kobo17+TDF [118] Systemic torture and killings of civilians
4 October 2022 Adi Daero, La'ilay Adiyabo 50-65+ENDF [119] [120] Airstrike hitting a school sheltering internally displaced people
24 October 2022Egela district, Tigray96EDF [121] Extrajudicial killings of civilians
26 October 2022 Adwa 60+ENDF/EDF [122] Extrajudicial killings of civilians
17–25 November 2022 Eastern Zone, Tigray 111EDF [123] [124] Kidnapping, extrajudicial killings of civilians; 241 houses destroyed and overall "widespread looting."
Mid December 2022 Central Zone, Tigray 550+EDF and Amhara militias [125] Extrajudicial killings and mass rapes.

Civilian deaths

Mass graves in Maikadra and funeral services Mass graves in Maikadra have been prayed for and their bodies laid to rest in a church cemetery.jpg
Mass graves in Maikadra and funeral services
One of the civilian victims of the Togoga airstrike Togoga victim in Ayder hospital VOAT 25 june 2021.jpg
One of the civilian victims of the Togoga airstrike

As of 2 February 2021, the highest estimate of civilian deaths in the Tigray War is that given by three of the opposition parties from the 2020 Tigray regional election: National Congress of Great Tigray, Tigray Independence Party, and Salsay Woyane Tigray, which were allocated 15 seats in September 2020, prior to the war. [126] The three parties' statement, published on 2 February 2021, estimated that at least 52,000 civilians had been killed by the ENDF, the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF), Amhara militias, and other forces allied with the ENDF. [127] Hailu Kebede, head of foreign affairs in Salsay Woyane Tigray, said that the three parties' collection method was to try to register data from witnesses in every administrative area of Tigray Region. He stated that "thousands" of names were already recorded. [11] 2022 estimates from Belgium’s Ghent University put the number of war fatalities at 300,000 to 500,000, including 50,000 to 100,000 from fighting, 150,000 to 200,000 due to famine, and 100,000 from lack of medical attention. [4]

Military deaths

Samwarit, 4, lies on her hospital bed recovering from knife wounds in her leg and a gunshot in her hand, according to her father, in Mekelle, Tigray, June 4, 2021. VOA Mekele2.jpg
Samwarit, 4, lies on her hospital bed recovering from knife wounds in her leg and a gunshot in her hand, according to her father, in Mekelle, Tigray, June 4, 2021.

2020

An ENDF soldier present at the attack on the Adigrat base of the ENDF Northern Command during the 4 November Northern Command attacks, Bulcha, stated to BBC News that there were 32 ENDF fatalities and 100 TPLF fatalities. [128]

Based on its 14–18 November 2020 visit and a visit starting 10 January 2021 to the Tigray Region, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) reported a Humera hospital employee's count of the war deaths as 92, including military (ENDF and TPLF) and civilian deaths. [25]

An estimated 760 troops (ENDF and TPLF) were killed during fighting in the Raya region. [129]

The TPLF claimed on 24 November to have killed thousands of ENDF and Eritrean in three fronts: Adwa, Idagahamus and Ray-Mokoni. They also claimed to have killed almost an entire Ethiopian division during fighting at Raya. [130] This division is the 21st mechanised division. [131]

On 7 December 2020 heavy fighting broke out between AMISOM troops and Ethiopian troops in Hiran region, Somalia, when Ethiopian troops tried to disarm Tigrayan troops. In total 21 Tigrayan soldiers and 20 Ethiopian soldiers were killed. [132]

2022

In September 2022, Ethiopian and Eritrean forces launched a massive "joint" offensive against rebels in Tigray. The Ethiopian army reportedly suffered 90,000 casualties in one month. [133]

Notes

  1. 1 2 As reported by the BBC; a specific timeframe was not given. Local correspondents to the agency suggested these figures could be from then-recent battles, and not the war as a whole.
  2. ↑ According to de Waal, while not all 90,000 casualties were deaths, "many of the wounded will die" due to the poor condition of medical services.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zalambessa (district)</span> Subregion or part in Eritrea or Ethiopia

Zalambessa is a small area on the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia claimed by the two countries that clashed especially on this issue in a war between 1998 and 2000. Eritrea believes that it belongs to its Debub Zone, while Ethiopia believes that it belongs to the Misraqawi Zone of Tigray.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tigray war</span> Armed conflict in Ethiopia from 2020 to 2022

The Tigray war was an armed conflict that lasted from 3 November 2020 to 3 November 2022. It was a civil war that was primarily fought in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia between forces allied to the Ethiopian federal government and Eritrea on one side, and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) on the other.

The Transitional Government of Tigray was a caretaker administration that was formally declared by the House of Federation of Ethiopia on 7 November 2020, in the context of a conflict between the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), in power in the Tigray Regional State and the federal government of Ethiopia. In late November 2020, the administration, headed by Mulu Nega, planned public consultation and participation in choosing new leaders at the regional and zonal level and preservation of woreda and kebele administrations. The Transitional Government left Tigray in late June 2021 during Operation Alula.

The Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) is a national human rights institution (NHRI) established by the Ethiopian government. The EHRC is charged with promoting human rights and investigating human rights abuses in Ethiopia. The EHRC states organizational independence as one of its values. In October 2021, the EHRC's rating by the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions for operation in accordance with the UN Paris Principles was upgraded from grade B to grade A.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Fashaga conflict</span> Conflict on Ethiopia–Sudanese border, 2020–2022

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Axum massacre</span> 2020 massacre in Ethiopia, as part of the Tigray War

The Axum massacre was a massacre of about 100–800 civilians that took place in Axum during the Tigray War. The main part of the massacre occurred on the afternoon and evening of 28 November 2020, continuing on 29 November, with smaller numbers of extrajudicial killings taking place earlier, starting from 19 November and during the weeks following the 28–29 November weekend. The massacre was attributed to the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) by Amnesty International, Associated Press, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC), Human Rights Watch (HRW) and Adigrat University lecturer Getu Mak.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawzen in the Tigray war</span> Massacre in Hawzen, Central Tigray as part of Tigray war

Events in Hawzen in the Tigray War included five mass extrajudicial killings that took place in Hawzen in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia during the Tigray War in November and December 2020 and January and February 2021, looting and destruction Hawzen Primary Hospital by the Eritrean Defence Force (EDF), and the establishment of a rape camp in the hospital by the Ethiopian National Defense Forces (ENDF).

The Dengelat massacre was a mass extrajudicial killing that took place in Dengelat in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia during the Tigray War, on 30 November 2020. Dengelat is a village that belongs to tabiya Beleso, woreda Sa’isi’e, Eastern zone of Tigray.

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This Timeline of the Tigray War is part of a chronology of the military engagements of the Tigray War, a civil war that began in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia in early November 2020.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wukro massacres</span> 2020–2021 massacres in the Tigray War

During the Tigray War, the town of Wukro was damaged heavily, and was the scene of numerous killings and massacres committed by the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF). It was bombed in mid-November 2020, then shelled by artillery fire a few weeks later, resulting in heavy destruction of property and multiple civilian deaths. There was looting of public and private property, leaving shops empty and the local hospital destroyed. Occupying soldiers engaged in sexual violence, extrajudicial killings, and detention of civilians through at least March 2021. These massacres in Wukro received international attention in media articles.

References

  1. ↑ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 45 – 4 January 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa . 4 January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  2. ↑ Patten, Pramila (21 January 2021). "United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Ms. Pramila Patten, urges all parties to prohibit the use of sexual violence and cease hostilities in the Tigray region of Ethiopia". United Nations . Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  3. ↑ Georgy, Michael (23 January 2021). "'Choose - I kill you or rape you': abuse accusations surge in Ethiopia's war". Thomson Reuters . Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 York, Geoffrey (21 October 2022). "Surge of dehumanizing hate speech points to mounting risk of mass atrocities in northern Ethiopia, experts say" . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Independent scholars, based at Ghent University in Belgium, suggest that the death toll in Tigray is now between 385,000 and 600,000.
  5. ↑ Dahir, Abdi Latif (3 November 2022). "Details in Ethiopia's Peace Deal Reveal Clear Winners and Losers". The New York Times.
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  11. 1 2 3 Anna, Cara (11 February 2021). "'We'll be left without families': Fear in Ethiopia's Tigray". Associated Press . Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
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  13. ↑ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 42 - 31 December 2020" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  14. ↑ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 47 - 6 January 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
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  22. ↑ Brown, Will (23 November 2020). "After the bombs they attacked with knives, claim Ethiopians fleeing peace prize winner's war". The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  23. ↑ Akinwotu, Emmanuel (2 December 2020). "'I saw people dying on the road': Tigray's traumatised war refugees". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
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  28. ↑ Schipani, Andres (4 December 2020). "Refugees flee Ethiopia's brutal war with tales of atrocities on both sides". Financial Times . Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  29. ↑ Abuelgasim, Fay; el-Mofty, Nariman; Anna, Cara (12 December 2020). "Shadowy Ethiopian massacre could be tip of the iceberg". Associated Press . Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020. It's possible that civilians from both ethnicities were targeted in Mai-Kadra, Amnesty now says.
  30. ↑ Zalambessa Alumni Committee (27 March 2021). "Brief Information on the Crimes Committed and Horrendous Situtaion [sic] Inflicted on the People of Zalambessa and Its Surroundings by the Military Forces of Eritrea and Ethiopia". Tigrai Online. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  31. ↑ Soteras, Eduardo; AFP (15 December 2020). "First foreign aid arrives in Tigray as civillians recount the horrors". Africanews . Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  32. ↑ Corey-Boulet, Robbie (15 December 2020). "'Terrified' survivors recount attacks on civilians in Tigray". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2020– via France24.
  33. ↑ "'Slaughtered like chickens': Eritrea heavily involved in Tigray conflict, say eyewitnesses". The Guardian. 21 December 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
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