Ceratomyrmex

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Ceratomyrmex
Temporal range: Early Cenomanian
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Ceratomyrmex ellenbergeri NIGP164022 profile.jpg
Holotype worker
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily:† Haidomyrmecinae
Genus:† Ceratomyrmex
Perrichot, Wang, & Engel, 2016
Species:
†C. ellenbergeri
Binomial name
†Ceratomyrmex ellenbergeri
Perrichot, Wang, & Engel, 2016

Ceratomyrmex is an extinct genus of ant in the Formicidae subfamily Haidomyrmecinae. The genus contains a single described species Ceratomyrmex ellenbergeri and is known from several Late Cretaceous fossils which have been found in Asia.

Contents

History and classification

Ceratomyrmex is known from a total of four adult fossils. The holotype is specimen number "NIGP164022" of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology; the adult specimen "IGR.BU-002" of the University of Rennes is designated as paratype. The two additional specimens described but not designated as paratypes were residing in the private collection of Sieghard Ellenberger, Germany. The described specimens are of worker caste adults which have been preserved as inclusions in transparent chunks of Burmese amber. [1] The amber specimens were recovered from deposits in Kachin State, in Myanmar. Burmese amber has been radiometrically dated using U-Pb isotopes, yielding an age of approximately 98.79 ± 0.62  million years old, close to the Aptian  – Cenomanian boundary, in the earliest Cenomanian. [1] [2] [3] [4]

The fossils were first studied by paleoentomologists Vincent Perrichot, Wang Bo and Michael Engel with the group's 2016 type description of the new genus and species being published in the journal Current Biology. [1] The genus name Ceratomyrmex was coined as a combination of the Greek suffix "myrmex" which means "ant" and is a commonly used suffix in genus names, keratos, meaning "horn" in reference to the unique head modification. The specific epithet ellenbergeri is a patronym honoring Sieghard Ellenberger who allowed study of several of the specimens. [1] Ceratomyrmex is one of several ant genera described from Burmese amber, the others being Burmomyrma , Camelomecia , Gerontoformica , Haidomyrmex , Linguamyrmex , Myanmyrma , and Zigrasimecia . [1] [3] [4] [5]

Biology

Perrichot et al. suggested several different functions for the highly specialized mouthparts. Based on the behaviors of modern trap-jaw ant genera such as Odontomachus , Anochetus and Acanthognathus poinari , Perrichot et al. noted that the setae on the horn would provide a soft cushion for moving pupae and larvae in a nest. With the mandibles closed, the trigger hairs are long enough that they could still be tripped. There is the possibility that the jaws could have been used as a defense mechanism, being used to knock predators away or stun prey though a rapid opening of the mandibles. The horn and setae would not be used at all in those maneuvers, so defense was probably not the sole function. While the structure may have been used for moving food and nest materials, the likelihood of that being the only function is low, as the trigger hairs would not be needed then. The most likely use for the horn and mandibles would have been trapping large prey [1] with the setae providing sensory information on the prey position and creating friction to prevent movement. The size of the horn and mandibles makes the capture of small prey unlikely, as the prey would have time to move before the mandibles were fully shut. [1]

C. ellenbergeri paratype head Ceratomyrmex ellenbergeri IGRBU002 head.jpg
C. ellenbergeri paratype head

Description

The workers of Ceratomyrmex range between approximately 4.5–5.9 mm (0.18–0.23 in) long, while queens and drones were unknown at the time of description. The workers are distinguished from all other haidomyrmecines in the distinctly modified clypeus that forms a horn projecting up from between the bases of the antennae. The horn curves forward with a rounded, spatula like apex. The underside of the horn is covered in a dense arrangement of long setae that trail down from the apex into a single row towards the base. The curve of the spatula also has a grouping of spicules rimming its edges. Like other members of Haidomyrmecini the mandibles of Ceratomyrmex are modified into elongated scythe like shapes. The mandibles are enlarged to reach over the head to the apex of the horn creating a trap-jaw. Near the point where the closed mandibles rest, four very long trigger hairs are placed, with two on each side of the head. [1]

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Cananeuretus is an extinct genus of ant in the Formicidae subfamily Aneuretinae, and is one of two Cretaceous genera of the subfamily. The genus contains a single described species Cananeuretus occidentalis and is known from one Late Cretaceous fossil which has been found in North America.

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<i>Camelomecia</i> Extinct genus of ants

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<i>Linguamyrmex</i> Extinct genus of ants

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Caputoraptor is an extinct genus of insect from the Cenomanian aged Burmese amber containing two species: the type species Caputoraptor elegans, as well as Caputoraptor vidit. It is part of the extinct order Alienoptera. C. elegans is notable for the presence of a scissor like mechanism consisting of a straight edge on the back of the head and corresponding serrated edges on the first thoracic segment, these were initially suggested to be used by the female to grasp the male during mating, but the structure is not sexually dimorphic, so a use to hold prey was subsequently suggested. Its morphology suggests a predatory habit inhabiting shrubs and trees. In 2020 a Caputoraptor elegans nymph was described that was in the process of being predated upon by a Ceratomyrmex hell ant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zigrasimeciinae</span> Extinct subfamily of ants

Zigrasimeciinae is a subfamily of ants, known from the Cretaceous period, originally named as the tribe Zigrasimeciini within the subfamily Sphecomyrminae by Borysenko, 2017, it was elevated to full subfamily in 2020. It contains three described genera. They are sometimes known as iron-maiden ants in reference to their densely spiked mouthparts, reminiscent of an iron maiden torture device, that were likely used to trap prey. Boltonimecia canadensis was described from Campanian Canadian amber out of Alberta, Canada, while the species of Protozigrasimecia and Zigrasimecia are both exclusively known from Cenomanian Burmese amber found in Myanmar.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Perrichot, V.; Wang, B.; Engel, M. S. (2016). "Extreme Morphogenesis and Ecological Specialization among Cretaceous Basal Ants". Current Biology. 26 (11): 1468–1472. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.075 . PMID   27238278.
  2. ↑ Shi, G.; Grimaldi, D.A.; Harlow, G.E.; Wang, Ji.; Wang, Ju.; Yang, M.; Lei, W.; Li, Q.; Li, X. (2012). "Age constraint on Burmese amber based on U-Pb dating of zircons". Cretaceous Research. 37: 155–163. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.014.
  3. 1 2 Barden, P.; Grimaldi, D. (2013). "A New Genus of Highly Specialized Ants in Cretaceous Burmese Amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3681 (4): 405–412. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.5. PMID   25232618.
  4. 1 2 Barden, P.; Grimaldi, D.A. (2016). "Adaptive radiation in socially advanced stem-group ants from the Cretaceous". Current Biology. 26 (4): 515–521. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.060 . PMID   26877084.
  5. ↑ Barden, P; Herhold, H. W.; Grimaldi, D. A. (2017). "A new genus of hell ants from the Cretaceous (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) with a novel head structure". Systematic Entomology. 42 (4): 837–846. doi: 10.1111/syen.12253 .

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