Chamaesipho

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Chamaesipho
Temporal range: Oligocene–Recent
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Thecostraca
Subclass: Cirripedia
Order: Balanomorpha
Family: Chthamalidae
Subfamily: Notochthamalinae
Genus: Chamaesipho
Darwin, 1854 [1] 470

Chamaesipho is a genus of four-plated notochthamaline barnacles in the Pacific Ocean limited to Australian/New Zealand temperate waters. They are intertidal in preference, and tend to form crowded columnar colonies. They can be identified in the field by having a four-plated wall, an unfused rostrum, and narrow opercular plates. Elminius , which also inhabits the same area, has four plates in its shell wall. However, in Elminius, the rostrum and rostrolatera are fused completely, and the compound rostrum receives the alae of the adjacent carinolaterals. In Chamaesipho, the unfused rostrum bears alae, and closely resembles the carina in appearance.

Contents

Definition and Discussion

The primary shell wall is four plated, reduced from six by fusion of rostrolatera and carinolaterals during ontogeny. No sutural interfolding is observed. With age, all plate sutures become concrescent. The basis is membraneous. Opercular plates are deeply articulated, but do not fuse together. The scutum bears a visible lateral depressor pit, and a scutal adductor ridge which ranges from nearly absent/indistinct to rounded prominent. The tergum is pitted internally. There is no trace of a tergal spur, and the tergal depressor area is wide, with prominent crests. [2] :68 [3] :330

In soft part morphology, caudal appendages are absent. The mandible is tridentate, or quadridentate, and may have short teeth on a combed lower margin. [3] :330

Full reference lists for Chamaesipho brunnea and C. columna to 1976 are to be found in Newman & Ross, 1976. [4] 43 See Poltarukha, 2006 [2] for 1976-2006 significant citations.

Included species (3)

Identification Key to Species of Chamaesipho

(Modified from Poltarukha, 2006) [2] :66

Geographic range and Habitat

As presently defined, Chamaesipho is found in the upper littoral to sublittoral zone of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. [2] :66 Normally, exposed, higher littoral zones are preferred. No verifiable records of Chamaesipho are known outside of Australia and New Zealand. Darwin, 1854, described Chamaesipho scutelliformis , a living species from South China Sea, with considerable reservations as to generic assignment. [1] 472 Foster, in 1982, proposed the genus Chinochthamalus to receive this highly unusual form. [5] :211 In his original description of Chamaesipho columna, Spengler [6] appears to have used abnormally large shells listed as from Otaheite (Tahiti). In Foster and Anderson, 1986, these shells are considered to be likely Epopella , from New Zealand, and mislabeled. [7] :60

The only previously known fossil record was a Miocene occurrence from New Zealand ascribed questionably to Chamaesipho brunnea . [8] :80 No opercular plates were present in this material, thus exact species placement cannot be determined. Chamaesipho grebneffi from the late Oligocene of New Zealand was recently described by Buckeridge, et al., with opercular plates present. The four completely fused shell plates show that Chamaesipho was fully derived on generic level in Paleogene times. [9] :6,7

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barnacle</span> Subclass of sessile marine crustaceans

Barnacles are arthropods of the subclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea. They are related to crabs and lobsters, with similar nauplius larvae. Barnacles are exclusively marine invertebrates; many species live in shallow and tidal waters. Some 2,100 species have been described.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chthamalidae</span> Family of crustaceans

The Chthamalidae are a family of chthamaloid barnacles, living entirely in intertidal/subtidal habitats, characterized by a primary shell wall of eight, six, or four plates, lacking imbricating plate whorls, and either membraneous or more rarely calcareous basis. They are not found below immediate subtidal habitats, and more likely are found in the highest tier of shallow-water barnacle fauna. They can be found in the most rigorous wave-washed locations, and some species are found in the surf zone above high tide mark, only receiving water from wave action at high tide. The family includes at least 56 recognized species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whale barnacle</span> Barnacles that attach to whales

Whale barnacles are species of acorn barnacle that belong to the family Coronulidae. They typically attach to baleen whales, and sometimes settle on toothed whales. The whale barnacles diverged from the turtle barnacles about three million years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elminiidae</span> Subfamily of barnacles

Elminiidae is a family of symmetrical sessile barnacles in the order Balanomorpha. There are about 5 genera and 12 described species in Elminiidae.

<i>Notochthamalus</i> Genus of barnacles

Notochthamalus scabrosus, the only species in the genus Notochthamalus, is a species of barnacle found along the south-western and south-eastern coasts of South America, from Peru to the Falkland Islands. The species is found almost exclusively higher in the intertidal zone than the mussel Perumytilus, often codistributed with the confamilial barnacle Jehlius cirratus and Balanus flosculus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chthamaloidea</span> Superfamily of barnacles

The Chthamaloidea are a subdivision of Balanomorpha proposed by Newman and Ross to include barnacles with shell wall composed of rostrum, carina, and one to three pairs of latera, rarely supplemented with one or more whorls of basal imbricating plates. The rostrolatus enters the sheath, but rarely fuses with the rostrum, as in the three higher superfamilies. Shell plates are simple in construction, solid, and incorporate organic chitin between carbonate layers. Opercular plates are deeply interlocked, and in some genera, may become concrescent with age. Soft part morphology includes concave labrum without notch in the central part. Cirrus III more resembles Cirrus IV than II, or may be intermediate in structure. Caudal appendages present in some species.

Pseudoctomeris sulcatus is a species of barnacle, the only member of the genus Pseudoctomeris. It has an eight-plated shell wall with the rostrum partially fused with adjacent rostrolatera. The suture lines are visible only from the inside, thus in exterior view, the shell appears to have six wall plates. The basis is calcareous. Opercular plates are higher than wide, and not deeply articulated. These features and others show strong relationship to family Pachylasmatidae, and taxonomic revision of Pachylasmatidae has resulted in the transfer of Pseudoctomeris from Chthamalidae to Pachylasmatidae.

The Catophragmidae are a family of barnacles in the superfamily Chthamaloidea with eight shell wall plates, surrounded by several whorls of imbricating plates. The basis is membranous.

<i>Catomerus</i> Genus of barnacles

Catomerus is a monotypic genus of intertidal/shallow water acorn barnacle that is found in warm temperate waters of Australia. The genus and species is very easily identified by whorls of small plates surrounding the base of the primary shell wall; no other shoreline barnacle species in the Southern Hemisphere has that feature. This species is considered to be a relic, as these plates are found only in primitive living lineages of acorn barnacles or in older fossil species. The fact that this is an intertidal species is unusual, because living primitive relic species are often found in more isolated habitats such as deep ocean basins and abyssal hydrothermal vents.

Catolasmus is one of two monotypic Catophragmid acorn barnacle genera recognized in the Northern Hemisphere. It is easily identified by its prominent whorls of imbricating plates surrounding the main wall plates. It is quite large, attaining 55 mm diameter. Catolasmus represents one of the relictual lineages of the basal balanomorph radiation.

<i>Catophragmus</i> Genus of barnacles

Catophragmus is the originally named genus of the family Catophragmidae. At present, it is monotypical. It is a shallow water acorn barnacle of the Tropical Western Atlantic and Caribbean characterized by small accessory imbricating plates surrounding the base of the shell wall.

<i>Chamaesipho brunnea</i> Species of barnacle

Chamaesipho brunnea is an intertidal barnacle common in New Zealand, in both the North Island and the South Island. Juveniles have six shell wall plates, reducing to four in adults, and with age, all plates become concrescent, with no trace of sutures inside or out. Shell is brown colored. The related, and sometimes associated Chamaesipho columna is much smaller in size, by nearly half, while Elminius, which can associate with both species, also has four shell wall plates, but plates remain distinct at all stages. The shell of C. columna corrodes to a pitted surface, while that of C. brunnea has a lamellar corrosion.

<i>Chamaesipho tasmanica</i> Species of barnacle

Chamaesipho tasmanica is an intertidal shoreline barnacle of Australia. Its principal range centers in New South Wales, and Tasmania. Columnar colonies can be found on high intertidal rocks relatively free of dense seaweed. Individuals are small, less than 15 mm, and grayish in color.

<i>Chamaesipho columna</i> Species of barnacle

Chamaesipho columna is the type species for the barnacle genus Chamaesipho. Originally, species concept, as refined by Darwin472 consisted of C. columna. Spengler's 1790 description included specimens from "Otaheite" (Tahiti), which were far larger than any of the three described species. As Chamaesipho is restricted to Australia and New Zealand, and Spengler's Tahiti material lacked opercular plates, it is no longer included as Chamaesipho. Spengler's written description agrees with Chamaesipho.472 Spengler's Tahiti material is thought to be New Zealand Epopella, mislabeled.

Chamaesipho grebneffi is the first extinct member of the Notochthamalinae to be described, and the oldest chthamaloid barnacle known. This species is a fully derived Chamaesipho, and indicates a considerable antiquity for Chthamaloidea.

Rehderella is an unusual and monotypic barnacle genus restricted to Easter Island and Pitcairn Island. Rehderella belyaevi is its only species.

The barnacle genus Nesochthamalus was erected by Foster & Newman, 1987, to include sole species Chthamalus intertextus originally named by Darwin in 1854. It is widespread on islands in Western Pacific Ocean, including Hawaii, and presents combinations of unusual features which make easily recognizable for field workers. These include dirty white shell exterior with deep purple colored interior, operculars colored purple. Opercular plates on each side calcify together in all but youngest individuals, and cannot be separated or easily distinguished from each other. This feature is shared only by Rehderella belyaevi, but in latter species, scutum and tergum can be distinguished by raised ridge replacing old articular margin. Unique feature of Nesochthamalus is its basis. In young individuals, it is entirely membraneous, and with age, becomes secondarily calcareous progressively inwards, leaving only the center membraneous. As the basis calcifies, it rises off the substrate forming a saucer shape when viewed from the side. In addition, interior of shell is secondarily calcified.

<i>Coronula diadema</i> Species of whale barnacle

Coronula diadema is a species of whale barnacle that lives on the skin of humpback whales and certain other species of whale. This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in the 1767 12th edition of his Systema Naturae.

Vulcanolepas osheai, commonly referred to as O'Shea's vent barnacle, is a stalked barnacle of the family Neolepadidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand.

Oxynaspis gracilis is a species of goose barnacle in the family Oxynaspididae, commonly known as the black coral barnacle because it is normally found attached to black coral. The type specimen was found in Réunion in the East Indies.

References

  1. 1 2 Darwin, Charles (1854). A monograph on the sub-class Cirripedia with figures of all species. The Balanidae, the Verrucidae, etc. London: Ray Society. pp.  1–684.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Poltarukha, O. P. (2006). Identification Atlas of Superfamily Chthamaloidea (Cirripedia Thoracica) barnacles in World Ocean. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press, Ltd. pp. 1–198 [In Russian]. ISBN   5-87317-278-1.
  3. 1 2 Foster, B. A.; W. A. Newman (1987). "Chthamalid barnacles of Easter Island; peripheral Pacific isolation of Notochthamalinae new subfamily and hembeli-group of Euraphiinae (Cirripedia: Chthamaloidea". Bulletin of Marine Science. 41 (2): 322–336. ingentaconnect
  4. Newman, W. A.; A. Ross (1976). "Revision of the Balanomorph Barnacles including a catalog of the species". Memoirs of San Diego Society of Natural History. 9: 1–108.
  5. Foster, B. A. (1982). "Shallow water Barnacles from Hong Kong". Proceedings of the First International Marine Biological Workshop: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern Ocean: 207–232.
  6. Spengler, L. (1790). "Beskrivelse og Oplysning over den hindindtil lidet udarbeidede Sloegt af mangeskallede Konchylier som Linnaeus har kaldet Lepas med tilfoiede nye og ubeskrevne Arter" [Description and information on the hitherto little-elaborated genus of multi-shelled conch shells that Linnaeus has called Lepas with added new and undescribed species]. Skrivter Af Naturhistorie-Selskabet. 1 (1): 158–212.
  7. Foster, B. A.; Anderson, D. T. (1986). "New names for two well-known shore barnacles (Cirripedia, Thoracica) from Australia and New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 16 (1): 57–69. Bibcode:1986JRSNZ..16...57F. doi: 10.1080/03036758.1986.10426956 .
  8. Buckeridge, J. S. (1983b). "Fossil barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) of New Zealand and Australia". New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin. 50.
  9. Buckeridge, J. S.; D. E. Lee; J. H. Robinson (2014-02-19). "A diverse shallow-water barnacle assemblage (Cirripedia: Sessilia) from the Oligocene of Southland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 57 (2): 253–263. Bibcode:2014NZJGG..57..253B. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2013.873472 .

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