Chasmanthium latifolium | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Poales |
Family: | Poaceae |
Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
Genus: | Chasmanthium |
Species: | C. latifolium |
Binomial name | |
Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates | |
Chasmanthium latifolium, known as fish-on-a-fishing-pole, northern wood-oats, inland sea oats, northern sea oats, and river oats is a species of grass native to the central and eastern United States, Manitoba, and northeastern Mexico; it grows as far north as Pennsylvania and Michigan, [2] where it is a threatened species. [3] The species was previously classified as Uniola latifolia (André Michaux).
Chasmanthium latifolium is a cool-season, rhizomatous, perennial grass with culms about 1 m [3 feet] tall. [4] The inflorescence is an open, nodding panicle of laterally compressed (flattened) spikelets. The plant typically grows in wooded areas and riparian zones. [5]
Chasmanthium latifolium is native to the lower forty-eight states [6] .
In the arid west Chasmanthium latifolium is equally likely to be found in wetlands and non-wetland areas. In the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Chasmanthium latifolium is equally likely to be found in wetlands and non-wetland areas. In the Western Mountains, Valleys, and Coast Chasmanthium latifolium is equally likely to be found in wetlands and non-wetland areas. In the Eastern Mountains and Piedmont Chasmanthium latifolium usually occurs in non-wetlands. In the Great Plains Chasmanthiumlatifolium usually occurs in non-wetlands. In the Midwest Chasmanthium latifolium usually occurs in wetlands. In the Northcentral and Northeast Chasmanthium latifolium usually occurs in wetlands. [7]
In Mississippi Chasmanthium latifolium is a common species found in the river bank community, which is found between the start of the water and the high water mark. Here the substrate is frequently disturbed and is made of sand, acidic soils, and rocky outcrops. [8]
Chasmanthium latifolium is wind-pollinated like most of the Poaceae family. Limited pollination range has significantly reduced gene transfer along the range edge, thus lowering genetic diversity. This low genetic diversity and lack of gene transfer between populations of Chasmanthium latifolium along the range edge makes Chasmanthium latifolium more susceptible to climate change and disease. [9]
The optimal growing temperature for Chasmanthium latifolium is 25 degrees Celsius. At 13 degrees Celsius Chasmanthium latifolium can no longer grow and at 31 degrees Celsius continues to develop. [10]
Chasmanthium latifolium is a salt-tolerant species. The shoot growth of Chasmanthium latifolium is not affected by salinity levels up to an electrical conductivity of 10.0 dS m-¹. Root growth increased at salinity levels of electrical conductivity of 5.0 dS m-¹ and greater. [11]
Chasmanthium latifolium is a shade-tolerant plant [12] [13] [14] and maintains a positive carbon uptake in dense canopies. Chasmanthium latifolium continues carbon fixation at levels 10 times lower than other C4 grasses and light levels 80% less than their saturation point. [15]
It is a larval host plant for the Northern Pearly-Eye, and its seeds are food for birds and mammals. It is also eaten by the caterpillars of the pepper and salt skipper, Bell's roadside skipper [16] , and bronzed roadside skipper butterflies.
Chasmanthium latifolium is a fire-adapted grass best adapted to a low frequency of fire. Chasmanthium latifolium increases in abundance after one fire but decreases in abundance with repeated burning. [17]
It is used in landscaping in North America, where it is noted as a relatively rare native grass that thrives in partial shade; the plant is recommended for USDA hardiness zones 3–9 in acidic sands, loams, and clays. [18] [19]
Chasmanthium latifolium blooms in the late summer to early fall between the months of August and September. [20]
Chasmanthium latifolium is recommended in southeastern rain gardens where intermittent flooding may be present. [21]
Chasmanthium latifolium can be slow to emerge and take at least one year to establish. Once established Chasmanthium latifolium can have a dry matter yield of up to 6019 pounds per acre. [22]
The genus name, Chasmanthium, has Greek origins and can be broken down into two parts. Chasme means "gaping" in Greek. Anthemum means flower in Greek. [23]
The specific epithet can be translated to "broad-leaved" [23]
Chasmanthium latifolium is negatively impacted by invasive species like Lespedeza cuneata . Chasmanthium latifolium is at risk of overuse of herbicides like glyphosate. [24] Chasmanthium latifolium is also affected by applications of topramezone 0.05 kg a.i./ha or greater. [25]
Chasmanthium latifolium has historically been used by the Cocopah Nation as a food source. The Cocopah Nation would harvest, dry, and grind the seed heads and then mix them with water to make a rudimentary dough. [26]
Chasmanthium latifolium is used on green roofs in Korea. Chasmanthium latifolium best performs on flat roofs. [27]
Chasmanthium latifolium is planted as a perennial cool-season grass on old logging trails and landings to prevent erosion and provide wildlife habitat. [28]
Phalaris arundinacea, or reed canary grass, is a tall, perennial bunchgrass that commonly forms extensive single-species stands along the margins of lakes and streams and in wet open areas, with a wide distribution in Europe, Asia, northern Africa and North America. Other common names for the plant include gardener's-garters and ribbon grass in English, alpiste roseau in French, Rohrglanzgras in German, kusa-yoshi in Japanese, caniço-malhado in Portuguese, and hierba cinta and pasto cinto in Spanish.
Echium vulgare, known as viper's bugloss and blueweed, is a species of flowering plant in the borage family Boraginaceae. It is native to most of Europe and western and central Asia and it occurs as an introduced species in north-eastern North America, south-western South America and the South and North Island of New Zealand. The plant root was used in ancient times as a treatment for snake or viper bites. If eaten, the plant is toxic to horses and cattle through the accumulation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the liver.
Bouteloua curtipendula, commonly known as sideoats grama, is a perennial, short prairie grass that is native throughout the temperate and tropical Western Hemisphere, from Canada south to Argentina.
Sporobolus heterolepis, commonly known as prairie dropseed, is a species of prairie grass native to the tallgrass and mixed grass prairies of central North America from Texas to southern Canada. It is also found further east, to the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada, but is much less common beyond the Great Plains and is restricted to specialized habitats. It is found in 27 states and four Canadian provinces.
Liatris aspera is a perennial wildflower in the Asteraceae family that is found in central to eastern North America in habitats that range from mesic to dry prairie and dry savanna.
Dactylis glomerata is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae, known as cock's-foot, also colloquially as orchard grass, or cat grass (due to its popularity for use with domestic cats). It is a cool-season perennial C3 tufted grass native throughout most of Europe, temperate Asia, and northern Africa.
Sphaeralcea incana, with the common names gray globemallow and soft globemallow, is a desert plant in the mallow family (Malvaceae).
Hordeum brachyantherum, known by the common name meadow barley, is a species of barley. It is native to western North America from Alaska to northern Mexico, coastal areas of easternmost Russia (Kamchatka), and a small area of coastal Newfoundland.
Peltandra virginica is a plant of the arum family known as green arrow arum and tuckahoe. It is widely distributed in wetlands in the eastern United States, as well as in Quebec, Ontario, and Cuba. It is common in central Florida including the Everglades and along the Gulf Coast. Its rhizomes are tolerant to low oxygen levels found in wetland soils. It can be found elsewhere in North America as an introduced species and often an invasive plant.
Amblyscirtes vialis is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found from British Columbia east across southern Canada to Maine and Nova Scotia, south to central California, northern New Mexico, Texas, the Gulf states and northern Florida.
Eragrostis spectabilis, known as purple lovegrass, is a species of flowering plant in the family Poaceae, native from southern Canada to northeastern Mexico. It was first described by Frederick Traugott Pursh in 1813 as Poa spectabilis, and transferred to Eragrostis by Ernst von Steudel in 1840.
Dalea purpurea is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known as purple prairie clover. Native to central North America, purple prairie clover is a relatively common member of the Great Plains and prairie ecosystems. It blooms in the summer with dense spikes of bright purple flowers that attract many species of insects.
Lespedeza bicolor is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common names shrubby bushclover, shrub lespedeza, and bicolor lespedeza. It is native to eastern Asia, ranging from southeastern Siberia to eastern China, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan. and it is widely grown as an ornamental plant. In some regions, such as the southeastern United States, it grows in the wild as an introduced and invasive species.
Lespedeza cuneata is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common names Chinese bushclover and sericea lespedeza, or just sericea. It is native to Asia and is present elsewhere as an introduced species and sometimes an invasive plant. Australian populations of Lespedeza juncea have sometimes been considered to belong to this species but are now considered to be distinct.
Blephilia ciliata is a species of herbaceous perennial plant in the Lamiaceae (mint) family native to central and eastern North America. It is commonly called downy wood mint. Other common names include downy pagoda-plant, sunny woodmint and Ohio horsemint.
Lespedeza capitata is a species of flowering plant in the Fabaceae, or legume family, and is known by the common name roundhead bushclover, or roundhead lespedeza. It is native to eastern North America, including eastern Canada and the eastern half of the United States.
Pappophorum bicolor is a species of grass known by the common name pink pappusgrass.
Galium circaezans, common name licorice bedstraw or wild licorice, is a plant species in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to the eastern half of the United States from the Great Plains to the Atlantic, plus Quebec and Ontario. There are also a few isolated populations in Washington state, probably adventive. Galium circaezans was originally described by André Michaux in Flora Boreali-Americana. It is also known as white licorice, forest bedstraw, and more. Galium circaezans is a weedy, herbaceous perennial or subshrub. It is native to Central and Eastern North America. Other synonyms of Galium circaezans include Galium brachiatum Muhl. (Illegitimate), Galium circaeoides Roem. & Schult, and Galium rotundifolium var. circaezans (Michx.) Kuntze. G circaezans is not threatened to go extinct.
Lespedeza virginica, known as slender bush clover or slender lespedeza, is a species of flowering plant native to much of the United States, as well as Ontario, Canada, and Nuevo León, Mexico. It is a member of the bean family, Fabaceae.
Lespedeza repens, common names creeping lespedeza, creeping bush-clover, and trailing lespedeza, is a plant native to the eastern and central United States and northeastern Mexico. It is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut and as rare in New York. It is a perennial herb which blooms May to September. Its habitats include open woods, clearings, and thickets.