Coldwater Beds

Last updated
Coldwater Beds
Stratigraphic range: Ypresian (Wasatchian)
~51.9–51.1  Ma
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Type Formation
Unit of Kamloops Group
Sub-units Merritt & Quilchena coal basins
Overlies Nicola Group
Thickness230 m (750 ft)
Lithology
Primary Mudstone
Other Shale, tuff, coal
Location
Coordinates 50°06′N120°30′W / 50.1°N 120.5°W / 50.1; -120.5
Approximate paleocoordinates 54°48′N103°30′W / 54.8°N 103.5°W / 54.8; -103.5
Region British Columbia
CountryFlag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Extent Okanagan Highlands
Type section
Named for Coldwater River
Named byDawson
Year defined1895
Canada relief map 2.svg
Orange pog.svg
Coldwater Beds (Canada)
Canada British Columbia relief location map.jpg
Orange pog.svg
Coldwater Beds (British Columbia)

The Coldwater Beds are a geologic formation of the Okanagan Highlands in British Columbia, Canada. They preserve fossils dating back to the Ypresian stage of the Eocene period, or Wasatchian in the NALMA classification. [1]

Contents

The formation comprises mudstones, shales and tuffs deposited in a lacustrine environment and has provided many insect fossils, as well as indeterminate birds and fossil flora. [2]

Description

The Coldwater Beds were defined by Dawson (1895) based on a section along the Coldwater River in the Okanagan Highlands. [3] The formation reaches a thickness of 230 metres (750 ft), [4] and comprises mudstones, shales and tuff deposited in a lacustrine environment. U-Pb dating of thick tephra, combined with Ar-Ar dates of sanidine from same bed provided an Early Eocene age. The tephra was deposited within insect-bearing shales. [1]

Climate

Early Eocene proxy ensemble data from fossil localities showing (a) MAT and (b) MAP estimates with the Coldwater Beds indicated with (2) Early Eocene proxy ensemble data from fossil localities showing (a) MAT and (b) MAP estimates.png
Early Eocene proxy ensemble data from fossil localities showing (a) MAT and (b) MAP estimates with the Coldwater Beds indicated with (2)

During the Early Eocene, the climate of much of northern North America was warm and wet, with mean annual temperatures (MAT) as high as 20 °C (68 °F), mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 100 to 150 centimetres (39 to 59 in), mild frost-free winters (coldest month mean temperature >5 °C (41 °F)), and climatic conditions that supported extensive temperate forest ecosystems. [5]

The Quilchena fossil locality is dated to 51.5 ± 0.4 Ma corresponding to the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO), and is reconstructed as the warmest and wettest of the Early Eocene upland sites from the Okanagan Highlands of British Columbia and northern Washington State. Mean annual temperature (MAT) is estimated from leaf margin analysis as 16.2 ± 2.1 °C (61.2 ± 3.8 °F) and 14.6 ± 4.8 °C (58.3 ± 8.6 °F). Using bioclimatic analysis of 45 nearest living relatives, a moist mesothermal climate is indicated (MAT 12.7 to 16.6 °C (54.9 to 61.9 °F); cold month mean temperature (CMMT) 3.5 to 7.9 °C (38.3 to 46.2 °F) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 103 to 157 centimetres (41 to 62 in)/yr. Leaf size analysis estimates a mean annual precipitation of 121 ± 39 centimetres (48 ± 15 in). [6]

Fossils

Buprestis saxigena
(1890 illustration) Buprestis saxigena Scudder 1890 pl2 Fig24.png
Buprestis saxigena
(1890 illustration)
Buprestis sepulta
(1890 illustration) Buprestis sepulta Scudder 1890 pl2 Fig26.png
Buprestis sepulta
(1890 illustration)
Buprestis tertiaria
(1890 illustration) Buprestis tertiaria Scudder 1890 pl2 Fig23.png
Buprestis tertiaria
(1890 illustration)
Cercyon? terrigena
(1890 illustration) Cercyon terrigena Scudder 1890 pl2 Fig21.png
Cercyon? terrigena
(1890 illustration)
Nebria paleomelas
(1890 illustration) Nebria paleomelas Scudder 1890 pl2 Fig20.png
Nebria paleomelas
(1890 illustration)

A wide variety of fossils occur in the formation, including abundant fish remains, insects, and plants, and rare occurrences of molluscs, ostracods, and birds: [1]

Flora

Fossil plants were first reported from the Coldwater Beds at the Quilchena site and nearby by Penhallow (1908) [7] with an expanded taxonomic list given by Mathewes et al (2016). [6]

Pollen taxa

Molluscs

Mark Wilson (1987) noted, without taxonomic identification, that unidentified small bivalves are a component of the Quilchena invertebrate paleofauna. [10]

Insects

The insect fossils studied by Wilson (1987) showed Bibionidae dominating the paleoentemofauna, at 28% of all specimens examined at that time. An additional 13% of the fossils were other dipterans while up to 41% of all insects still had attached wings. The invertebrates trace fossils included two undescribed species of Trichoptera larval cases and burrowing or tracks in the sediment. [10]

Fish

Birds

Mammals

Correlations

Correlation of the Coldwater Beds with other Early Eocene formations in northern North America Correlation Margaret Formation.png
Correlation of the Coldwater Beds with other Early Eocene formations in northern North America

The formation has been correlated with the Eocene Okanagan Highlands floras including the Allenby Formation, Kamloops Group, Horsefly shales, and Driftwood Canyon site of British Columbia, along with the Klondike Mountain Formation of Washington State. [5] Additionally its correlated with the Margaret Formation of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, the Chickaloon Formation of Alaska, Wishbone, Chuckanut and Iceberg Bay Formations, all of similar age. [5] The flora of the Coldwater Beds has been correlated to the Chu Chua Formation of southeastern British Columbia. [7] The formation also correlates with the Springbrook, Kettle River and O'Brien Creek Formations in Washington, United States. [3]

See also

Related Research Articles

Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park covers 23 ha of the Bulkley River Valley, on the east side of Driftwood Creek, a tributary of the Bulkley River, 10 km northeast of the town of Smithers. The park is accessible from Driftwood Road from Provincial Highway 16. It was created in 1967 by the donation of the land by the late Gordon Harvey (1913–1976) to protect fossil beds on the east side of Driftwood Creek. The beds were discovered around the beginning of the 20th century. The park lands are part of the asserted traditional territory of the Wet'suwet'en First Nation.

<i>Florissantia</i> (plant) Genus of plant in the mallow family (fossil)

Florissantia is an extinct genus of flowering plants in the Malvaceae subfamily Sterculioideae known from western North America and far eastern Asia. Flower, fruit, and pollen compression fossils have been found in formations ranging between the Early Eocene through to the Early Oligocene periods. The type species is Florissantia speirii and three additional species are known, Florissantia ashwillii, Florissantia quilchenensis, and Florissantia sikhote-alinensis.

<i>Tilia johnsoni</i> Extinct species of flowering plant

Tilia johnsoni is an extinct species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae that, as a member of the genus Tilia, is related to modern lindens. The species is known from fossil leaves found in the early Eocene deposits of northern Washington state, United States and a similar aged formation in British Columbia, Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">McAbee Fossil Beds</span> Fossil bed in the Interior of British Columbia

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allenby Formation</span>

The Allenby formation is a sedimentary rock formation in British Columbia which was deposited during the Ypresian stage of the Early Eocene. It consists of conglomerates, sandstones with interbedded shales and coal. The shales contain an abundance of insect, fish and plant fossils known from 1877 and onward, while the Princeton Chert was first indented in the 1950's and is known from anatomically preserved plants.

<i>Aphaenogaster longaeva</i> Extinct species of ant

Aphaenogaster longaeva is an extinct species of ant in formicid subfamily Myrmicinae known from a solitary Eocene or Oligocene fossil found in North America. A. longaeva was one of five insect species described by the paleoentomologist Samuel Hubbard Scudder in an 1877 paper.

Wesmaelius mathewesi is an extinct species of lacewing in the neuropteran family Hemerobiidae known from an Eocene fossil found in North America

<i>Comptonia columbiana</i> Extinct species of sweet fern

Comptonia columbiana is an extinct species of sweet fern in the flowering plant family Myricaceae. The species is known from fossil leaves found in the early Eocene deposits of central to southern British Columbia, Canada, plus northern Washington state, United States, and, tentatively, the late Eocene of Southern Idaho and Earliest Oligocene of Oregon, United States.

<i>Palaeopsychops</i> Extinct genus of lacewings

Palaeopsychops is an extinct genus of lacewing in the moth lacewings family Ithonidae. The genus is known from Early Eocene fossils found in Europe, and North America and is composed of ten species. The ten species can be informally separated into two species groups based on veination of the forewings, the "European" and "North American" groups. When first described, the genus was placed in the family Psychopsidae, but later was moved to Polystoechotidae, which itself is now considered a subgroup of the moth lacewings.

The paleoflora of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands includes all plant and fungi fossils preserved in the Eocene Okanagan Highlands Lagerstätten. The highlands are a series of Early Eocene geological formations which span an 1,000 km (620 mi) transect of British Columbia, Canada and Washington state, United States and are known for the diverse and detailed plant fossils which represent an upland temperate ecosystem immediately after the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, and before the increased cooling of the middle and late Eocene to Oligocene. The fossiliferous deposits of the region were noted as early as 1873, with small amounts of systematic work happening in the 1880-90s on British Columbian sites, and 1920-30s for Washington sites. A returned focus and more detailed descriptive work on the Okanagan Highlands sites revived in the 1970's. The noted richness of agricultural plant families in Republic and Princeton floras resulted in the term "Eocene orchards" being used for the paleofloras.

<i>Plecia canadensis</i> Extinct species of flies

Plecia canadensis is an extinct species of Plecia in the fly family Bibionidae. The species is solely known from Early Eocene sediments exposed in central southern British Columbia. The species is one of twenty bibionid species described from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands paleofauna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eocene Okanagan Highlands</span>

The Eocene Okanagan Highlands or Eocene Okanogan Highlands are a series of Early Eocene geological formations which span a 1,000 km (620 mi) transect of British Columbia, Canada, and Washington state, United States. Known for a highly diverse and detailed plant and animal paleobiota the paleolake beds as a whole are considered one of the great Canadian Lagerstätten. The paleobiota represented are of an upland subtropical to temperate ecosystem series immediately after the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum, and before the increased cooling of the middle and late Eocene to Oligocene. The fossiliferous deposits of the region were noted as early as 1873, with small amounts of systematic work happening in the 1870–1920s on British Columbian sites, and 1920–1930s for Washington sites. Focus and more detailed descriptive work on the Okanagan Highland sites started in the late 1960s.

The paleofauna of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands is comprised of Early Eocene arthropods, vertebrates, plus rare nematodes and molluscs found in geological formations of the northwestern North American Eocene Okanagan Highlands. The highlands lake bed series' as a whole are considered one of the great Canadian Lagerstätten. The paleofauna represents that of a late Ypresian upland temperate ecosystem immediately after the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, and before the increased cooling of the middle and late Eocene to Oligocene. The fossiliferous deposits of the region were noted as early as 1873, with small amounts of systematic work happening in the 1880-90s on British Columbian sites, and 1920-30s for Washington sites. Focus and more detailed descriptive work on the Okanagan Highlands site started in the last 1970's. Most of the highlands sites are preserved as compression-impression fossils in "shales", but also includes a rare permineralized biota and an amber biota.

Uhlia is an extinct genus of coryphoid palm containing a single species Uhlia allenbyensis. The species is known from permineralized remains recovered from the Princeton Chert in British Columbia, Canada. Leaves of Uhlia have "tar spot"-like fungal infections of the extinct ascomycete Paleoserenomyces, which in turn are hyperparasitized by the ascomycete Cryptodidymosphaerites.

<i>Promastax</i> Extinct genus of insects

Promastax is a genus of "monkey grasshoppers" belonging to the extinct monotypic family Promastacidae and containing the single species Promastax archaicus. The species is dated to the Early Eocenes Ypresian stage and has only been found at the type locality in east central British Columbia.

<i>Alnus parvifolia</i> Extinct species of flowering plant

Alnus parvifolia is an extinct species of flowering plant in the family Betulaceae related to the modern birches. The species is known from fossil leaves and possible fruits found in early Eocene sites of northern Washington state, United States, and central British Columbia, Canada.

<i>Plecia avus</i> Extinct species of March fly

Plecia avus is an extinct species of Plecia in the March fly family Bibionidae and is solely known from Early Eocene sediments exposed in central southern British Columbia. The species is one of twenty bibionid species described from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands.

<i>Polystoechotites</i> Extinct genus of lacewings

Polystoechotites is an extinct parataxon of lacewings in the moth lacewing family Ithonidae. The taxon is a collective group for fossil polystechotid giant lacewing species whose genus affiliation is uncertain, but which are distinct enough to identify as segregate species. Polystoechotites species are known from Eocene fossils found in North America and is composed of four named species Polystoechotites barksdalae, Polystoechotites falcatus, Polystoechotites lewisi, and Polystoechotites piperatus, plus two unnamed species. Three of the described species are known from fossils recovered from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands of Washington State, while the fourth is from Colorado.

The Paleobiota of the Klondike Mountain Formation comprises a diverse suite of Early Eocene plants and animals recovered from North Central Washington State. The formation outcrops in locations across the north western area of Ferry County, with major sites in Republic, north west of Curlew Lake, and on the Toroda Creek area. The formation is the southern most of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands, sharing much of the paleoflora and paleofauna with site across Central and southern British Columbia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palaeorehniidae</span> Family of cricket-like animals

Palaeorehniidae is an extinct family of katydid-like orthopterans that has been described from the fossil record. The family is known from the Paleocene to the end of the Eocene and has been described from North America and Scotland. Circumscription and placement of the group has changed several times since it was first described in 1939, with the group currently treated as a family that is incertae sedis in the suborder Ensifera. Five monotypic genera are assigned to the family.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Coldwater Beds at Fossilworks.org
  2. Quilchena at Fossilworks.org
  3. 1 2 Pearson, R. C.; Obradovich, D. (1977). "Eocene Rocks in Northeast Washington- Radiometric Ages and Correlation". United States Geological Survey Bulletin . 1433: 9–10.
  4. Tribe, Selina (2004). Cenozoic Drainage History of Southern British Columbia - PhD thesis. Simon Fraser University. pp. 41, 67, 112.
  5. 1 2 3 West, Christopher K.; David R. Greenwood; Tammo Reichgelt; Alexander J. Lowe; Janelle M. Vachon, and James F. Basinger. 2020. Paleobotanical proxies for early Eocene climates and ecosystems in northern North America from middle to high latitudes. Climate of the Past 16. 1387, 1390-1391. Accessed 2020-09-05.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Mathewes, R. W.; Greenwood, D. R.; Archibald, S. B. (2016). "Paleoenvironment of the Quilchena flora, British Columbia, during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 53 (6): 574–590. Bibcode:2016CaJES..53..574M. doi:10.1139/cjes-2015-0163. hdl: 1807/71979 .
  7. 1 2 3 4 Greenwood, David R.; Pigg, Kathleen B.; Basinger, James F.; DeVore, Melanie L. (2015). "A review of paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan Highlands floras of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences : 15, 18–19.
  8. 1 2 Call, V.B.; Dilcher, D.L. (1997). "The fossil record of Eucommia (Eucommiaceae) in North America" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 84 (6): 798–814. doi:10.2307/2445816. JSTOR   2445816. PMID   21708632. S2CID   20464075.
  9. Manchester, S. R (1992). "Flowers, fruits, and pollen of Florissantia, an extinct Malvalean genus from the Eocene and Oligocene of western North America". American Journal of Botany . 79 (9): 996–1008. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1992.tb13689.x.
  10. 1 2 Wilson, M. (1987). "Predation as a source of fish fossils in Eocene lake sediments". PALAIOS. 2 (5): 497–500. doi:10.2307/3514620. JSTOR   3514620.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Archibald, S. B.; Mathewes, R. W. (2000). "Early Eocene insects from Quilchena, British Columbia, and their paleoclimatic implications". Canadian Journal of Zoology . 78 (8): 1441–1462. doi:10.1139/z00-070.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Scudder, S. H (1879). "Appendix A. The fossil insects collected in 1877, by Mr. G.M. Dawson, in the interior of British Columbia". Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for. 1877–1878: 175–185.
  13. 1 2 3 Scudder, S. H (1895). "Canadian fossil insects, myriapods and arachnids, Vol II. The Coleoptera hitherto found fossil in Canada". Geological Survey of Canada Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology. 2: 5–26.
  14. 1 2 Rice, H. M. A (1959). "Fossil Bibionidae (Diptera) from British Columbia". Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin . 55: 1–36.
  15. 1 2 Handlirsch, A (1910). "Canadian fossil Insects. 5. Insects from the Tertiary lake deposits of the southern interior of British Columbia, collected by Mr. Lawrence M. Lambe". Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology . 2: 93–129.
  16. Archibald, S. B.; Kehlmaier, C.; Mathewes, R. W. (2014). "Early Eocene big headed flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from the Okanagan Highlands, western North America". The Canadian Entomologist . 146 (4): 429–443. doi:10.4039/tce.2013.79. S2CID   55738600.
  17. Pulawski, W. J.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Brothers, D. J.; Archibald, S. B. (2000). "New genera of Angarosphecinae: Cretosphecium from Early Cretaceous of Mongolia and Eosphecium from Early Eocene of Canada (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)". Journal of Hymenoptera Research . 9: 34–40.
  18. Engel, M. S.; Archibald, S. B. (2003). "An Early Eocene bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) from Quilchena, British Columbia". The Canadian Entomologist . 135: 63–69. doi:10.4039/n02-030. hdl: 1808/16473 . S2CID   54053341.
  19. 1 2 3 Archibald, S. B.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Brothers, D. J.; Mathewes, R. W. (2018). "Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands of western North America". The Canadian Entomologist . 150 (2): 250–257. doi:10.4039/tce.2017.59. S2CID   90017208.
  20. 1 2 Archibald, S. B.; Mathewes, R. W.; Greenwood, D. R. (2013). "The Eocene apex of panorpoid scorpionfly family diversity". Journal of Paleontology . 87 (4): 677–695. doi:10.1666/12-129. S2CID   88292018.
  21. 1 2 Archibald, S. B.; Makarkin, V. N. (2006). "Tertiary Giant Lacewings (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae): revision and description of new taxa from Western North America and Denmark". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology . 4 (2): 119–155. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001817. S2CID   55970660.
  22. Makarkin, V. N.; Archibald, S. B. (2003). "Family affinity of the genus Palaeopsychops Andersen with description of a new species from the Early Eocene of British Columbia, Canada (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America . 96 (3): 171–180. doi: 10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0171:FAOTGP]2.0.CO;2 . S2CID   84362010.
  23. Makarkin, V. N.; Archibald, S. B.; Oswald, J. D. (2003). "New Early Eocene brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from western North America". The Canadian Entomologist . 135 (5): 637–653. doi:10.4039/n02-122. S2CID   53479449.
  24. Mayr, G.; Archibald, S.B.; Kaiser, G.W.; Mathewes, R.W. (2019). "Early Eocene (Ypresian) birds from the Okanagan Highlands, British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State (USA)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 56 (8): 803–813. Bibcode:2019CaJES..56..803M. doi:10.1139/cjes-2018-0267. S2CID   135271937.