College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island

College Hill
Neighborhood of Providence
The Fleur-de-lys Studios (1885) and Deacon Taylor House (1785)
Location of College Hill within Providence
Coordinates: 41°49′45″N71°24′03″W / 41.82917°N 71.40083°W / 41.82917; -71.40083
Country	United States
State	Rhode Island
City	Providence
Area
• Total	1.99 km2 (0.770 sq mi)
Population
• Total	9,334

College Hill is a historic neighborhood of Providence, Rhode Island, and one of six neighborhoods comprising the city's East Side. It is roughly bounded by South and North Main Street to the west, Power Street to the south, Governor Street and Arlington Avenue to the east and Olney Street to the north. The neighborhood's primary commercial area extends along Thayer Street, a strip frequented by students in the Providence area.

College Hill is the most affluent neighborhood in Providence, with a median family income of nearly three times that of the whole city.

Portions of College Hill are designated local and national historic districts for their historical residential architecture. In 2011, the American Planning Association designated the neighborhood one of the "Great Places in America". ^[1]

Name

The toponym "College Hill" has been in use since at least 1788. ^[2] The name refers to the neighborhood's topography and numerous higher educational institutions: Brown University, Rhode Island School of Design, Pembroke College, and the since–relocated Bryant University.

Prior to Brown University's 1770 relocation to Providence, the area was known as Prospect Hill. ^[3]

History

The indigenous Wampanoag and Narraganset people inhabited the region prior to the arrival of English settlers.

Settlement

Early town layout of Providence. The plots are concentrated in the area now known as College Hill.

In 1635, religious dissenter Roger Williams established the settlement of Providence Plantations near the confluence of the Moshassuck and Woonasquatucket Rivers. By 1644, this settlement had taken root around a natural spring at the base of what is now College Hill. In 1638, the settlers allotted home lots. Roughly six acres each, these narrow tracts extended from Towne Street (now Main Street) to Hope Street, falling largely within the bounds of modern College Hill. ^[4] Back Street—originally a series of paths running parallel to Towne and Hope—developed into what is now Benefit Street.

This 1795 engraving is the first known image of University Hall, built 1770-71, one of seven surviving American college buildings that date from the colonial period.

In 1770, the college that became Brown University moved to College Hill, establishing its campus on land purchased by Moses Brown and John Brown.

By the time of the American Revolution, the foot of the hill was densely populated with wharves, warehouses, shops, public buildings, and residential houses. Benefit Street was home to several hotels, including the Golden Ball Inn which hosted noted guests such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Marquis de Lafayette. ^{[5] [6]}

19th century

In the nineteenth century, precious metals and jewelry trading drove much business on North Main Street.

In 1893, the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) moved from a space leased in Downtown Providence to its current home at the base of College Hill. ^[7] Over a century later, the school would expand by relocating its main library, undergrad dormitories, and graduate studios into Downtown buildings. ^{[8] : 21  [9]}

20th century

In 1935, Bryant College of Business Administration moved from Downtown Providence to College Hill.

Beginning in 1922, Brown University began expanding its property holdings as an attempt to increase on-campus housing for its growing student body. These efforts culminated in the 1949-1957 construction of Keeney and Wriston Quadrangles, which involved the demolition of 59 historic homes. ^[10]

The Susan and William Huston House (1867) and First Unitarian Church (1816) on Benefit Street

Through the middle of the 20th century, the area nearer to the waterfront and Statehouse became a working class neighborhood. Subdivided houses inhabited by these low-income communities became targets for demolition under one of the city's proposed urban renewal projects, spurred by slum clearance funds guaranteed by the Housing Act of 1949. ^[11]

Brown's expansion coupled with urban renewal proposals catalyzed the establishment of local preservationist organizations which sought to maintain the dominance of historic structures in the neighborhood. ^[10] In the mid 1950s, the newly-founded Providence Preservation Society (PPS) and the City of Providence together solicited $50,000 in research and renewal funds from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. This grant financed the development of a study and plan entitled College Hill: A Demonstration Study of Historic Area Renewal. Published in 1959 the report recommended the use of both public and private investment to restore and re-historicize North Benefit street with the goal of raising property values. The subsequent preservation efforts spearheaded by the PPS rehabilitated existing buildings, demolished decrepit structures, and relocated historic houses from other portions of Providence to the area.

This process, while lauded as a victory for historic preservation, directly resulted in the gentrification of the area, displacing the neighborhood's working class African-American and Cape Verdean communities. ^{[12] [13]} These efforts also resulted in the conversion of the formerly mixed-use area surrounding Benefit Street to an almost purely residential neighborhood. ^[10]

Architecture

Governor Stephen Hopkins House, built 1707 is the oldest extant house in Providence.

College Hill boasts architectural styles from the 18th century onward, including residences and institutional structures.

As Providence's colonial core, the neighborhood contains a number of the city's oldest structures. Among these are the Governor Stephen Hopkins House (1707), the Benjamin Cushing Sr House (c. 1737), the Jabez Bowen House (1739), and the John Corliss House (1746). ^[15]

College Hill is particularly noted for its 18th and 19th century mansions, many of which are situated on or near Benefit Street. Among these residences are the John Brown House (1786), Nightingale-Brown House (1792), Edward Dexter House (1795) and Thomas P. Ives House (1803), Corliss-Carrington House (1812), Thomas F. Hoppin House (1853), and Governor Henry Lippitt House (1865).

• 
  Corliss-Carrington House (1812)
• 
  John Brown House (1786)
• 
  Dr. George W. Carr House (1885)
• 
  The Thomas P. Ives House (1803)
• 
  Governor Henry Lippitt House (1862)

Other structures of note include the Fleur-de-lys Studios, Providence Athenaeum, Old State House, and Brick Schoolhouse. ^[1]

Nearly all of the buildings situated near historic Benefit Street have been rehabilitated in some form. Preservation guidelines ensure that period specific new construction can be woven into the existing collection of buildings.^{[ citation needed ]} As the area is home to one of the finest cohesive collections of restored 18th- and 19th-century architecture in the United States, ^[16] the College Hill neighborhood experiences significant infrastructure and building reinvestment dollars compared to other regions throughout the state.

Government

Providence County courthouse

College Hill is divided along Angell Street between Ward One to the south and Ward Two to the north. ^{[17] [18]} As of 2021, Ward One is represented in the Providence City Council by John Goncalves ^[19] and Ward Two by Helen Anthony. ^[20] Both are Democrats.

The most prominent public building in College Hill is the Providence County Courthouse which has entrances both on South Main Street, at the foot of College Hill, and Benefit Street further uphill. The building houses the Rhode Island Supreme Court, the state's highest court of appeal, as well as the Superior Court of Providence County and the Rhode Island Office of the Attorney General. Several blocks north along Benefit Street is the Old State House, originally built as the Colony House in 1762. Another public building on Benefit Street is the State Arsenal designed by Russell Warren in 1839.

Demographics

75.6% of College Hill residents are white while 13.6% are Asian, both well-above the citywide averages of 54.5% and 6.2% respectively. African-Americans and Hispanics each comprise about 5% of the population. ^[21] A sizable portion of the population are seasonal students attending the local academic institutions and residing in collegiate housing or leases.

Median family income on College Hill is $121,521, well above the citywide average. About 5% of households live below the poverty line. Fewer than 1% of households receive any public assistance. ^[21]

Universities and schools

College Hill is home to Brown University's main campus, and most of the Rhode Island School of Design, whose buildings are adjacent to Brown, along the western slope of College Hill.

The Moses Brown School, on Lloyd Avenue (the summit of College Hill) and the Wheeler School, on Hope Street, are notable private schools in the neighborhood. Hope High School is located at the corner of Hope and Olney Streets, is one of Providence's major public high schools. ^[22]

• 
  University Hall (1770) at Brown University
• 
  The Rhode Island School of Design's Waterman Building (1893)
• 
  Entrance to the Wheeler School
• 
  A sign at the front of the Moses Brown School
• 
  The 1936 building of Hope High School

Commerce

Thayer Street is the central commercial area of College Hill

Thayer Street

Numerous cafes, restaurants, and shops are located along Thayer Street, adjoining Brown University at Soldier's Arch. Both streets are home to numerous small and independent shops, though Thayer Street has a few chain stores. Brown University's bookstore is located on Thayer. ^[23]

Thayer Street's Avon Cinema, dating back to the early twentieth century, is a noted College Hill landmark. ^[24]

Parks

• Prospect Terrace Park is located on top of College Hill, and allows for a scenic view of Downtown Providence, and the city and county beyond.
• Riverwalk, located along the Providence River, is where part of the WaterFire festival is held.
• Roger Williams National Memorial is on North Main Street.
• Veterans' Memorial Park and Market Square is between South Main Street and Canal Street.

Landmarks

First Baptist Church in America

The base (western edge) of College Hill is the oldest area of the city. The College Hill Historic District includes much of the area, and has been recognized as a National Historic Landmark District by the Department of the Interior. The Providence Preservation Society and the Rhode Island Historical Society have preserved numerous historic buildings in the College Hill area.

Landmarks include:

• The Rhode Island School of Design Museum
• The Old State House
• The First Baptist Church in America ^[25]
• The First Christian Science Church on Meeting Street ^[26] - A domed church on Meeting Street.
• The Central Congregational Church
• The Providence Athenaeum - The fourth-oldest library in America, located on Benefit Street ^[27]
• State Arsenal - An armory in service during the American Civil War, and the original headquarters of the Rhode Island State Police ^[28]
• The Shunned House
• Dr. Willett house, 10 Barnes Street
• Ward house, 140 Prospect Street
• Birthplace of H.P. Lovecraft, 456 Angell Street, (formerly 194 Angell Street)
• Market House

• 
  The Providence Athenaeum
• 
  The RISD Museum of Art
• 
  The Old State House
• 
  The Central Congregational Church
• 
  First Church of Christ Scientist

College Hill in popular culture

• "The Shunned House", a short story by H. P. Lovecraft
• The Case of Charles Dexter Ward , a novel by H. P. Lovecraft
• The Devil Wears Prada a novel by Lauren Weisberger
• Underdog , a superhero film
• Family Guy scene locations, including Brown University, Roger Williams National Memorial Park, John Brown House, Providence Fire Station No. 5, and North Main vantage
• Providence Athenaeum, location where Sarah Helen Whitman broke off her relationship with Edgar Allan Poe

Notable people

• Ambrose Burnside (military officer, politician, firearms, railroad exec.) ^{[29] [30]}
• Stephen Hopkins (politician)
• Sarah Helen Whitman

See also

• Rhode Islandportal

References

1. "Great Places in America | American Planning Association". Archived from the original on 2012-03-10. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
2. Wheeler, Bennet (June 26, 1788). "Providence, June 26". The United States Chronicle: Political, Commercial and Historical. Vol. V., no. 235.
3. Field, Edward (1902). History of the state of Rhode Island and Providence plantations. Mason Publishing Company. p. 444. Archived from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
4. "Roger Williams: In Providence - Roger Williams National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-10-17. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
5. "Letter: Barry Bayon: It's true — George Washington slept here". providencejournal.com. Archived from the original on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
6. McGowan, Louis H.; Brown, Daniel (2006). Providence. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN   978-0-7385-4462-5. Archived from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
7. "Infinite Radius: Founding Rhode Island School of Design | Archives | Rhode Island School of Design". digitalcommons.risd.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
8. Selected works. Providence Rhode Island, US: Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design. 2008. ISBN   978-0911517828.
9. "Campus Map" (PDF). RISD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-08. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
10. Li, Sophia (2009-10-23). "When building Brown meant burning bridges". Brown Daily Herald. Archived from the original on 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
11. Gast, Frances M. (2011-04-01). "A half-century of change on College Hill: institutional growth, historic preservation, and the College Hill Study". Planning for Higher Education. 39 (3): 139–149. Archived from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
12. Breitbart, Myrna Margulies (2016-05-13). Creative Economies in Post-Industrial Cities: Manufacturing a (Different) Scene. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-317-15832-5. Archived from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
13. Rymsza-Pawlowska, M. J. (2017-10-03). History Comes Alive: Public History and Popular Culture in the 1970s. UNC Press Books. ISBN   978-1-4696-3387-9. Archived from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
14. Tardif, Elyssa. "The Stephen Hopkins House". Rhode Tour. Archived from the original on 2021-06-12. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
15. "Dr. Jabez Bowen House // Guide to Providence Architecture". guide.ppsri.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
16. "Providence, Rhode Island | Neighborhood Services | College Hill". Archived from the original on 2014-10-13. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
17. ward1.jpg Archived 2006-11-15 at archive.today
18. ward2.jpg Archived 2006-11-15 at archive.today
19. "John Goncalves wins Ward 1 special election". WPRI.com. 2020-06-05. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
20. List, Madeleine. "Providence City Council, the city's most diverse ever, is sworn in". providencejournal.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
21. College Hill Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
22. Hope High School Arts Community Archived 2007-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
23. "Brown University Bookstore". Archived from the original on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
24. "Avon Cinema". Archived from the original on 2007-04-09. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
25. "First Baptist Church in America". Archived from the original on 2007-04-03. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
26. "Welcome to College Hill, the historic heart of Providence". Archived from the original on 2007-05-27. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
27. "Benefit Street, an enduring elegance | Providence | Rhode Island news | projo.com | The Providence Journal". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-05-20.
28. Rhode Island State Police: History Archived 2007-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
29. "Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Major General Ambrose Everett Burnside, Inducted 2003". Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
30. "Providence Architecture | Locations | Burnside House". Archived from the original on 2020-10-25. Retrieved 2020-01-10.

Further reading

• Providence Neighborhood Profiles, College Hill