Corallorhiza trifida

Corallorhiza trifida
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Secure  (NatureServe) [2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Orchidaceae
Subfamily:	Epidendroideae
Genus:	Corallorhiza
Species:	C. trifida
Binomial name
Corallorhiza trifida Châtel.
Synonyms [3]
List Corallorhiza corallorhiza Corallorhiza innata Cymbidium corallorhiza Epidendrum corallorhizon Epipactis corallorhiza Helleborine corallorhiza Neottia corallorhiza Ophrys corallorhiza

Corallorhiza trifida, commonly known as early coralroot, northern coralroot, or yellow coralroot, is a coralroot orchid native to North America and Eurasia, with a circumboreal distribution. The species has been reported from the United States, Canada, Russia, China, Japan, Korea, India, Nepal, Kashmir, Pakistan, and almost every country in Europe. ^{[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]}

Description

Corallorhiza trifida is yellowish green in color, leafless, and partially myco-heterotrophic, deriving some, but not all of its nutrients from association with fungi of genus Tomentella . ^[12] It also contains chlorophyll, with which it supplies some of its own carbon nutrition via autotrophy. ^[12]

Taxonomy

Corallorhiza trifida was scientifically named by Jean Jacques Châtelain in 1760. It is classified in the genus Corallorhiza as part of the Orchidaceae family. It has no accepted subspecies or varieties, but it has 35 synonyms. ^[3]

Table of Synonyms ^[3]

Name	Year	Rank	Notes
Corallorhiza anandaeMalhotra & Balodi	1984	species	= het.
Corallorhiza corallorhiza(L.) H.Karst.	1886	species	≡ hom., not validly publ.
Corallorhiza corallorhiza subsp. coloradensisCockerell	1916	subspecies	= het., not validly publ.
Corallorhiza dentataHost	1831	species	= het.
Corallorhiza ericetorumDrejer	1843	species	= het.
Corallorhiza halleriRich.	1817	species	= het.
Corallorhiza innataR.Br.	1813	species	≡ hom.
Corallorhiza innata var. discolorRchb.	1830	variety	= het.
Corallorhiza innata subsp. ericetorum(Drejer) Nyman	1882	subspecies	= het.
Corallorhiza innata var. ericetorum(Drejer) Rchb.f.	1851	variety	= het.
Corallorhiza innata var. virescens(Drejer) Farr	1904	variety	= het.
Corallorhiza intactaCham. & Schltdl.	1828	species	= het., orth. var.
Corallorhiza integraChâtel.	1760	species	= het.
Corallorhiza jacquemontiiDecne.	1844	species	= het.
Corallorhiza nemoralisSw. ex Nyman	1882	species	= het., not validly publ.
Corallorhiza neottiaScop.	1771	species	= het.
Corallorhiza occidentalisBach.Pyl.	1826	species	= het.
Corallorhiza trifida var. ericetorum(Drejer) Rchb.f.	1851	variety	= het.
Corallorhiza trifida f. ericetorum(Drejer) Soó	1928	form	= het.
Corallorhiza trifida var. integra(Châtel.) Schinz & Thell.	1914	variety	= het.
Corallorhiza trifida f. integra(Châtel.) Soó	1928	form	= het.
Corallorhiza trifida f. suaveolensBordz.	1950	form	= het.
Corallorhiza trifida var. verna(Nutt.) Fernald	1946	variety	= het.
Corallorhiza trifida f. verna(Nutt.) P.M.Br.	2006	form	= het.
Corallorhiza trifida subsp. virescens(Drejer) Løjtnant	1996	subspecies	= het.
Corallorhiza trifida var. virescens(Drejer) Farw.	1941	variety	= het.
Corallorhiza vernaNutt.	1823	species	= het.
Corallorhiza virescensDrejer	1843	species	= het.
Corallorhiza wyomingensisHellm. & K.Hellm.	1931	species	= het.
Cymbidium corallorhiza(L.) Sw.	1800	species	≡ hom.
Epidendrum corallorhizon(L.) Poir.	1810	species	≡ hom.
Epipactis corallorhiza(L.) Crantz	1769	species	≡ hom.
Helleborine corallorhiza(L.) F.W.Schmidt	1793	species	≡ hom.
Neottia corallorhiza(L.) Kuntze	1891	species	≡ hom.
Ophrys corallorhizaL.	1753	species	≡ hom.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym  ; = heterotypic synonym

• 
  Closeup of a flower
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  Infructescence

References

1. Rankou, H. (2011). "Corallorhiza trifida (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2011 e.T175935A7147872. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
2. NatureServe (5 September 2025). "Corallorhiza trifida". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
3. "Corallorhiza trifida Châtel". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 3 October 2025.
4. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
5. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
6. Magrath, Lawrence K.; Freudenstein, John V. (2002). "Corallorhiza trifida". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
7. Chen, Xinqi; Gale, Stephan W.; Cribb, Phillip J. "Corallorhiza trifida". Flora of China. Vol. 25 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
8. Böcher, T. W. 1978. Greenlands Flora 326 pp.
9. Porsild, A. E. & W. Cody. 1980. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Northwest Territories Canada i–viii, 1–607. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.
10. Tolmatchev, A. I. 1963. Arkticheskaia Flora SSSR 4: 1–96.
11. Flora Italiana, Corallorhiza trifida Chatel.
12. Zimmer, K., et al. (2008). The ectomycorrhizal specialist orchid Corallorhiza trifida is a partial myco-heterotroph. New Phytologist 178:2 395-400.

External links

• 
   Media related to Corallorhiza trifida at Wikimedia Commons
• 
   Data related to Corallorhiza trifida at Wikispecies
• Jepson Manual Treatment - Corallorhiza trifida