Curculioninae | |
---|---|
Dorytomus melanophthalmus , North Wales | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Coleoptera |
Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
Family: | Curculionidae |
Subfamily: | Curculioninae Latreille, 1802 |
Diversity | |
About 30 tribes |
The beetle subfamily Curculioninae is part of the weevil family Curculionidae. It contains over 23,500 described species in 2,200 genera, and is therefore the largest weevil subfamily. Given that the beetle order (Coleoptera) contains about one-quarter of all known organisms, the Curculioninae represent one of the – if not the– most successful radiations of terrestrial Metazoa. [1]
Many weevils of this group are commonly known as flower weevils or acorn and nut weevils, after a food commonly eaten by Curculioninae larvae and imagines — the reproductive organs of plants.
This large subfamily is divided into around 30 tribes. Delimitation of the Curculioninae is fairly robust considering its enormous size; there is some dispute, however, in their exact boundary with the Molytinae. The Phrynixini and Trypetidini are also included in the Curculioninae by some authors, but more often they are considered Molytinae; conversely, the Itini are usually placed in the Curculioninae but sometimes in the Molytinae, which are also expanded by certain authors to include, among others, the whole Cryptorhynchinae. These, as well as the Ceutorhynchinae, are sometimes included in the Curculioninae as additional tribes Cryptorhynchini and Ceutorhynchini. And some genera while almost certainly Curculioninae, are too unusual and/or ancient to be easily assigned to a specific tribe.
Features used to distinguish some of the tribes are:
Pygidium exposed | Acalyptini [2] Ceutorhynchini |
Foreleg femora with large triangular tooth | Camarotini [3] |
Tarsi with one claw (not two) | Cryptoplini (including Haplonychini) |
Mandibular (chewing) motion vertical (not horizontal) | some Curculionini |
Prothorax with lateral keels | Derelomini [2] |
Prothorax narrowed at base (ant mimic) | Erodiscini [3] Otidocephalini |
Hindleg femora enlarged | Eugnomini (with triangular tooth) Rhamphini (swollen for jumping) |
Tarsal claws fused at base | Smicronychini [3] |
Prosternum anterior to foreleg coxae has a groove into which the rostrum is tucked (if groove continues posterior to coxae: Cryptorhynchinae) | Storeini |
The subfamily Curculioninae consists of the following tribes: [4]
Some notable genera are also listed.
The Curculionidae are a family of weevils, commonly called snout beetles or true weevils. They are one of the largest animal families with 6,800 genera and 83,000 species described worldwide. They are the sister group to the family Brentidae.
The insect tribe Stromboscerini is part of the weevil family Curculionidae, subfamily Dryophthorinae. It is a small and little-known weevil group. Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal (1999) treated it as a subfamily.
Molytinae is a subfamily of weevils described by Carl Johan Schönherr in 1823.
The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as Entimus, Otiorhynchus, Phyllobius, Sitona, and Pachyrrhynchus. In comparison with their stunning diversity, only a few of these weevils are notorious pests of major economic importance. Entimines are commonly encountered in the field, including urban environments, and abundant in entomological collections.
Baridinae is a subfamily of true weevils (Curculionidae). It was established by Carl Johan Schönherr in 1836. Some 4,300 species in 550 genera are placed here, most of which occur in the New World. A few are economically significant pests, while others are in turn used for biocontrol of invasive plant pests. This subfamily also contains a few endangered species.
Cossoninae is a true weevil subfamily in the family Curculionidae.
Rhamphini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Curculioninae.
Lechriopini is a tribe of true weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are more than 20 genera and 510 described species in Lechriopini.
The Anypotactini are a Neotropical weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. It includes 81 described species.
Ectemnorhinini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae.
Entimini is a Neotropical weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae that includes 46 described species.
Eustylini is a primarily Neotropical weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae.
Naupactini is a tribe of broad-nosed weevils. Primarily from the Neotropical realm, reaches highest genus and species diversity in South America. Their size varies from 3.5 to 35 mm long, and its colour patterns are diverse. As well many has colourful iridescent scales, others show opaque scales or setae, and some are subglabrous. In habitats with sparse vegetation or trees absence, the occurrence of flightlessness and parthenogenesis is frequent.
Ophryastini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae.
Peritelini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae.
Polydrusini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae.
Trachyphloeini is a tribe of broad-nosed weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are more than 25 genera in Trachyphloeini.
Derelomini is a tribe of true weevils in the family of beetles known as Curculionidae. There are about five genera and eight described species in Derelomini.
Brachyomus is a Neotropical genus of broad-nosed weevils in the subfamily Entiminae, tribe Eustylini.
Cyrtomon is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae, present only in South America. There are six described species in Cyrtomon.