Cynanchum

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Cynanchum
Cynanchum aphyllum.JPG
In the foreground, Cynanchum aphyllum
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Asclepiadoideae
Tribe: Asclepiadeae
Genus: Cynanchum
L. (1853)
Species

262, see text [1]

Synonyms [1]
List
    • AdelostemmaHook.f. (1883)
    • AmpelamusRaf. (1819)
    • AphanostelmaSchltr. (1914)
    • BunburiaHarv. (1838)
    • CyathellaDecne. (1838), non Brot. (1804), fungal name.
    • CynoctonumE.Mey. (1838), nom. illeg.
    • DecanemopsisCostantin & Gallaud (1906)
    • DicarpophoraSpeg. (1926)
    • DrepanostemmaJum. & H.Perrier (1911)
    • EnsleniaNutt. (1818), nom. illeg.
    • ExostegiaBojer ex Decne. (1844)
    • FlanaganiaSchltr. (1894)
    • FolotsiaCostantin & Bois (1908)
    • GilgiaPax (1894)
    • GlossonemaDecne. (1838)
    • Graphistemma(Chapm. ex Benth.) Champ. ex Benth. (1876)
    • HolostemmaR.Br. (1810)
    • KarimboleaDesc. (1960)
    • MahafaliaJum. & H.Perrier (1911)
    • MastostigmaStocks (1852)
    • MellichampiaA.Gray ex S.Watson (1887)
    • MetalepisGriseb. (1866)
    • MetaplexisR.Br. (1810)
    • MonostemmaTurcz. (1848)
    • NematostemmaChoux (1921)
    • NematurisTurcz. (1848)
    • OdontantheraWight (1838)
    • PentarrhinumE.Mey. (1838)
    • PerianthostelmaBaill. (1890)
    • PetalostemmaR.Br. (1814), nom. nud.
    • PlatykelebaN.E.Br. (1895)
    • ProsopostelmaBaill. (1890)
    • PsanchumNeck. (1790), opus utique oppr.
    • PycnoneurumDecne. (1838)
    • RaphistemmaWall. (1831)
    • Rhodostegiella(Pobed.) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li (1990)
    • RouliniaDecne. (1844), nom. illeg.
    • RouliniellaVail (1902)
    • SarcocyphulaHarv. (1863)
    • SarcostemmaR.Br. (1810)
    • SarmasikiaBubani (1897)
    • SchizocoronaF.Muell. (1853)
    • SeshagiriaAnsari & Hemadri (1971)
    • SichuaniaM.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li (1995)
    • SteinheiliaDecne. (1838)
    • SymphyoglossumTurcz. (1848)
    • TelminostelmaE.Fourn. (1885)
    • UrostelmaBunge (1833)
    • VoharangaCostantin & Bois (1908)
    • VohemariaBuchenau (1889)
    • ZiervogliaNeck. (1790)

Cynanchum is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek kynos (meaning "dog") and anchein ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is dog-strangling vine. Most species are non-succulent climbers or twiners. There is some evidence of toxicity. [2]

Contents

Morphology

These plants are perennial herbs or subshrubs, often growing from rhizomes. The leaves are usually oppositely arranged and sometimes are borne on petioles. The inflorescences and flowers come in a variety of shapes.

Like other species of the milkweed family, these plants bear follicles, which are podlike dry fruits.

Distribution

These species are found throughout the tropics and subtropics. Several species also grow in temperate regions.

Importance

The root of Cynanchum atratum is used in Chinese traditional medicine and called Bai wei. Several other species had traditional Chinese medicinal uses.

Classification

Cynanchum as defined in the late 20th century (to include about 400 species) is polyphyletic and is being broken up. Species are being moved to genera including Orthosia , Pentarrhinum , and Vincetoxicum , with a group of mostly Old World species staying in Cynanchum, [3] [4] and old genera such as Raphistemma brought to synonymy. Revision of the genus taxonomy in 2023 identified two new synonyms: Vincetoxicum sibiricum f. linearifolium, described from Shandong, China in 1877, but long neglected and Cynanchum gobicum, previously believed to be endemic to Mongolia. [5]

Species

As of February 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species: [6]

Former species

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asclepiadoideae</span> Subfamily of plants

The Asclepiadoideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Formerly, they were treated as a separate family under the name Asclepiadaceae, e.g. by APG II, and known as the milkweed family.

<i>Stephanotis</i> Genus of plants

Stephanotis is a genus of flowering plants first described in 1806. The name derives from the Greek stephanōtís fit for a crown, derivative of stéphanos (masculine) crown. It contains evergreen, woody-stemmed lianas with a scattered distribution in several tropical and subtropical regions.

<i>Oxypetalum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Oxypetalum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described with this name in 1810. The genus is native to South America.

<i>Marsdenia</i> Genus of plants

Marsdenia is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1810. It is named in honor of the plant collector and Secretary of the Admiralty, William Marsden. The plants are native to tropical regions in Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas.

<i>Matelea</i> Genus of plants

Matelea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. It contains about 200 species, which are commonly known as milkvines. Some people consider Chthamalia to be a synonym to or a subgenus of Matelea.

<i>Vincetoxicum</i> Genus of plants

Vincetoxicum is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in Vincetoxicum have sometimes been included in Cynanchum, chemical and molecular evidence shows that Vincetoxicum is more closely related to Tylophora, now included in Vincetoxicum. The generic name means "poison-beater" in Botanical Latin because of the plants' supposed antidotal effects against snakebite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Periplocoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Periplocoideae is a subfamily of the dogbane plant family, Apocynaceae. It was not divided into tribes as of 2014.

<i>Orthosia</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Orthosia is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1844.

<i>Philibertia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Philibertia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1819. It is native to South America.

<i>Jobinia</i> Genus of plants

Jobinia is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae first described in 1885. It is native to South America and Central America.

Decanema is a small genus in the dogbane family first described as a genus in 1838. The group is endemic to Madagascar.

  1. Decanema bojerianumDecne. - Madagascar
  2. Decanema luteifluensJum. & H.Perrier - Madagascar
<i>Heterostemma</i> Genus of flowering plants

Heterostemma is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described in 1834. It is native to India, China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, Australia, and certain islands in the Pacific.

<i>Pachycarpus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Pachycarpus is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described in 1838. It is native to Africa.

Pentatropis is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1834. It is native to Africa and southern Asia.

Scyphostelma is a genus of plants in the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). It includes 28 species, which range from Costa Rica to Venezuela and Bolivia.

<i>Ruehssia</i> Genus of plants

Ruehssia is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. It is also in the Asclepiadoideae subfamily and Marsdenieae tribe.

Gongronemopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. It includes nine species native to tropical Africa and Madagascar, the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, southern China, and the Philippines.

References

  1. 1 2 "Cynanchum L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  2. "Plants for a Future Database".
  3. Alan S. Weakley (April 2008). "Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  4. Sigrid Liede and Angelika Tauber (Oct–Dec 2002). "Circumscription of the Genus Cynanchum (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae)". Systematic Botany. 27 (4): 789–800. doi:10.1043/0363-6445-27.4.789 (inactive 31 January 2024). JSTOR   3093924.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  5. Cai-Fei Zhang, Dong-Juan Zhang, Miao Liao, Guang-Wan Hu (19 January 2023). "A taxonomic revision of Cynanchum thesioides (Apocynaceae) with two new synonyms". PhytoKeys (219): 11–25. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.219.93514 . PMC   10210048 . PMID   37252452. S2CID   256161021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. "Cynanchum L." Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
  7. Bussmann R. W.; et al. (2006). "Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya". J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2: 22. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-2-22 . PMC   1475560 . PMID   16674830.