Asclepiadoideae

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Asclepiadoideae
Matelea denticulata - Kohler-s Medizinal-Pflanzen-067.jpg
Matelea denticulata [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Asclepiadoideae
Burnett
Genera

See text

The Asclepiadoideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Formerly, it was treated as a separate family under the name Asclepiadaceae, e.g. by APG II, and known as the milkweed family. [2] [3]

Contents

They form a group of perennial herbs, twining shrubs, lianas or rarely trees but notably also contain a significant number of leafless stem succulents. The name comes from the type genus Asclepias (milkweeds).

There are 348 genera, with about 2,900 species. They are mainly located in the tropics to subtropics, [4] especially in Africa and South America.

The florally-advanced tribe Stapelieae within this family contains several relatively familiar stem succulent genera, such as Orbea , Huernia, Stapelia and Hoodia . They are remarkable for the complex mechanisms which they have developed for pollination, independently parallel to the unrelated Orchidaceae, such as the grouping of their pollen into pollinia. The "fragrance" (or odor) of the flowers, often called "carrion flowers", attracts flies, the chief pollinators for these plants. Additionally, the color, appearance and texture of the flowers often is thought to resemble decaying flesh or raw meat to further entice pollination by flies.

Many new hybrids have been formed due to the unique fertilization method of the flowers.

Taxonomy

Gilbert Thomas Burnett in 1835 is considered to be the first botanist to recognize a primary division of the family Apocynaceae using the name Asclepiadeae, [5] an ending now used for tribes rather than subfamilies. In 2014, Endress, Liede-Schumann and Meve recognised five tribes within the subfamily. [6] A molecular phylogenetic study in 2019 confirmed the distinctness of the five tribes, which were related as shown in the following cladogram: [7]

Asclepiadoideae

Fockeeae

Asclepiadeae

Eustegieae

Ceropegieae

Marsdenieae

Tribes and genera

Asclepias syriaca Asclepia syriaca3.jpg
Asclepias syriaca
Microloma calycinum, Richtersveld, South Africa Microloma calycinum PICT2490.JPG
Microloma calycinum , Richtersveld, South Africa

The assignment of genera to tribes is based on Endress, Liede-Schumann and Meve (2014), [6] with synonyms from Plants of the World Online as of December 2023.

Asclepiadeae

Ceropegieae

Ceropegia candelabrum Ceropegia candelabrum 11.jpg
Ceropegia candelabrum
Caralluma acutangula, Burkina Faso Caralluma acutangula Bild0685.jpg
Caralluma acutangula, Burkina Faso
Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Burkina Faso Leptadenia pyrotechnica Marco Schmidt 0771.jpg
Leptadenia pyrotechnica , Burkina Faso
Stapelia gigantea Aasblume Aug 2005.jpg
Stapelia gigantea

Eustegieae

Fockeeae

Marsdenieae

Stephanotis floribunda Starr 080530-4659 Marsdenia floribunda.jpg
Stephanotis floribunda

Other genera

These genera are not accepted within Asclepiadoideae by Endress et al. (2014), [6] but are accepted by Plants of the World Online. Tribal placements below are from GRIN-Global, where given.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stapeliinae</span> Subtribe of flowering plants

Stapeliinae is a subtribe of flowering plants within the tribe Ceropegieae of the subfamily Asclepiadoideae of the family Apocynaceae. The subtribe comprises about 35 genera, including both the stem-succulent "stapeliads" and the horticulturally popular genera Brachystelma and Ceropegia. The largest number of genera are native to Africa, but a more limited number of genera are widespread in Arabia and Asia. Historically, a similarly circumscribed taxon was treated as a separate tribe, Stapelieae.

<i>Huernia</i> Genus of flowering plants

The genus Huernia consists of perennial, stem succulents from Eastern and Southern Africa and Arabia, first described as a genus in 1810.

<i>Cynanchum</i> Genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family Apocynaceae

Cynanchum is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek kynos and anchein, hence the common name for several species is dog-strangling vine. Most species are non-succulent climbers or twiners. There is some evidence of toxicity.

<i>Oxypetalum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Oxypetalum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described with this name in 1810. The genus is native to South America.

<i>Marsdenia</i> Genus of plants

Marsdenia is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1810. It is named in honor of the plant collector and Secretary of the Admiralty, William Marsden. The plants are native to tropical regions in Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas.

<i>Matelea</i> Genus of plants

Matelea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. It contains about 200 species, which are commonly known as milkvines. Some people consider Chthamalia to be a synonym to or a subgenus of Matelea.

<i>Vincetoxicum</i> Genus of plants

Vincetoxicum is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in Vincetoxicum have sometimes been included in Cynanchum, chemical and molecular evidence shows that Vincetoxicum is more closely related to Tylophora, now included in Vincetoxicum. The generic name means "poison-beater" in Botanical Latin because of the plants' supposed antidotal effects against snakebite.

<i>Funastrum</i> Genus of plants

Funastrum is a genus of flowering plant now in the family Apocynaceae. The name is derived from the Latin word funis, meaning "rope", and astrum, alluding to the twining stems. Members of the genus are commonly known as twinevines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rauvolfioideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Rauvolfioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Apocynaceae. Many species are woody lianas, others are shrubs or perennial herbs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Periplocoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Periplocoideae is a subfamily of the dogbane plant family, Apocynaceae. It was not divided into tribes as of 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Secamonoideae</span> Subfamily of plants

Secamonoideae is a subfamily of the dogbane family, Apocynaceae.

Dischidanthus is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1936. Species of the genus are native from the east Himalayas to south China and Peninsular Malaysia. It may be treated by some sources as a synonym of Marsdenia.

Tassadia is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1844. It is native primarily to South America, with one species extending north into Central America, S Mexico, and Trinidad.

<i>Jobinia</i> Genus of plants

Jobinia is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae first described in 1885. It is native to South America and Central America.

Leichhardtia mackeeorum, synonym Marsdenia mackeeorum, is a species of vine in the family Apocynaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia.

<i>Apteranthes</i> Genus of flowering plants

Apteranthes is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae.

<i>Ruehssia</i> Genus of plants

Ruehssia is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. It is also in the Asclepiadoideae subfamily and Marsdenieae tribe.

References

  1. 1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
  2. English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 363. ISBN   978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017 via Korea Forest Service.
  3. Endress, M. E. and P. V. Bruyns (2000), "A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s.l." (PDF), Botanical Review, 66 (1): 1–56, Bibcode:2000BotRv..66....1E, doi:10.1007/BF02857781, S2CID   31739212
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  6. 1 2 3 Endress, Mary E.; Liede-Schumann, Sigrid; Meve, Ulrich (February 2014). "An updated classification for Apocynaceae". Phytotaxa. 159 (3): 175–194. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.159.3.2. ISSN   1179-3163.
  7. Nazar, N.; Clarkson, J.J.; Goyder, D.; Kaky, E.; Mahmood, T. & Chase, M.W. (2019), "Phylogenetic relationships in Apocynaceae based on nuclear PHYA and plastid trnL-F sequences, with a focus on tribal relationships", Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics, 72 (1): 55–81, doi:10.13128/cayologia-251
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