DCI-P3

Last updated
DCI-P3
  • SMPTE EG 432-1:2010
  • SMPTE RP 431-2:2011
CIE1931xy gamut comparison of sRGB P3 Rec2020.svg
The CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram showing the P3 gamut, and the gamuts of some other common RGB color spaces. The corners of the green triangle are the primary colors of the P3 color space. The white points shown here are Illuminant D65 which is used for Display P3, and CCT 6300 K which is used with DCI-P3.
AbbreviationP3
StatusPublished
Organization
Authors DCI
Base standards RGB
Related standards sRGB, BT.2020, DCDM
Domain Color space, color model
Website

DCI-P3 is a color space first defined in 2005 as part of the Digital Cinema Initiative, to be used for digital theatrical motion picture distribution [1] (DCDM [2] ). Display P3 is a variant developed by Apple Inc. for wide-gamut displays.

Contents

History

Development of the standard

In 2005, Digital Cinema Initiatives, LCC in Hollywood, California released the Digital Cinema System Specification version 1.0, [3] which defined the colorimetry of what would become known as the DCI-P3 color space.

According to section 8.3.4 in the specification, the blue primary color is the same as Rec. 709, sRGB, and Adobe RGB, with a dominant wavelength of 464.2  nm. The red primary is a slightly deeper red than sRGB and Adobe RGB, with a dominant wavelength of 614.9  nm.

The most significant difference is the green primary which is much closer to the spectral locus than either sRGB or Adobe RGB. DCI-P3's green primary has a dominant wavelength of 544.2  nm. Adobe RGB's green primary is more blueish with a dominant wavelength of 534.7  nm. sRGB's green primary is more yellowish at 549.1  nm.

DCI-P3 covers 53.6% [4] of the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram (see inset image), which describes the color gamut of daylight human vision (Photopic vision) as determined experimentally in the 1920s. In that study, participants visually matched a mixture of red, green, and blue "primary" lights to specific, pure monochromatic colored lights. This defined the spectral locus, which is the outer rim of the diagram, and the maximum extent of human color vision.

A more practical gamut is that of reflected colors of surfaces with diffuse reflection, which is described by Pointer's gamut. In this case, DCI-P3 covers 86.9% of Pointer's gamut. [5] Rec.709/sRGB only covers 69.4%.

While DCI-P3 was developed by the Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) organization, many of the relevant technical standards are published by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) such as SMPTE EG 432-1 and SMPTE RP 431-2. [6]

On November 10, 2010, SMPTE published SMPTE EG 432-1:2010, which includes a variant of the color space using a D65 white point (about 6503.51 K) instead of the ~6300 K white point of DCI-P3. [7]

On April 6, 2011, SMPTE published SMPTE RP 431-2:2011 which defines the reference viewing environment. [8]

DCI-P3 colors are supported in CSS [9] on Safari since 2017 (version 10.1) and Google Chrome since March 2023 (version 111) browsers. [10]

Display technology

Initially, DCI-P3 was available with theatrical xenon-arc projection systems. This emerging technology presented challenges for filmmakers working with digital media on desktop workstations—that is, how to accurately view the colorspace of the theatrical viewing environment during the production and post production process.

In 2008, [11] HP released the first "HP DreamColor" monitor [12] [13] which could display 97% of DCI-P3 color space.

In 2014, Eizo introduced the first professional 4K monitor with support of the P3 color space.

In 2015, Apple's iMac desktop became the first consumer computer with a built-in wide-gamut display, supporting the P3 color space. Apple's implementation, known as Display P3, uses a D65 white point, and uses the sRGB tone reproduction curve (sometimes referred to as gamma).

In 2016, the UHD Alliance announced their specifications for Ultra HD Premium which requires devices to display at least 90% of the DCI-P3 color space (in area, not volume). [14] [15]

Also in 2016, Apple, Samsung, and Microsoft released mobile and desktop devices with P3 support.

P3 colorimetry

DCI P3 RGB color cube (image encoded with an ICC profile). DCI P3 RGB color cube.png
DCI P3 RGB color cube (image encoded with an ICC profile).
RGB color space parameters [5] [16]
Color space White point CCT Primary colors
xWyWKxRyRxGyGxByB
P3-D65 (Display)0.31270.329065040.6800.3200.2650.6900.1500.060
P3-DCI (Theater)0.3140.35163000.6800.3200.2650.6900.1500.060
P3-D60 (ACES Cinema)0.321680.3376760000.6800.3200.2650.6900.1500.060

DCI-P3 specifications are designed for viewing in a fully darkened theater environment. The projection system uses a simple 2.6 gamma curve, the nominal white luminance is 48 cd/m2 with the white point defined as a correlated color temperature of ~6300 K. It is incorrect to refer to this as "D63" as this white point is not a CIE standard illuminant, and is not on the Planckian locus. Instead, the white point is slightly greener. This resulted from optimizing for best light output with the xenon arc lamp projectors commonly used in theaters. [7]

Display P3 is a color space created by Apple Inc. [17] [18] It uses the DCI-P3 primaries, but instead of the ~6300 K white point, Display P3 uses the CIE standard illuminant D65 as the white point, which is the most common standard for self-illuminated displays and devices (sRGB and Adobe RGB both use D65). Also, unlike the DCI-P3 projection gamma of 2.6, Display P3 uses the sRGB transfer curve, which is approximately equivalent to a display with a 2.2 gamma. [19] Display P3's gamut is approximately 50% larger than sRGB in volume and 25% in surface. [20]

Since iPhone 7, the built in camera creates images tagged with the Display P3 ICC profile.

P3-D65 with the PQ TRC is also used for some of Netflix deliverables, including HDR and without BT.2020 container, [21] [22] but later Netflix added BT.2020 primaries too. [23] Red of P3 is slightly outside BT.2020 triangle.

DCI-P3+ and Cinema Gamut

Color space White point CCT Primary colors
xWyWKxRyRxGyGxByB
DCI-P3+0.3140.35163000.7400.2700.2200.7800.090-0.090
Cinema Gamut0.31270.32965040.7400.2700.1701.1400.080-0.100

An expanded gamut known as the DCI-P3+ color space is also available, which in turn is a smaller version of the Cinema Gamut color space. [24] DCI-P3+ uses the same ~6300 K white point as DCI-P3. Cinema Gamut is specified as having a D65 white point.

Criticism

Due to the way RGB hexcodes are mapped on P3, designs made in P3 appears duller in sRGB colour space thus discouraging designers use of P3. [25]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RGB color model</span> Color model based on red, green, and blue

The RGB color model is an additive color model in which the red, green and blue primary colors of light are added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors. The name of the model comes from the initials of the three additive primary colors, red, green, and blue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CMYK color model</span> Subtractive color model, used in color printing

The CMYK color model is a subtractive color model, based on the CMY color model, used in color printing, and is also used to describe the printing process itself. The abbreviation CMYK refers to the four ink plates used: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Primary color</span> Sets of colors that can be mixed to produce gamut of colors

A set of primary colors or primary colours consists of colorants or colored lights that can be mixed in varying amounts to produce a gamut of colors. This is the essential method used to create the perception of a broad range of colors in, e.g., electronic displays, color printing, and paintings. Perceptions associated with a given combination of primary colors can be predicted by an appropriate mixing model that reflects the physics of how light interacts with physical media, and ultimately the retina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RGB color spaces</span> Any additive color space based on the RGB color model

An RGB color space is one of many specific additive colorimetric color spaces based on the RGB color model.

Color management is the process of ensuring consistent and accurate colors across various devices, such as monitors, printers, and cameras. It involves the use of color profiles, which are standardized descriptions of how colors should be displayed or reproduced.

Web colors are colors used in displaying web pages on the World Wide Web; they can be described by way of three methods: a color may be specified as an RGB triplet, in hexadecimal format or according to its common English name in some cases. A color tool or other graphics software is often used to generate color values. In some uses, hexadecimal color codes are specified with notation using a leading number sign (#). A color is specified according to the intensity of its red, green and blue components, each represented by eight bits. Thus, there are 24 bits used to specify a web color within the sRGB gamut, and 16,777,216 colors that may be so specified.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CIELAB color space</span> Standard color space with color-opponent values

The CIELAB color space, also referred to as L*a*b*, is a color space defined by the International Commission on Illumination in 1976. It expresses color as three values: L* for perceptual lightness and a* and b* for the four unique colors of human vision: red, green, blue and yellow. CIELAB was intended as a perceptually uniform space, where a given numerical change corresponds to a similar perceived change in color. While the LAB space is not truly perceptually uniform, it nevertheless is useful in industry for detecting small differences in color.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gamut</span> Color reproduction capability

In color reproduction and colorimetry, a gamut, or color gamut, is a convex set containing the colors that can be accurately represented, i.e. reproduced by an output device or measured by an input device. Devices with a larger gamut can represent more colors. Similarly, gamut may also refer to the colors within a defined color space, which is not linked to a specific device. A trichromatic gamut is often visualized as a color triangle. A less common usage defines gamut as the subset of colors contained within an image, scene or video.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">YCbCr</span> Family of digital colour spaces

YCbCr, Y′CbCr, or Y Pb/Cb Pr/Cr, also written as YCBCR or Y′CBCR, is a family of color spaces used as a part of the color image pipeline in video and digital photography systems. Y′ is the luma component and CB and CR are the blue-difference and red-difference chroma components. Y′ is distinguished from Y, which is luminance, meaning that light intensity is nonlinearly encoded based on gamma corrected RGB primaries.

sRGB Standard RGB color space

sRGB is a standard RGB color space that HP and Microsoft created cooperatively in 1996 to use on monitors, printers, and the World Wide Web. It was subsequently standardized by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as IEC 61966-2-1:1999. sRGB is the current defined standard colorspace for the web, and it is usually the assumed colorspace for images that are neither tagged for a colorspace nor have an embedded color profile.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adobe RGB color space</span> Color space developed by Adobe

The Adobe RGB (1998) color space or opRGB is a color space developed by Adobe Inc. in 1998. It was designed to encompass most of the colors achievable on CMYK color printers, but by using RGB primary colors on a device such as a computer display. The Adobe RGB (1998) color space encompasses roughly 30% of the visible colors specified by the CIELAB color space – improving upon the gamut of the sRGB color space, primarily in cyan-green hues. It was subsequently standardized by the IEC as IEC 61966-2-5:1999 with a name opRGB and is used in HDMI.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amber (color)</span> Color midway between yellow and orange

The color amber is a pure chroma color, located on the color wheel midway between the colors of yellow and orange. The color name is derived from the material also known as amber, which is commonly found in a range of yellow-orange-brown-red colors; likewise, as a color amber can refer to a range of yellow-orange colors. In English, the first recorded use of the term as a color name, rather than a reference to the specific substance, was in 1500.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CIE 1931 color space</span> Color space defined by the CIE in 1931

The CIE 1931 color spaces are the first defined quantitative links between distributions of wavelengths in the electromagnetic visible spectrum, and physiologically perceived colors in human color vision. The mathematical relationships that define these color spaces are essential tools for color management, important when dealing with color inks, illuminated displays, and recording devices such as digital cameras. The system was designed in 1931 by the "Commission Internationale de l'éclairage", known in English as the International Commission on Illumination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rec. 709</span> Standard for HDTV image encoding and signal characteristics

Rec. 709, also known as Rec.709, BT.709, and ITU 709, is a standard developed by ITU-R for image encoding and signal characteristics of high-definition television.

A Digital Cinema Package (DCP) is a collection of digital files used to store and convey digital cinema (DC) audio, image, and data streams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rec. 2020</span> ITU-R recommendation

ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020, more commonly known by the abbreviations Rec. 2020 or BT.2020, defines various aspects of ultra-high-definition television (UHDTV) with standard dynamic range (SDR) and wide color gamut (WCG), including picture resolutions, frame rates with progressive scan, bit depths, color primaries, RGB and luma-chroma color representations, chroma subsamplings, and an opto-electronic transfer function. The first version of Rec. 2020 was posted on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) website on August 23, 2012, and two further editions have been published since then.

The Academy Color Encoding System (ACES) is a color image encoding system created under the auspices of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. ACES is characterised by a color accurate workflow, with "seamless interchange of high quality motion picture images regardless of source".

Standard-dynamic-range video is a video technology which represents light intensity based on the brightness, contrast and color characteristics and limitations of a cathode ray tube (CRT) display. SDR video is able to represent a video or picture's colors with a maximum luminance around 100 cd/m2, a black level around 0.1 cd/m2 and Rec.709 / sRGB color gamut. It uses the gamma curve as its electro-optical transfer function.

High-dynamic-range television (HDR-TV) is a technology that uses high dynamic range (HDR) to improve the quality of display signals. It is contrasted with the retroactively-named standard dynamic range (SDR). HDR changes the way the luminance and colors of videos and images are represented in the signal, and allows brighter and more detailed highlight representation, darker and more detailed shadows, and more intense colors.

References

  1. ↑ "Color spaces". Technicolor SA. Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  2. ↑ "Digital Cinema Initiative Distribution Master (DCDM), Version 1.0". www.loc.gov. 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
  3. ↑ Digital Cinema System Specification V1.0 (PDF). Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC. 2005.
  4. ↑ "Digital Cinema Faces a Bright Future".
  5. 1 2 Kid Jansen (2014-02-19). "The Pointer's Gamut". tftcentral . Retrieved 2018-12-13.
  6. ↑ The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 2011, New York: RP 431-2, D-Cinema Quality – Reference Projector and Environment for the Display of DCDM in Review Rooms and Theaters
  7. 1 2 "EG 432-1:2010 - Digital Source Processing — Color Processing for D-Cinema". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2010-11-10. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.EG432-1.2010. ISBN   978-1-61482-039-0.
  8. ↑ "RP 431-2:2011 - D-Cinema Quality — Reference Projector and Environment". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2011-04-06. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.RP431-2.2011. ISBN   978-1-61482-243-1.
  9. ↑ "Wide Gamut Color in CSS with Display-P3". March 2, 2020.
  10. ↑ "CSS color() function". Can I use...
  11. ↑ "HP DreamColor LP2480zx". Studio Daily. 2008-07-01. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  12. ↑ "Two days with HP and DreamWorks". JusTech'n. 2008-06-10. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  13. ↑ "HP, DreamWorks Preview Breakthrough Color Display Technology | CreativePro Network". 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  14. ↑ "UHD Alliance Defines Premium Home Entertainment Experience". Business Wire. 2016-01-04. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  15. ↑ Andy Vandervell (2016-01-06). "What is Ultra HD Premium? New HDR standard explained". TrustedReviews. Time Inc. UK . Retrieved 2016-09-19.
  16. ↑ Rajan Joshi; Shan Liu; Gary Sullivan; Gerhard Tech; Ye-Kui Wang; Jizheng Xu; Yan Ye (2016-01-31). "HEVC Screen Content Coding Draft Text 5". JCT-VC. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
  17. ↑ "The Wide Gamut World of Color — iMac Edition". www.astramael.com. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  18. ↑ "Apple Developer Documentation". developer.apple.com. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
  19. ↑ "displayP3 - CGColorSpace". Apple Developer Documentation. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
  20. ↑ Dean Jackson (2016-07-01). "Improving Color on the Web". WebKit . Retrieved 2016-09-19.
  21. ↑ "Netflix Full Licensed Technical Specification v9.1". Netflix Partner Help Site. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
  22. ↑ "Netflix Talks Dolby Vision and HDR10". Streaming Media Magazine. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  23. ↑ "Full Non-Branded Delivery Specification v9.2". Netflix | Partner Help Center. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
  24. ↑ "PUB DIM-1102-000" (PDF). DCI-P3+ and Cinema Gamut. Retrieved 2021-08-27– via Document is hosted on Canon's website at canoncanada.custhelp.com/app/answers/answer_view/a_id/1027929/~/extended-color-gamut-information.[ permanent dead link ]
  25. ↑ "Why do my Flutter screens look washed out?". ente. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
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