Diplodus sargus | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Spariformes |
Family: | Sparidae |
Genus: | Diplodus |
Species: | D. sargus |
Binomial name | |
Diplodus sargus | |
Range of Diplodus sargussensu lato | |
Synonyms [2] | |
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Diplodus sargus, the sargo, common white seabream, or white seabream is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This fish is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea. It is a target species for commercial fisheries and is grown in aquaculture. D. sargus sensu lato was formerly thought to be a widespread species in the eastern Atlantic and western Indian Oceans but the taxa outside of D, sargus sensu stricto are now recognised as valid species and are part of the D. sargus species complex.
Diplodus sargus was first formally described as Sparus sargus by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema naturae published in 1758. Linnaeus gave the type locality as the Mediterranean. [3] D. vulgaris is closely related to D. sargus and these two taxa form a clade within the genus Diplodus . D. sargus was formerly thought to include populations away from the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. These populations have now been recognised as separate species, D. noct in the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean D. kotschyi the eastern Mediterranean D. levantinus and the eastern Atlantic D. ascensionis , the Moroccan seabream D. cadenati, the Cape white seabream D. capensis , the St. Helena white seabream D. helenae and the Cape Verde endemic D. lineatus . Along with D. argenteus , D. bermudensis D. caudimacula and D. holbrooki of the western Atlantic these taxa form the D. sargus species complex with the genus Diplodus. It is thought that the D. sargus species complex originated in the Cape Verde area and radiated and speciated from there. [4]
The genus Diplodus is placed in the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World . [5] Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Sparinae, [6] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae. [5]
Diplodus sargus has the specific name sargus which is derived from sargo, a Greek name for a sparid fish, which was in use at least as long ago as Aristotle. [7]
Diplodus sargus has a deep, somewhat compressed body with a high, arched back. The cheeks and gill cover are scaled. The mouth is terminal with thin lips and slightly protrusible jaws. At the front of each jaw there are 8, occasionally 10 in the upper jaw, incisor-like teeth with several rows of molar-like teeth behind them. There are 11 or 12 spines, typically 12, and between12 and 16 soft rays supporting the dorsal fin while the anal fin is supported by 3 spines and 12 to 14 soft rays. The caudal fin is forked. The overall colour is silvery-grey, the front of the head being darker. There are 9 vertical bars, these alternate between very dark and lighter bars but there may be only dark bars or none. There is a dark saddle-like blotch on the caudal peduncle, immediately to the rear of the last soft rays of the dorsal fin. There is a black spot above the base of the pectoral fin. The dorsal and anal fins are dusky in colour, darkening towards their far edges. The rear edge of the caudal fin is black. There are only 5 stripes in juveniles. [8] The white seabream has a maximum published total length of 45 cm (18 in), although 22 cm (8.7 in) is more typical, with a maximum published weight of 1.9 kg (4.2 lb). [2]
Duiplodus sargus is found in the northeastern Atlantic from the southern Brittany, the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic coasts of Spain and Portugal into the Strait of Gibraltar and throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea. [2] It is replaced off the coast of Israel by D. levantinus. [9] In the eastern Atlantic this species has been moving north and has been recorded in the Channel Islands. [10] The white sea bream is a benthopelagic, schooling species inhabiting coastal areas with rocky bottoms interspersed with sand from 0 to 150 m (0 to 492 ft), being most numerous in the surf zone. The young occur in Zostera beds and this species uses estuaries as nursery areas. [8]
Diplodus sargus is a daytime active, omnivorous fish which feeds on algae, sea-urchins, worms, gastropods and amphipods. [11] The white seabream has been observed acting as a cleaner fish in on the mullets Thicklip grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) and Flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). [12] White seabream in the Gulf of Tunis spawned from March to May, sexual activity began as the water temperature rose from 15 °C (59 °F) to 18 °C (64 °F), sexorgans becomin active after the winter minimum temperature. As latitude decreases, the spawning season lengthens. [13]
Diplodus sargus is commercially fished, with 3,713 tonnes taken in 2008. [14] The white seabream is mostly landed by artisanal fishers and is caught using fish traps, gill nets and handlines. It is caught as bycatch in shrimp trawls. There have been a number of trials to see if this species has potential for aquaculture in the Mediterranean but this has proved to be difficult because this species grows slowly after its first year and this slow growth can impact the profitability of any commercial aquaculture. [1]
Since the 1990s some cooked white seabream is rubbery and inedible, not related freshness or preserving. Researchers refer to this as the abnormally tough specimen (ATS) phenomenon. The cause is unknown but it seems to occur around polluted areas, with the pollutants including copper, used in anti-fouling paints. [15]
Diplodus sargus has the common name sargo in many languages and this name is also used for other food and gamefishes of the porgy family, in the coastal waters of the southern United States, such as the sheepshead ( Archosargus probatocephalus ).
Two US Navy submarines were named for this nimble fish, USS Sargo (SS-188) and USS Sargo (SSN-583). [16] [17]
The gilt-head bream, also known as the gilthead, gilt-head seabream or silver seabream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, the seabreams or porgies. This fish is found in the Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. It is a highly esteemed food fish and an important species in aquaculture.
The spottail pinfish is an ocean-going species of fish in the family Sparidae. It is also known as the spottail seabream or spottail pinkish porgy. Along with other members of their family, spottail pinfish are occasionally eaten and considered by some to be a panfish.
The saddled seabream, also called the saddle bream or oblade, is a species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. It is the only species in the monospecific genus Oblada. This species is found in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is an important food fish within its range.
Diplodus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. These fishes are found in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the western Indian Ocean.
Archosargus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Sparidae, the sea breams and porgies. These fishes occur in the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans.
Diplodus vulgaris, the common two-banded sea bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This species is found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. It is an important species for fisheries and is grown in aquaculture.
Rhabdosargus sarba, also known as the goldlined seabream, silver bream, tarwhine, or yellowfin bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This fish has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution.
Diplodus cervinus, the zebra sea bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This species is found in the temperate north eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
Rhabdosargus is a genus of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. These fishes are found in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean and throughout the Indo-West Pacific, although mainly in the western Indian Ocean.
The banded seabream is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This species is endemic to Cape Verde in the eastern Atlantic Ocean.
Diplodus prayensis, the two-banded seabream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This species is endemic to the Cape Verde Islands.
The St. Helena white seabream is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This fish is endemic to the island of Saint Helena in the southern Atlantic.
Diplodus hottentotus, the zebra, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This fish is found in the Western Indian Ocean off Southern Africa.
Diplodus capensis, the Cape white seabream or blacktail seabream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This fish is found around the coasts of Southern Africa.
Diplodus annularis, the annular seabream is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, the family which includes the seabreams and porgies. This species is found in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean.
Pagellus acarne, the axillary seabream or Spanish seabream is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This fish is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.
Diplodus puntazzo, the sharpsnout seabream, sheephead bream or puntazzo, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This species is found in the, Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean and Black Seas. This omnivorous fish is an important species for aquaculture and fisheries, despite the flesh not being highly esteemed.
Rhabdosargus globiceps, the white stumpnose or go-home fish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This fish is endemic to the waters off Southern Africa.
Rhabdosargus haffara, the haffara seabream or Haffara stumpnose, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This fish is found in the northwestern Indian Ocean.
Rhabdosargus niger, the blackish stumpnose, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This fish is known only from the western coast of Kalimantan in Indonesia.