Druzhina

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Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh of the Rurikid dynasty resting with his druzhina after a hunt, by Viktor Vasnetsov. Monomakh's hunting.jpg
Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh of the Rurikid dynasty resting with his druzhina after a hunt, by Viktor Vasnetsov.

A druzhina [a] is the Slavic word for a retinue in service of a chieftain, also called a knyaz (prince). [2]

Contents

Kievan Rus'

Druzhina was flexible both as a term and as an institution. At its core, it referred to the prince's permanent personal bodyguards (malaia; 'small' Druzhina); more generally, it referred to the prince's extended household (dvor; court). [3]

Examples of functionaries within a druzhina [3]
TitleDescription
Voevoda General
KormiletsHead of household
TiunSteward/estate manager
Tysiatskii Military governor of a city
SotskieSupports a tysiatskii
Lesser functionaries
KliuchnikDomestic manager
Birich Type of enforcement officer
PechatnikSeal-man
PisetsScribe

Apart from a prince's kins, the druzhina was a his closest and most vital social group: it served as the "protective and coercitive basis for his power". A wise prince was expected to nurture his druzhina, keep it close, feast with it, consult it and reward it. The effects of not doing so can be seen with Boris's case; after his father's death, the latter's druzhina pledged loyalty to him and offered him the throne of Kiev. Boris declined, the druzhina dispersed, and he was left defenceless against the agents of his brother Sviatopolk, who murdered him. [3]

The druzhina had perhaps once "truly corresponded to some egalitarian ideal of military fellowship, with the prince as patron and first among equals". [3] However, as the role of a prince and the running of a principality (especially a senior prince's) became more complex, so did the druzhina. It developed its own internal hierarchies, divisions of functions, structure of offices and responsibilities. [3]

The druzhina had its own rank-and-file members ('youths') in the junior druzhina (mladshaia) and its own senior members (boyars). Boyars offices encompassed military, domestic and urban administration. The druzhina was a military elite, and the distinction between military and administrative offices thus wasn't always clear. According to Novgorodian inscriptions, for example, the 'swordman' (mechnik) also had a role in fiscal administration or tribute-gathering. [3]

The druzhina was loyal to the prince personally, and could thus somewhat choose whom to support. [3]

Poland

Ibrahim ibn Yaqub, who travelled in 961–62 across parts of Europe, mentions that the drużyna of Duke Mieszko I of Poland had 3000 men, paid by the duke. [4] Unlike his predecessors, Casimir I the Restorer promoted landed gentry over the drużyna as his base of power.[ citation needed ] In modern Polish, the word drużyna usually means "team" and is often used within scouting, sports, military, and historical contexts.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ From drug (Russian: друг, lit.  'friend') and group suffix -ina; [1] Slovak and Czech: družina; Polish: drużyna; Russian: дружина, romanized: druzhina; Ukrainian: дружи́на, romanized: druzhýna, lit.  'fellowship'.

References

  1. ↑ Speake, Jennifer; LaFlaur, Mark (1999). "druzhina". The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English. Oxford University Press.
  2. ↑ Font, Marta (2010). "Druzhina". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-533403-6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Simon Franklin, "Kievan Rus' (1015-1125)," in The Cambridge History of Russia, vol. 1, ed. Maureen Perrie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 81-82.
  4. ↑ "Ibrāhīm ibn Ya‛qūb al-Isrā’īlī al-Ṭurṭūshī," by Lutz Richter-Bernburg, in: The Oxford Companion to World Exploration, David Buisseret, editor-in-chief, 2 vols., Oxford UP 2007, I:402b-403b

Bibliography

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