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In November 2012, Frontier began a Kickstarter campaign for Elite Dangerous to test-market the concept, verify broader interest and raise funds. It was released for Windows in December 2014,[4]macOS in May 2015, Xbox One in October 2015[10] and PlayStation 4 in June 2017. Elite Dangerous supports most virtual reality headsets on Windows.[11] Development was lead by David Braben until August 2022.
Downloadable content, Elite Dangerous: Odyssey, was released on 18 May 2021. It allows players to land on planets and disembark their vessel, allowing various activities in first-person.[12] By September 2022, sales of Elite Dangerous had passed 4.8 million units.[12]
Gameplay
An Orbis station near an Earth-like planet. Players can dock at stations to trade, obtain ship upgrades or acquire missions.
Upon its release in 2014, Elite Dangerous (ED) began in the year 3300 and has been in sync with UTC albeit 1,286 years in the future. The game is set around 45 years after Frontier: First Encounters.[9][13][14]Elite Dangerous retains the basic premise of its predecessors: players start with a spaceship and a small amount of money in a 1:1 scale, open galaxy and roleplay in various activities to acquire more money (credits) and merit. A key difference is the addition of on-foot, first-person gameplay which was added with the Odyssey expansion on 19 May 2021. This enables first person gameplay such as collect genetic samples of alien flora for exobiology and first-person shooter combat. Other activities are e.g. trading, mining, exploration, exobiology, passenger carrier, smuggling, bounty hunting, piracy and assassination. However, you can socialize in first person with other players and NPCs in the concourse of a space station or planetary settlement. System Colonisation is a major new feature in the Elite series which requires the Odyssey expansion.[15] This was added as a free update in beta on 26 Feb 2025 with the full release on 11 Nov 2025.[15][16] Players can claim uninhabited star systems, build colonies with facilities and shape the economies.[15]
ED is the first in the series to feature online multiplayer with access to a massively multiplayer persistent galaxy via Open Play, as well as an online-only single player mode.[17] Open Play allows many actions that would be considered griefing in other multiplayer games as long as it doesn't violate the terms of service. However, some actions, such as "mob mentality" persecution of players, exploiting game mechanics, and obscene language to attack others could result in a ban from the servers.[18][19][20]
Money (credits) earned throughout the in-game galaxy can be spent on buying or upgrading ships, or on foot equipment for your character like suits and weaponry. Players can customize their ships by changing modules, i.e., engines, weapons, power plants, scanners, etc. The second in-game currency called ARX (buyable with real money) lets players purchase cosmetics for their ships, vehicles, on foot suits, and handheld weapons. Since mid-2024, new ships and some structures (Dodec station) have a 3 months early access for ARX and subsequently available for in-game credits.
Frontier publishes community goals, lore, and large-scale, star system, regional or galaxy-affecting stories via the in-game Galnet News and mail feature. Certain player-driven actions in community goals result in persistent changes to star systems and the overarching narrative.
Ships and vehicles
There are over 45 flyable ships with highly configurable builds to suit roles and careers. Every ship is powered by a Frame Shift Drive to supercruise up to 2000+ times the speed of light in a star system. Supercruise Overdrive (SCO) temporarily boosts a ship much faster. Interstellar travel occurs via a higher dimensional region called hyperspace. Many ships are based on the classic, polygonal shapes of the original Elite (1984) like the Cobra Mk III which continues the rich heritage. The flight model has Newtonian physics with a fly-by-wire layer applied on top. Flight assist is enabled by default. This makes combat feel visceral and seat-of-the-pants, rather than Frontier: Elite II's jousting at huge distances. Players can also acquire capital ships: Drake-Class Carrier and the Javelin Class-Carrier. The Drake is like a mobile base for players with billions of credits. The Javelin has additional features to support the operations of a squadron (guild). There are 2 SRVs (Surface Recon Vehicles): the Scarab and the Rhino. These ground vehicles make it easier to traverse a planet surface for exploration, combat or exobiology to find alien flora.
Galaxy
The virtual galaxy is a 1:1 simulation of the Milky Way where players can explore and colonise around 400 billion star systems. It is based on scientific principles, scientific data, star catalogues and theories. It is created using a mix of procedural generation with the Stellar Forge and artistic direction. Planets, moons and gas giants rotate and orbit in real time, reflecting dynamic day-night cycles.[21][22] Around 150,000 of the game's star systems are taken from real astronomical data.[23] Such as Sol and Alpha Centauri. Constellations can be seen from Sol. A few partially fictional star systems are included of Frontier and First Encounters before new exoplanets were discovered by astronomers. For example, none of the gas giants of the Fomalhaut system correspond with the detected properties of Fomalhaut b. A handful of entirely fictional systems are included. These are named after the original systems in Elite such as Lave. The remainder are procedurally generated according to scientific models.[23] There is also cosmic phenomena like different star types, star clusters, mountains, canyons, craters, ring systems, and black holes. There are 141 nebulae based on the Milky Way. 32 other galaxies are visible from the Milky Way. The classic Coriolis starport was also updated to the modern visuals of ED. The Odyssey expansion added planets with tenuous atmospheres. The atmospheric visuals are based on their composition, Raleigh scattering and Mie scattering. Minerals and metals can be extracted from asteroids in planetary rings and on a planetary surface. Some planets have alien organisms, mineral formations, plants. There are notable stellar phenomena like seed pods, mollusks and anomalies in space. Players can dock their ships at space stations, outposts and facilities on planet surfaces in star systems to trade goods, purchase spacecrafts or on foot equipment, re-arm their ship, perform repairs and accept tasks from the Mission Board.[24] Players may salvage lost cargo, encounter other ships and megaships, interact with the Thargoid aliens, or explore the ruins of the extinct Guardians. The galaxy map consists of 42 galactic regions, 9 major galactic arms and the galactic plane. It's an evolving galaxy with dynamic star systems, economies, governments that can be shaped by players via system colonisation, and territory control via Powerplay. These changes in galaxy are processed via the background simulation.
Factions
There are three major factions, the Empire of Achenar, the Federation, and the Alliance of Independent Systems.[25] Patch 1.3 (June 2015)[26] added Powerplay which introduced competitive, galactic faction challenges and charismatic powers some of which are independent. Playesr can pledge their support to a power and contribute by completing tasks while earning various rewards. The collective outcome of each faction's achievements determines a faction's standing, territorial control, and proceeding objectives.[27] The faction-specific in-game manufacturers are Core Dynamics (Federation), Gutamaya (Empire), Lakon Spaceways (Alliance). The Empire and Federation each have a ship line that are obtained by acquiring ranks within the respective faction. Alliance ships are not locked behind a ranking system.
Roles and ranks
All pilots are members of the Pilots Federation. They receive a rank based on their in-game achievements and experience. The main rank categories are: Combat, Trade, Explorer, CQC, Mercenary and Exobiologist. The latter 2 ranks were introduced with the Odyssey expansion. The rank for CQC (Close Quarters Combat) requires competing in PVP ship combat matches. Players gain experience points by doing activities that are related to the rank categories. For example, a bounty hunter destroying pirates gains Combat experience and rank progression. On 15 March 2015, the first player who reached Triple Elite status (Elite rank in Combat, Exploration, and Trading), won £10,000, while the first player who reached 1 Elite rank won £1,000.[28] Players who reach triple elite in Combat, Trade and Explorer are awarded with a special Triple Elite crest by the Pilots Federation. The maximum rank per category was increased to Elite V. Certain ranks in major factions grant permits (access) to special star systems. Benefits also include discounts to ship prices.[29]
Development
At the 2011 Game Developers Conference, following a presentation on the development of the original Elite, Braben was asked in a Q&A session at the 2011 Game Developers Conference if Elite 4 was still on the drawing board. He replied "yes, it would be a tragedy for it not to be".[30] The project had difficulty in attracting sufficient funding, which Braben had attributed to the traditional publishing model, which he saw as being biased against games with no recent comparable predecessors.[31] Space sims were unpopular at the time which made it difficult to secure a publisher. When Frontier Developments greenlit the project there were no other major space games since Freelancer (2003). Braben also found it unacceptable to have a publisher steer development in a particular direction.
Starting in 2012, Elite Dangerous was developed with Frontier Development's own, in-house, Cobra engine.[32] Frontier had been working on the game as a skunk-works background activity for some time prior to its Kickstarter launch,[33] with other projects being prioritised.[34]
Braben had previously discussed crowdfunding as a possible solution in April 2012.[35] Public fundraising commenced on 5 November 2012 using the Kickstarter website,[36] the campaign lasting 60 days, with the aim to raise £1.25m[37] and deliver a finished version of the game by March 2014.[38] Braben described the campaign as a way of "test-marketing the concept to verify there is still interest in such a game that extends beyond the individuals who regularly contact me about the game, and raising the funds to do so."[34] The Kickstarter reached its goal 48 hours before the deadline and exceeded it with 25,681 backers who pledged £1,578,316.
Post-Kickstarter, further public funding was sought through the developer's UK website, via PayPal.[37] By April 2014, £1.7m had been raised,[39] and Braben had reacquired the legal rights to the Elite franchise.[40] Although the game's original total development budget had been £8 million, by September 2014 this had, in Braben's words, "grown by quite a lot".[41]
On 14 November 2014, Braben announced the removal of the game's offline single player mode, because they could not deliver an acceptable offline-only experience based on the original design.[42][43] In December 2013 a playable alpha version of ED was released to Kickstarter backers who pledged £200.[44][45] In May 2014, the game entered the first beta test phase, focusing primarily on testing the systems and servers with a greater number of players.[46] A pre-release "gamma" build was released to backers three weeks before launch, to give them a head start on other players.[47]
The full 1.0 version for Windows was released on 16 December 2014.[4] The Elite Dangerous Premiere was held in the Imperial War Museum in Cambridgeshire on 22 November 2014. There were interviews, speeches, prizes and a detailed 1:10 scale model of the Cobra Mk III. On 4 March 2015, Microsoft announced at the Game Developers Conference that Elite Dangerous would be released on Xbox One.[48] On 2 April 2015, the beta Mac version went live, accessible to all backers.[49] The Xbox One version early access launched in June 2015 as part of Microsoft's Game Preview program briefing at E3 2015.[50] It was fully released in October 2015.[10] On 2 April 2015, the game was made available on Steam with support for cross-buy between the Windows version and the Mac version,[51] the latter being released in May 2015.[52] Although there are no plans for a Linux version of the game, Braben stated in 2014 that "There is no reason why COBRA cannot run on Linux, running through OpenGL."[53] A version for PlayStation 4 was released on 27 June 2017. Support for the Mac version ended with Update 3.3 on 12 December 2018.[54] ED supports most virtual reality headsets since launch except for the Odyssey on foot activities.[11][55] In 2017, Frontier announced Tencent had acquired a 9% stake of Frontier Development.[56]
Post-release updates
Horizons
The first "season" of expansions for Elite Dangerous, named Horizons, was announced on 5 August 2015 at Gamescom, entered beta on 30 November 2015 and was released on 15 December 2015 for PC,[57] followed by a 3 June 2016 release for Xbox One.[58] Frontier Developments currently has no plans to release the expansion for Mac OS X unless Apple provides support for compute shaders, which Frontier believes are required to render planet surfaces and other objects.[59]Elite Dangerous: Horizons is a separately priced product. Original customers who also purchased Horizons received exclusive access to the Cobra Mk. IV ship.[60]
Horizons adds planetary landings, ground vehicles and bases, synthesis of consumables and temporary ship upgrades, ship-launched fighters, passenger missions, a character creator, and co-op multicrew support for larger ships.[61][62] Planetary landings feature procedurally generated planets, initially supporting only worlds without an atmosphere. Players can choose to set down at planetary bases or at any point of their choosing and can deploy a new eight-wheeled ground vehicle called the SRV ("Surface Reconnaissance Vehicle"). This vehicle is equipped with weapons, a "wave scanner" for finding resources, shipwrecks etc., a datalink system for hacking into bases, and thrusters that can lift it off of the ground for short periods of time, depending on the gravity of a world. Thrusters in the wheels can be used to affix it to the ground on worlds with low gravity. Materials found on planets can be combined to boost ship jump range, synthesize repair materials, or upgrade weapons.[63]
Horizons was billed as a season of five expansions, starting with planetary landings and then followed with a more comprehensive looting and crafting system released in May 2016,[64] ship-launched fighters and passenger missions released in October 2016,[65] and support for multiple players working cooperatively on the same ship planned for a future expansion within the first half of 2017 ahead of PlayStation 4 release[66] and with a 5th expansion to follow after that. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th expansions were announced originally for spring, summer and autumn 2016 respectively. But the 5th expansion had no reference to "winter", was not time-scheduled and had no content description, only stating a cryptic "soon" reference.[67][68]
On 25 October 2016, an extinct alien race, the Guardians, was added, with players allowed to explore the ruins they left behind in order to gather data and materials to unlock special Guardian modules and specialized Human–Guardian hybrid weapons with increased effectiveness against Thargoid ships. Thematically, the Guardians were discovered in the year 3302.
Braben said that Thargoids, the warlike, insectoid aliens from the original games, would make an appearance in some capacity.[69] Mission objectives introduced in May 2015 about ancient specimens fueled speculation of the coming introduction of the Thargoid species.[70] Although wrecks of the Thargoids had already been found in 2016, On 5 January 2017, the first documented sighting of functional Thargoid vessels occurred. While initial Thargoid encounters were non-violent, a number of space stations were since attacked, leading to missions based on investigating, researching, and gathering materials to develop weapons which were designed specifically to combat the Thargoids.
An example of a character on the Holo-Me page in Elite Dangerous
On 24 February 2017, due to the new discovery in the Trappist-1 system, Update 2.3 would be delayed to put it in the game.[71] Update 2.3 called The Commanders was released on 11 April 2017,[72] five days earlier than originally said. It consists of a 'Commander Creator' (also known as the Holo-Me), Multicrew and various other features.[71] Update 2.4 called "The Return", with an expanded storyline for the alien Thargoids, was released on 26 September 2017.
On 27 October 2020, Horizons was added to the base game as a major update for PC, PlayStation, and Xbox users. People who purchased the expansion before it was free received an exclusive Azure paint job which is compatible with all ships that were available at the time of the update.[73]
Elite Dangerous: Arena
Simultaneously announced and launched on 16 February 2016,[74]Elite Dangerous: Arena was a low-priced, standalone version of the CQC (Close Quarters Combat) arena mode in Elite Dangerous. It allowed newcomers and existing owners of Elite Dangerous to do arena combat simulation with 4 small ships (F63 Condor, Sidewinder Mk I, Eagle, Imperial Fighter). Ship loadouts can be unlocked and customized. There are 4 arenas which are separate from the regular game modes. The corresponding game mode in Elite Dangerous was renamed from "CQC" to "Arena" on the same day. From 7 to 11 July 2016, the game was offered for free on Steam.[75] On 10 February 2017 it was removed for sale on Steam,[76] but it remains available as a free game mode in ED. The CQC ranks are officially tracked by the Pilots Federation. Thus competing in arena matches is required to earn the Elite rank. The CQC Championship is organized by the fictional Utopixx Entertainment.
Beyond
Beyond is the official title for the series of updates (3.0 onwards) that followed Horizons. It focused on improvements to the core gameplay along with improvements to the game's crime and punishment system, better trading data, new wing missions, new ships (including the Alliance Chieftain, Krait, and Thargoid scouts), more interaction with megaships and installations, a "tech broker" offering more advanced weapons, in-game Galnet audio, an overhaul of mining, new astronomical anomalies to discover, and improvements to planetary visuals and more detailed surface environments. An open beta for 3.0 was released on 25 January 2018, with official launch of "Chapter One" on 27 February 2018.[77] Subsequent "Chapters" were released across each quarter of 2018 culminating in the release of "Chapter Four" on 11 December 2018 that brought night vision capabilities along with a completely redesigned exploration system, planetary probes, and a Full Spectrum Scanner (FSS) tool for scanning star systems.
On 9 April 2020, Fleet Carriers were added to the game, allowing players to own what are essentially mobile space stations for private use, though they are limited to one per player. They are exorbitantly (though not entirely prohibitively) expensive in terms of in-game currency, owing partially to the fact that they also require periodic refueling stops.
Odyssey
The Odyssey expansion was announced by Frontier Developments on 3 June 2020 via a video trailer and summary post on their official forums, with launch scheduled for 19 May 2021. [78] The first in-game footage of Odyssey would be shown at The Game Awards 2020 in the form of a minute long gameplay trailer. Referred to as "New Era" in prior communications, full production on Odyssey began in Summer 2018 with a large majority of the Elite development team allocated to it.[79] While this was a paid update for Elite Dangerous base-game owners, Lifetime Expansion owners received it as part of their Pass.[80] It was originally planned for the Elite Dangerous major update to release in December 2020, but in the context of the then current COVID-19 environment, Frontier announced a PC release date of 19 May 2021 on 22 April 2021.[81]
On 13 January 2021, Frontier Developments announced that their release roadmap for Odyssey had shifted as a result of the on-going COVID pandemic: the PC version of Odyssey was now slated to release in late spring 2021, while the PS4 and Xbox One versions had been delayed to autumn 2021.[82]
From 29 March – 5 May 2021, a public alpha build of Odyssey was available. It was split into four phases, with each phase opening more of the game up. In phase 1, players were unable to access their ships, which meant that they were only able to get around using the newly added "Apex Interstellar" taxi service, and they were limited to a single star system. From phase 2 onward, players were able to access ships and could access other star systems. Phase 3 was focused around new exploration features, meaning that players could purchase exploration tools and a Genetic Sampler to study any Flora that they happened upon. Phase 4 imported players' accounts from the main game to test compatibility. The alpha was limited, and a lot of features from the final release of the DLC were cut off. Before the alpha ended, text appeared on screen that said (paraphrased) "See you all on May 19th, So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish!"
On 19 May 2021, Frontier Developments released the DLC on PC. The launch was followed by major issues of client/server stability, several gameplay bugs, and inadequate performance for PC clients stated within the hardware requirements. It resulted in a "Mostly Negative" global review on Steam store.[83] Players also complained widely on both Steam and the official forum about a steep increase in time to collect instrumental resources, broken mechanics, and missing end game activities.[84] Frontier Developments have subsequently released 7 major updates with the first 5 released on a weekly schedule. These focused on stability and bug fixes, with critical performance issues left to be addressed in later updates in the run up to the planned console release.
Odyssey adds first-person features on planetary surfaces and inside bases to the game. The player can traverse these environments on-foot while wearing a space suit. On-foot gameplay has survival mechanics such as health, oxygen, energy and coordinates which are indicated in the head-up display. Odyssey's first person mode does not support virtual reality headsets.[85]
On 4 June 2021, Frontier Developments announced the focus of Updates 3, 4 and 5, postponing the performance optimization to following console related development.[86]
On 12 July 2021, Frontier Developments announced that console release had been delayed indefinitely.[87] Later, on 10 March 2022, Frontier CEO David Braben announced on the company's forums that all further content development for console versions of Elite: Dangerous was being cancelled, citing the need to move the game's story forward by focusing on one post-Odyssey codebase. [88]
On 29 July 2021, Frontier Developments released Update 6 with declared corrections to missions, POIs, interface problems, and the addition of AMD's FSR technology to address in minor measure performance issues for affected hardware configurations by downgrading and then scaling the effective resolution.[89] This update introduced new severe issues (e.g. certain mission types weren't available in stations, and certain engineering unlocks were inaccessible for some users, and players would occasionally be charged for weapon modifications that weren't actually applied to the ship) and did little to address long-standing critical performance issues.
On 7 September 2021, Frontier Developments released an Issue Report announcing at the same time the focus of the Updates 7 and 8 while postponing to 2022 the addressing of some major issues, including problems with anti-aliasing and a limited framerate.[90]
On 22 September 2021, Frontier Developments released Update 7 after being postponed for several weeks, which fixed many outstanding issues, added quality of life changes, and optimized some game features. Previous performance issues remained unresolved, but Frontier Development's official update notes would mention "tweaks made to hopefully positively contribute toward current player performance issues".[91]
The game's main alien race, the Thargoids, invaded the bubble of colonized space in the galaxy in 2023. The Thargoids would deploy eight of their motherships, officially known as Thargoid Titans (though popularly referred to as the shorter Titans),[92] which added several new types of Thargoid vessel (which some have not reappeared after the destruction of all Titans), and made anti-xeno activities much more accessible for the time the invasion was still ongoing. New modules were added to the game, such as the Guardian Nanite Torpedo Pylon[93] which was designed to prevent the Titans from venting the heat they would generate. This forced the vulnerable core to be exposed in an effort to vent the heat, which would allow the destruction of the Titans.
An alternative variant of the Frame-Shift Drive, the game's method of faster-than-light travel, was developed by integrating Thargoid Titan technology into human components. The Supercruise Overcharge (SCO),[94] as it's called, vastly increased the speed of travel at the cost of lessened stability, excessive heat buildup, and immense fuel usage, all of which are significantly larger issues in ships not designed for the technology. Eight new ships have been released since, all of which were designed for the technology, though with varying degrees of efficiency: Python Mk II[95] (combat), Type-8[96] (cargo), Mandalay[97] (exploration), Caspian Explorer[98] (exploration), Cobra Mk V[99] and Corsair[100] (multipurpose), Panther Clipper MK II[101] (cargo) and Type-11 Prospector[102] (early access, mining).
In the Frontier Unlocked[103] livestream on 20 October, 2024, a new feature, system colonisation,[104] was first announced. Players can claim star systems and develop a colony by building ground facilities and space stations.[15] The beta version was released on 28 February 2025.[15] It exited beta for full release on 11 Nov 2025.[16]
Elite Dangerous received an aggregated score of 80/100 on Metacritic based on 55 critics, indicating that the game received "generally favorable reviews" (84% positive) from critics.[105]
Chris Thursten of PC Gamer rated the game 86/100, considering it to be "potentially a classic", depending on Frontier's ability to build on the "broad but somewhat shallow foundations" of the released version. Thursten described the gameplay experience as "exhilarating excitement, matched by nothing else this year, contrasted with moments of emptiness, frustration, and boredom".[112] Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer gave the game 8/10 and considered it to be "probably the most immersive and compelling recreation of deep space ever seen in gaming", while finding some of the gameplay repetitive.[109] Andy Kelly of GamesRadar gave the game 4/5, calling it a "compelling space sandbox" and a "welcome return" of the Elite franchise, but felt that the game at launch was "missing a lot of important features, especially when it comes to multiplayer".[110] Roger Hargreaves of the Metro gave it 7/10, describing the game as a "solid start" that had yet to fulfil its potential.[114] Reviewing the game for IGN, Rob Zacny called it "one of the most enthralling and evocative space combat and trade sim games I've ever played" and "also one of the most boring", seeing the balance of "brief, intense emotional peaks and long, shallow valleys of boredom" as "fundamental to Elite's identity".[115] Reviewing a later version of the game in April 2015, after playing the game since launch, Lee Hutchinson from Ars Technica described EliteDangerous as "so damn good that it transcends its problems".[116] Joel Peterson of Destructoid gave the PlayStation 4 version of the game 9/10, calling it "A hallmark of excellence. There may be flaws, but they are negligible and won't cause massive damage."[117]
The announcement of the removal of the offline mode on 14 November 2014 was met by a number of complaints from customers, with some saying they had backed the game on the understanding that it would feature offline play and others that there had been no prior warning of removal during the whole of the preceding development period.[42] Frontier offered refunds to customers who had pre-ordered the game without playing it,[118] and said that those who had already played the game, in alpha or beta form, would not be eligible for refunds.[119][120] Later, Braben, speaking for the company, announced that refunds would be judged on a "case-by-case" basis.[118][121][122]
By the end of April 2015, Elite Dangerous had sold more than 500,000 copies, with Frontier Developments expected to generate £22 million from sales.[131] The game had sold around 1.7 million units by the end of May 2016.[132] By the end of December 2016 over 2.1 million paid franchise units were sold of Elite Dangerous.[133] On 15 January 2019, cumulative sales of Elite Dangerous exceeded 4.3 million franchise units, composed of 3 million base game units and 1.3 million Horizons expansion units.[134] In April 2020 the sales of Elite Dangerous base game units had passed 3.5 million.[135] During an interview published on 23 October 2020, Frontier CFO Alex Bevis announced that Elite Dangerous had generated more than £100 million of revenue.[136] By September 2022, over 4.8 million base game units were sold.[12]
↑Sammarco, Sandro (27 January 2015). ""Combat Logging": Update". Frontier Developments. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
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